JP3859254B2 - How to grow Agaricus brazii - Google Patents

Description

[0001]
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a method for cultivating Agaricus blazei, a kind of agaric mushroom.
[0002]
[Prior art]
Agaricus blazei cultivated by the method of the present invention is a basidiomycetous moth that originates in the suburb of Piedate, Sao Paulo, Brazil, and the shape of the fruit body is a bell shape, the diameter of the umbrella is 5 to 20 cm, brown The handle is 1 to 3 cm in diameter, 5 to 15 cm in length, and white. It has a strong aroma, delicious and sweet candy.
[0003]
Polysaccharides derived from Agaricus blazei 茸 have the ability to activate macrophages and interferons in cell tissues such as mice, that is, induce (introduction) effect, and are also often capable of preventing the entry of viruses into cells. And is expected to be applied to cancer immunotherapy, and it is also proposed to use protein polysaccharides or nucleic acid components as antitumor agents (for example, JP-A-2-78630, Sho 64-66127).
[0004]
Several methods for cultivating Agaricus blazei have been proposed (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 53-138853, Japanese Patent Publication No. 58-38126, Japanese Patent Publication No. 7-36733), and Japanese Patent Publication No. 58-38126. Rice straw (wheat straw) is mixed with rice bran, chicken manure, slaked lime and fermented to make compost, adjusted to pH 6.5-6.8 using slaked lime or superphosphate lime before stuffing into the fungus bed frame, It is described that a trace amount of a divalent metal ion selected from any one of Cu ²⁺ , Mn ²⁺ and Zn ²⁺ is added. However, although this publication does not explain a fermentation method for producing a culture medium (compost), in the cultivation of mushrooms, the quality of the culture medium is greatly involved in the total yield.
[0005]
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
In the method for preparing Agaricus brazei koji published so far, the fermentation temperature and the deposition method were not strict, so it was difficult to stabilize the yield high even if the medium composition was the same each time. It was. The reason for this is that the microorganisms involved in the fermentation differ greatly depending on the slight difference in the fermentation temperature, so that the microbial flora at the end of the fermentation and the composition of the medium components accompanying it are greatly different. Other cultivated rice cakes such as enoki mushrooms and shimeji mushrooms are cultivated in a sterilized medium, so that a stable medium can always be obtained. On the other hand, since a large amount of energy is consumed, a sterilized medium is not economical. The same is true for Agaricus brazii, and it is more economical to choose a fermentation medium, but the yield depends greatly on the fermentation. Moreover, since the fermentation usually uses natural microorganisms, it has been impossible to control the microorganisms involved in the fermentation.
[0006]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
As a result of intensive studies to solve the above problems, the present inventors have detected some microorganisms involved in fermentation, investigated the relationship between the microorganisms and Agaricus brazii, and found useful microorganisms and harmful microorganisms. . Although no harmful bacteria were found that directly harmed Agaricus blazei, most of the fungi were harmful to Agaricus blazei, and many thermophilic actinomycetes were useful. It was also revealed that harmful microorganisms are suppressed in a state where the useful microorganisms are occupied by antagonism. Furthermore, the present inventors have reached the present invention by examining conditions for performing fermentation with useful microorganisms, limiting the medium temperature, medium moisture, and the like, and more actively adding useful microorganisms.
[0007]
The present invention controls the temperature and moisture of pre-fermentation and main fermentation in the cultivation method of Agaricus blazei rice cake, in which bacteria are propagated in a medium constituting the fungus bed, and the fungus bed is covered with soil to form fruit bodies. Is a method for cultivating Agaricus brazei rice cake, which is characterized by actively controlling fermentation microorganisms and creating a stable high-yield medium. Specifically, the fungus bed is formed using a medium previously fermented at a temperature of 55 to 65 ° C. and a water content of 60 to 75% by weight for 7 to 20 days.
[0008]
In the present invention, the pre-fermentation is not much different from the medium preparation methods published so far. That is, nitrogen and phosphorus components (organic fertilizers such as chicken manure as well as inorganic components such as ammonium sulfate and superphosphate) are added to fermentation bases such as rice straw and wheat straw, and water is added to add 60 to 75 medium water. Adjust to about% and mix well. The mixed medium raw material is deposited in a state where it can be well ventilated, and fermented for 7 to 20 days while turning over at intervals of 2 to 7 days, preferably at intervals of 4 days. Usually, the center temperature at the time of preliminary fermentation is 60 ° C. or higher. Pre-fermentation softens the medium, and many harmful bacteria are killed by high temperatures.
