CN104322275A - Counter-season cultivation method for white mushrooms - Google Patents
Counter-season cultivation method for white mushrooms Download PDFInfo
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- CN104322275A CN104322275A CN201410497795.1A CN201410497795A CN104322275A CN 104322275 A CN104322275 A CN 104322275A CN 201410497795 A CN201410497795 A CN 201410497795A CN 104322275 A CN104322275 A CN 104322275A
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- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
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- A01G18/00—Cultivation of mushrooms
Abstract
The invention discloses a counter-season cultivation method for white mushrooms, which belongs to the technical field of mushroom cultivation. The counter-season cultivation method for white mushrooms includes preparation of compost, spreading of compost on mushroom beds, secondary fermentation, ventilation and moisturizing, management in the breeding period, soil preparation, earthing, induced fruiting, growth management and harvest. Through the steps of breeding, earthing, induced fruiting, management in the growing period and the like, the counter-season cultivation method for white mushrooms strictly controls temperature, humidity, ventilation, soil pH value and other environmental conditions in a mushroom house according to the natural growth law of white mushrooms in the growing process of white mushrooms in order to achieve the effect that high-quality, high-yield white mushrooms still can be cultivated in the other seasons besides autumn, and thereby the counter-season cultivation of white mushrooms is realized.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to mushroom planting technology field, relate to large-scale cultivation and the plantation of a kind of mushroom, specifically relate to a kind of off-season cultivation method of white mushroom.
Background technology
White mushroom, has another name called dried mushroom, belongs to white Agaricus wild mushroom, containing abundant nutriment, as protein, vitamin and potassium, calcium, iron and phosphorus etc., and delicious flavour, has become one of healthy food that people generally like.In south China area, rainwater is horn of plenty comparatively, and climate affects, white mushroom plantation is generally autumn planting winter receipts, within 1 year, gathered for 1 ~ 2 season, artificial planting has obtained good effect, as the application number patent of invention that is 201310249547.0 discloses the good quality and high output implantation methods of a kind of mushroom.
In white mushroom process of growth, temperature, humidity and oxygen concentration are comparatively large on its impact, and for realizing Artificial Control temperature, most mushroom agriculture adopts booth to carry out the plantation of edible mushroom to meet the demand of edible fungi growth to conditions such as temperature, humidity, illumination and air.And existing white mushroom implantation methods still seems comparatively extensive, be main to the warm and humid control in mushroom production process mainly with insulation, control procedure is comparatively simple, easily be subject to the impact of weather and variation of ambient temperature, also Chang Yinwei deficiency in draught causes the problems such as dead mushroom, cause that mushroom yield is low, the cycle is long, mushroom head is little, economic benefit is lower, is difficult to the standard reaching off-season cultivation.
Summary of the invention
Given this, the invention provides a kind of off-season cultivation method of white mushroom, by strictly controlling temperature, humidity and the ventilation in planting process, according to the existence habit of white mushroom, precise controlling white mushroom life condition, reaches the effect improving survival rate and output.
The present invention is achieved by following technical solution.
An off-season cultivation method for white mushroom, comprises the steps:
(1) composts or fertilisers of cultivating is made: on average every mu of ground prepares rice straw 13000 ~ 14000kg, simultaneously with the animal waste of 86.4 ~ 88.4 weight portions, the oil cake of 5.0 ~ 5.5 weight portions, the urea of 1.8 ~ 2.2 weight portions, the carbonic hydroammonium of 2.0 ~ 2.4 weight portions, white lime preparation 9700 ~ 9900kg batch mixing of 2.8 ~ 3.5 weight portions, mix, straw and batch mixing interval are tiled, the several length of composting is not limit, wide 1.5 ~ 2.5m, the cultivation heap of high 1.2 ~ 1.5m, fermentation maturity, first time turning was carried out after 9 ~ 10 days in interval, second time turning is carried out again after 6 ~ 7 days, third time turning is carried out again after 4 ~ 5 days, regulate pH value to 7.0 ~ 8.0,
(2) charging is added: in mushroom room, present count opens mushroom bed, and mushroom bed is divided into 6 ~ 7 layers, and the supporter of every layer is horizontally disposed protection support lattice, penetrating up and down; Pasteurised completely is carried out to inside, mushroom room, after third time turning in mushroom room that composts or fertilisers of cultivating shift-in has been sterilized, evenly paves on the mushroom bed of the 2nd layer and more than 2 layers, paving thickness 30 ~ 40cm;
(3) secondary fermentation: after composts or fertilisers of cultivating lay is good, close mushroom room door window, allow composts or fertilisers of cultivating continue fermentation calefaction, to the heating of inside, mushroom room after 1 ~ 2 day, control temperature in mushroom room and reach 55 ~ 60 DEG C, 45 ~ 50 DEG C are cooled to after maintaining 8 ~ 9h, continue cultivation 3 ~ 5 days, ventilate every day 2 ~ 3 times, ventilate 5 ~ 6min at every turn, until composts or fertilisers of cultivating becomes thoroughly decomposed without ammonia taste, be advisable can smell strong material fragrance;
(4) ventilation moisturizing: after secondary fermentation completes, opens the aeration-cooling wet down of mushroom room door window, makes composts or fertilisers of cultivating internal temperature drop to 30 ± 1 DEG C, supplements water spray, keeps mushroom room humidity 73% ~ 77%;
(5) sow: monitoring composts or fertilisers of cultivating temperature, select without aging high-quality kernel culture, when material temperature is just reduced to below 30 DEG C, by kernel culture uniform broadcasting on composts or fertilisers of cultivating surface, then light stirring face, allow kernel culture fall into composts or fertilisers of cultivating gap, gentlier flatten charge level, kernel culture is fully contacted with composts or fertilisers of cultivating inside;
(6) breeding period management: after planting close mushroom room door window, heat insulating culture 3 ~ 4 days, ventilates 2 ~ 3 every day period, and ventilate 4 ~ 5min at every turn; 4 to 7 day every day ventilated 4 ~ 5 times, and ventilate 5 ~ 6min at every turn; 7 to 10 day, mycelia was covered with composts or fertilisers of cultivating charge level, ventilated every day 7 ~ 8 times, and ventilate 7 ~ 8min at every turn, supplemented water spray, controlled air humidity 75% ~ 80% in mushroom room; 10th ~ 20 days, ventilate every day 8 ~ 10 times, ventilate 9 ~ 10min at every turn;
(7) soil prepares: select the soil not producing edible mushroom, get the soil of below plow layer, on average every mu of ground needs soil about 20 ~ 25m
3, the foreign material sieves such as the stone in soil are removed, after tanning by the sun 1 ~ 2 day, are broken into the fine grained of particle diameter 1 ~ 1.5cm, and the hydrated lime in powder adding 1% ~ 1.5% is by volume mixed thoroughly, P in soil H value is adjusted to 7.5 ~ 8.0, then the hack of below particle diameter 1cm in earth is sifted out, stack separately;
(8) earthing: breeding 18 ~ 20 days, when mycelia is covered with composts or fertilisers of cultivating charge level layer, and when can see mycelia bottom composts or fertilisers of cultivating, get final product mulching soil, first on charge level, uniform fold particle diameter is the coarse-grained soil of 1 ~ 1.5cm, thickness 2.5 ~ 3cm, the fine grained soil of particle diameter at below 1cm is covered again at coarse-grained soil surface uniform, thickness 0.8 ~ 1cm, earthing gross thickness is made to be 3.3 ~ 4cm, then water to soil surface, close mushroom room door window after earthing in 3 days to cultivate, ventilate every day 2 ~ 3 times, each ventilation 4 ~ 5min, air humidity in mushroom room is kept to be 85% ~ 90%, keep ground moistening, after earthing 3rd ~ 12 days, ventilate every day 6 ~ 8 times, each ventilation 8 ~ 10min, air humidity in mushroom room is kept to be 70% ~ 75%.
(9) induce fruiting: after earthing 11st ~ 12 days, when can see mycelia between grogs, toward soil table evenly water spray, make soil layer drenched and do not infiltrate in composts or fertilisers of cultivating, keep mushroom room ventilating opening often to open, after 3 ~ 5 days, mycelia kink forms former base; When after the mushroom flower bud forming particle diameter 4 ~ 5mm, spray fruiting water in time, keep ground moistening, meet moisture and the humidity of sporophore growth.