[0009]
Although it can be a medium even during the pre-fermentation stage, the surface part at the time of deposition is low in temperature and harmful bacteria are not completely killed, and the central part is too hot to kill useful microorganisms. As described above, the medium is unstable. In particular, the lower part of the sediment tends to be excessively water-rich, and an oxygen-deficient layer forms an anaerobic fermentation layer that accumulates substances such as ammonia and methane that inhibit the growth of Agaricus blazei pods, making it extremely unsuitable as a medium. It is.
[0010]
The medium after the preliminary fermentation is carried into the main fermentation room. The medium water content at the time of carrying in is about 70%. The main fermentation room can be forced to supply and circulate fresh air by a fan or the like, and a humidifier such as a temperature regulator such as a boiler or a steam generator is automatically controlled. With this facility, the medium is fermented at 60 ° C. for 1 day after delivery and then at 50 ° C. ± 2 ° C. for 2 to 7 days. After fermentation, the moisture in the medium is 60-70%, preferably 65%. The fermented medium is immediately brought into the cultivation room and inoculated with the inoculum after the temperature drops.
[0011]
Through this fermentation process, harmful microorganisms such as fungi, pests such as flies and mites are completely killed, and useful microorganisms are oligopolized, and nutrients effective for the growth of Agaricus blazei can be accumulated.
[0012]
In order to kill harmful microorganisms and pests, the temperature during fermentation may be further increased, but if it exceeds 65 ° C., microorganisms useful for the formation of an appropriate medium are killed, which is not preferable. If the water content of the medium is 60% by weight or less, it is not optimal for the growth of useful microorganisms such as actinomycetes. On the other hand, if it exceeds 75% by weight, the supply of oxygen is disturbed.
[0013]
In fermentation under the above conditions, thermophilic actinomycetes and bacteria mainly grow. Thermophilic actinomycetes that develop during fermentation of the medium include, for example, Thermoactinomyces, T. vulgaris, C. candidus, T. albus, Tarpophilis (T. thalpophilus, Thermomonospora, T. chromogera, T. curvata, T. fusca, T. mesophila, etc., Micropolyspora (M.faeni), M.viridinigra and the like. Examples of thermophilic bacteria include Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis), stearothermophilus (B. coagulans), and the like.
[0014]
If the above conditions are limited, useful microorganisms are almost naturally generated and oligopolized, but uncertainties remain. The useful microorganism group often adheres to the medium raw material or floats in the air, but it does not always exist under natural conditions. Accordingly, the present inventors have invented a method of actively adding a group of useful microorganisms to spread the group of useful microorganisms throughout the medium, improving and stabilizing the quality of the medium.
[0015]
The useful microbial community is constantly updated and improved. In the case of continuous production, the best medium among the past several times is selected and used as an inoculum. A good quality medium is added so that it may become 0.1 to 1 weight% of a culture medium from the 1st turnover at the time of preliminary fermentation to carrying a culture medium into a fermentation chamber. Separately, useful microorganisms are separated from the high-quality medium using an artificial medium and stored in a slant medium or the like as a strain. This is because when the high quality medium is lost, for example, when cultivation is stopped, the stored microorganism group is added to make a high quality medium.
[0016]
The pH of the water content of the medium during the medium fermentation is preferably 6.5 to 7.0. If the pH changes significantly, it may be adjusted with lime or the like.
[0017]
In the present invention, cellulosic plant materials can basically be used as the medium raw material, but preferably contains rice straw as at least a part thereof. In addition to rice straw, examples of cellulosic materials include bagasse, corn cobmeal, wheat straw, horse manure, and horse dung. Generally, these cellulosic plant materials are used as a medium using 70 to 99% by weight of the total raw materials.
[0018]
Moreover, as a mineral and nitrogen source, calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate, lime superphosphate, lime, ammonium sulfate, urea, horse dung, cow dung, chicken dung, human dung, rice bran, sugar-tight, etc. can be used as the medium raw material. These mineral and nitrogen sources are added in an amount of 2 to 4% by weight, respectively.
[0019]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Next, a method for cultivating Agaricus blazei straw of the present invention will be briefly described.
First, a cellulosic material such as rice straw is mixed with a mineral and a nitrogen source, and water is sprinkled to adjust the water pH to the above range for deposition. The shape of the deposit is preferably a rod shape having a width of 2 m and a height of 2 m in order to allow sufficient ventilation. In 1 to 4 days after the deposition, the central part of the deposit reaches 60 ° C. or more due to the heat of fermentation. After 2 to 7 days, preferably 4 days after the temperature has risen, turning is performed. The cutback is then performed at 4-7 day intervals. Adjust the moisture and pH each time it is turned over. The useful microorganism group or excellent medium is added at the time of turning back, preferably at the first turning back. Pre-fermentation is completed after 3 to 4 cuts. Although the pre-fermentation period is 7 to 20 days, the number of days varies depending on the raw material and is usually about 14 days.
[0020]
The semi-mature medium after the preliminary fermentation is carried into the fermentation chamber. The pH of the semi-ripe medium is 6.5 to 7.0, and the moisture is 65 to 75%, preferably 70%. In the fermentation chamber, for example, the floor is a net-like iron plate with punch holes of about 2 cm, and hot air with a humidity of 90% or more is emitted from the holes. In addition, the walls and ceiling have good heat insulation properties, and have high water resistance and corrosion resistance. The culture medium is loaded in the fermentation chamber by 1 to 2 m. The culture medium temperature is maintained at 60 ° C. on the first day while supplying fresh air sufficiently. From the second day, the medium temperature is maintained at 50 ± 3 ° C. A mature medium is completed on the 4th to 7th days.
[0021]
The completed culture medium is carried into the cultivation room and deposited on a shelf or box with a thickness of 5 to 40 cm, preferably 20 cm. Immediately inoculate Agaricus blazei inoculum with 1% of the medium as a guide. After inoculation, the medium temperature is maintained at 24-28 ° C., preferably 26 ° C., and the humidity in the cultivation room is maintained at 70-100%, preferably 95%. After 10 to 30 days, if the mycelium spreads, the soil is covered. As the soil for covering soil, a soil having a particle size of 0.1 to 5 mm and having good moisture retention is desirable. For example, mountain soil, peat moss and the like can be used. The soil covering covers the fungus bed with a thickness of 2 to 10 cm. Child bodies occur within 7 to 20 days after soiling. As cultivation management, the cultivation room should always satisfy the above temperature and humidity conditions, and when the cover soil is dried, water is replenished by watering. The period from the inoculation to the occurrence of fruiting bodies is at least 25 days, usually 35 days. The fruiting period is 1 to 4 months, usually about 2 months. The total yield is 10-20% of the medium, usually 15% weight.
[0022]
By cultivating in this way, a high yield can be obtained more stably than the conventional method. Even in the conventional medium preparation method, the total yield was sometimes close to 20% by weight of the medium, but it was not uncommon for it to become 10% by weight or less. This is because, in cultivation of mushrooms, a high-quality medium could not be stably obtained when cultivating Agaricus blazei pods, despite the fact that the ratio of the production of the medium was greatly related to the total yield. In the present invention, it has become possible to obtain a high-quality and stable medium by thorough temperature control of the medium and addition of useful microorganisms, so that even if the cultivation management is somewhat bad, the total yield is 10% by weight of the medium. There was almost no cracking.
[0023]
【Example】
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to examples, but the present invention is not limited thereto. In the examples, parts are parts by weight unless otherwise specified.
[0024]
(1) Medium pre-fermented 77.5 parts of dried bagasse (in all medium raw materials) and 15.0 parts of rice straw cut to 10-15 cm are mixed well, and water is mixed to the same weight by sprinkling the same weight as this mixture. I didn't. Three days later, a mixture of 3.0 parts of rice bran, 1.0 part of ammonium sulfate, 1.0 part of lime, 0.5 part of urea and 2.0 parts of superphosphate lime was sprayed on this, and water was further added. The water was sprinkled while adjusting and loaded into a rod shape with a width of 2 m and a height of 2 m. The water content was about 70% by weight, and when the medium was squeezed, the water slightly oozed from between the fingers, and the hands became damp. The pH of this water was 6.8.
[0025]
One day after deposition, the internal temperature of the deposit exceeded 50 ° C., and after 2 days, it exceeded 60 ° C., and steam was generated from the top. Four days later, the first turn was performed. The water was completely familiar and the surface was dry, so water was replenished. There was no change in the pH of the medium water. Similarly, it turned over twice at intervals of 4 days. Water was replenished to the same wetness as described above. After 14 days of deposition, a semi-ripe medium that was softened to the extent that it could be easily cut when threaded was obtained. At this time, the water content was about 70% and the pH was 6.8.