(10) gather: continuous spraying spills fruiting water about about 10 days, when mushroom cap is deployed into diameter 5 ~ 6cm, paste soil with cutter and volva base portion is cut off, complete and gather;
(11) growth management: after fruiting, temperature in mushroom room is controlled between 14 ~ 18 DEG C first, when temperature will carry out insulation lower than when 10 DEG C, when temperature is higher than 20 DEG C, open door and window and add forced ventilation and moisturizing cooling, in mushroom room, air humidity controls 85% ~ 90%; After fruiting, castor bean leaf is mashed, extrude juice, convert the clear water of 90 ~ 95 volume ratios with the juice of 5 ~ 10 volume ratios, after boiling, be cooled to normal temperature, be evenly sprayed in mushroom room and on earth face, to prevent mushroom mosquito; Meanwhile, when starting fruiting, bacterial strain is sprayed to carbendazol wettable powder 600 ~ 800 times of liquid of 45% ~ 50%, to prevent and treat brown spot and white gypsum is mould.
Further, in the added step of described charging, composts or fertilisers of cultivating paves after on each layer mushroom bed, if Compost moisture content is lower than 60%, should spray the pH value modulated by cold water is the limewash of 8 ~ 9, if Compost moisture content is higher than 85%, then stronger ventilation amount, reduces composts or fertilisers of cultivating humidity.
Further, in described secondary fermentation step, the water content of composts or fertilisers of cultivating 75% ~ 85% need be kept, if water content is lower than 75%, should spray before passing into steam pH value be 8 ~ 9 white lime water keep the skin wet and regulate acid-base value.
Further, after fruiting three tide, native face is sprayed, the average 5 ~ 9kg/m of consumption with the white lime water of 5%
2.
Further, in breeding period management process, temperature need to be controlled in mushroom room at 25 ~ 28 DEG C, and increase ventilation number and ventilation time gradually, reduce gas concentration lwevel, to prevent over growth of hyphae.
Further, in induction fruiting step, if meet with continuous high temperature weather, need increase water spray and count to every 2 hours of daytime once, injection flow rate only need keep soil table moistening, and keeps mushroom room constant ventilation 9 o'clock to 19 o'clock every day, to prevent young mushroom dead.
Further, in growth management step, if there is mushroom fly, to each ventilating opening in mushroom room, screen window need be installed, with white wine 4 ~ 6 weight portion, clear water 21 ~ 25 weight portion, brown sugar 25 ~ 30 weight portion, vinegar 32 ~ 36 weight portion, chlorophos 8 ~ 12 weight portion of alcoholic strength more than 55 degree, preparation liquid medicine open-top receptacle splendid attire is positioned over mushroom bed surrounding, traps and kills.
Further, described in gather in step, gather the same day, and no longer watered to mushroom bed before gathering, rear repairing soil layer of having gathered, then sprays one water to earth top layer and keeps the skin wet, and induces next damp fruiting.
The invention has the beneficial effects as follows:
The off-season cultivation method of a kind of white mushroom of the present invention, by steps such as breeding, earthing, induction fruiting, growing season managements, in white mushroom process of growth, according to the self-sow rule of white mushroom, the environmental condition such as temperature, humidity, ventilation, soil acidity or alkalinity of inside, mushroom room is strictly controlled, to reach except autumn, also can cultivate the effect of the white mushroom of good quality and high output in other seasons, thus achieve the off-season cultivation of white mushroom; Owing to have employed the plantation of mushroom room, the condition such as indoor temperature, humidity is controlled, and survival rate, the yield and quality of white mushroom all increase, for the large-scale planting and season production more than a year realizing white mushroom provides technical support.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is each flow chart of steps of the present invention.
Embodiment
Further describe technical scheme of the present invention below, but described in claimed scope is not limited to.As shown in Figure 1, in following embodiment, do not carry out the step described in detail, adopt conventional method to process.
Embodiment one
An off-season cultivation method for white mushroom, comprises the steps:
(1) composts or fertilisers of cultivating is made: on average every mu of ground prepares rice straw 13000 ~ 13300kg, simultaneously with the white lime of the carbonic hydroammonium of the urea of the oil cake of the animal waste of 86.4 weight portions, 5.5 weight portions, 2.2 weight portions, 2.4 weight portions, 3.5 weight portions preparation 9700 ~ 9760kg batch mixing, mix, clean out the place that one piece of spaciousness is smooth, carry and with clear water, rice straw is watered immersion the previous day, straw and batch mixing are replaced tiling 10 layers with the Thickness Ratio of 3:1, the several length of composting is not limit, wide 1.5m, the cultivation heap of high 1.2m, and water on a small quantity after every layer of rice straw is completed, the grass quilt of thickness 5cm or the sack clothe of thickness 1cm is covered after stacking, fermentation maturity, first time turning was carried out after 9 days in interval, second time turning is carried out again after 6 days, third time turning is carried out again after 4 days, supplement in turning process and water, water content is kept to reach 60% ~ 65%, regulate pH value to 7.0 ~ 7.3, keep the heap temperature of 50 ~ 53 DEG C, be beneficial to microbial activities, accelerate Compost fermentation.