[0026]
(2) Medium main fermentation The above-mentioned semi-mature medium was immediately carried into the fermentation chamber. The fermentation room is a steel plate floor with a punch hole of about 2 cm, and hot air with a humidity of 90% or more is emitted from the hole. The heat source is a steam generator, and the temperature can be adjusted by computer control using a solenoid valve. Walls and ceilings are foamed urethane boards with good thermal insulation and water and corrosion resistance. There, 1.5 m of the semi-ripe medium was loaded, and a temperature sensor was placed in the medium. Even without overheating, the temperature rose to 45 ° C immediately after loading. The temperature was set to 60 ° C. and fermented for 1 day. Sampling at this point killed most pathogens and pests and failed to detect them, but the number of useful actinomycetes was not yet large. From the second day, a little more fresh air was inhaled and the temperature was set to 50 ° C. Four days after the temperature reached 50 ° C., the medium became white and marbling. From this white area, three useful thermophilic actinomycetes, T.chromogera, M.faeni and M.viridinigra, could be detected. The completed ripe medium was 65% water and pH 6.7.
[0027]
(3) Inoculation and cultivation management The above-mentioned fully matured medium was carried into the cultivation room. At this time, the medium temperature was about 40 ° C. The culture medium was packed to a thickness of 20 cm in a cultivation box made of expanded polystyrene having 40 × 60 × 25 (height) cm and six holes with a diameter of 10 mm on the lower surface. When the temperature of the medium drops to about 28 ° C., inoculate Agaricus blazei inoculum. The inoculum was 1% by weight with respect to the medium. The cultivation boxes inoculated with the inoculum were arranged in the cultivation room, and the room temperature was maintained at 25 ° C. and the humidity was maintained at 95%. At that time, the medium temperature was 26-28 ° C. Fourteen days after the inoculation, the mycelium spread throughout, and the medium was covered with mountain soil. The thickness was 3 cm or more.
[0028]
(4) 30 days after harvest inoculation About 200 fruit body primordium per box was induced on the soil covering surface, and fruit bodies could be harvested 33 days after inoculation. Flushes (periods when fruit bodies occur simultaneously in large quantities) occurred approximately every 13 days, and an average of about 5% by weight of the medium was harvested per flush. In the fourth and subsequent flushes, the amount of fruiting bodies gradually decreased. When the harvest period exceeded 3 months, the fruiting bodies almost disappeared. Total yield was about 18% of the medium. Moreover, during the cultivation period, no pathogenic fungi, mites, flies and the like were generated without particular attention.
[0029]
【The invention's effect】
As described above, according to the cultivation method of Agaricus blazei according to the present invention, the fungus bed is preliminarily used using a medium fermented at a temperature of 55 to 65 ° C. and a moisture of 60 to 75% by weight for 7 to 20 days. As a result, it became possible to produce a stable culture medium and to facilitate medium fermentation management, and to harvest about 20% by weight of Agaricus brazei fruit bodies. In addition, according to the present invention, since the culture medium is occupied by a group of useful microorganisms, resistance to pathogenic bacteria and the like is strong, and the management of the culture medium becomes extremely easy.

Claims (1)

In the cultivation method of Agaricus blazei mushrooms in which bacteria are propagated in the medium constituting the fungus bed, and the fungus bed is covered with soil to generate fruit bodies,
A preliminary fermentation step of fermenting a medium raw material containing rice straw at a temperature of 55 to 65 ° C. and a water content of 60 to 75% by weight for 7 to 20 days;
Adding a thermophilic actinomycete selected from useful microorganisms to a medium raw material in a high temperature state during the preliminary fermentation;
The semi-mature medium after the pre-fermentation is fermented at 58-60 ° C. for 1 day and then at 50 ± 3 ° C. for 2-7 days to adjust the medium to a water content of 60-70% by weight, so that at least Terumomonospora chromogera (Thermomonospora chromogera), Micropolyspora faeni, and Micropolyspora viridinigra, a main fermentation process for forming a mature medium in which thermophilic actinomycetes are grown,
A method for cultivating Agaricus brazei rice cake characterized by comprising