(2) charging is added: in mushroom room, present count opens mushroom bed, and mushroom bed is divided into 6 layers, and the supporter of every layer is horizontally disposed protection support lattice, penetrating up and down; After completing second time turning, pasteurised completely is carried out to inside, mushroom room, after third time turning in mushroom room that composts or fertilisers of cultivating shift-in has been sterilized, evenly pave on the mushroom bed of the 2nd layer and more than 2 layers, paving thickness 30 ~ 33cm; Composts or fertilisers of cultivating paves after on each layer mushroom bed, if Compost moisture content is lower than 60%, should spray the pH value modulated by cold water is the limewash of 8 ~ 9, if Compost moisture content is higher than 65%, then stronger ventilation amount, reduces composts or fertilisers of cultivating humidity.
(3) secondary fermentation: after composts or fertilisers of cultivating lay is good, close mushroom room door window, allow composts or fertilisers of cultivating continue fermentation calefaction, within 1 day, adopt indoor air-conditioning system afterwards or pass into vapours in mushroom room and heat in mushroom room, control temperature in mushroom room and reach 55 ~ 56 DEG C, 45 DEG C are cooled to after maintaining 8h, continue cultivation 5 days, ventilate every day 3 times, ventilate 5min at every turn, until composts or fertilisers of cultivating becomes thoroughly decomposed without ammonia taste, be advisable can smell strong material fragrance; In fermentation process, the water content of composts or fertilisers of cultivating 75% ~ 79% need be kept, if water content is lower than 75%, should spray before passing into steam pH value be 8 ~ 9 white lime water keep the skin wet and regulate acid-base value, if water content is higher than 79%, then increase ventilation number and each ventilation time, reduce mushroom room humidity.
(4) ventilation moisturizing: after secondary fermentation completes, opens the aeration-cooling wet down of mushroom room door window, makes composts or fertilisers of cultivating internal temperature drop to 30 ± 1 DEG C, and supplements water spray, keeps mushroom room humidity 73% ~ 74%;
(5) sow: monitoring composts or fertilisers of cultivating temperature, select without aging high-quality kernel culture, when material temperature is just reduced to below 30 DEG C, by surperficial at composts or fertilisers of cultivating for the kernel culture uniform broadcasting chosen, then light stirring face, allow kernel culture fall into composts or fertilisers of cultivating gap, gentlier flatten charge level, kernel culture is fully contacted with composts or fertilisers of cultivating inside;
(6) breeding period management: after planting close mushroom room door window, heat insulating culture 3 days, ventilates 2 every day period, and ventilate 5min at every turn, bacterial classification starts growth; 4 to 7 day every day ventilated 4 times, and ventilate 6min at every turn; 7 to 10 day, mycelia was covered with composts or fertilisers of cultivating charge level, ventilated every day 7 times, and ventilate 8min at every turn, supplemented water spray, controlled air humidity 75% ~ 76% in mushroom room; 10th ~ 20 days, ventilate every day 8 times, ventilate 10min at every turn; In the process, temperature need to be controlled in mushroom room at 25 ~ 26 DEG C, and increase ventilation number and ventilation time gradually, reduce gas concentration lwevel, in case there is over growth of hyphae.
(7) soil prepares: select the soil not producing edible mushroom, get the soil of below plow layer, on average every mu of ground needs soil about 20 ~ 21m
3, the foreign material sieves such as the stone in soil are removed, after tanning by the sun 1 day, are broken into the fine grained of particle diameter 1 ~ 1.5cm, and the hydrated lime in powder adding 1.0% ~ 1.1% is by volume mixed thoroughly, P in soil H value is adjusted to 7.5 ~ 7.6, then the hack of below particle diameter 1cm in earth is sifted out, stack separately;
(8) earthing: breeding 18 days, when mycelia is covered with composts or fertilisers of cultivating charge level layer, and when can see mycelia bottom composts or fertilisers of cultivating, get final product mulching soil, first on charge level, uniform fold particle diameter is the coarse-grained soil of 1 ~ 1.5cm, thickness 2.5 ~ 2.6cm, the fine grained soil of particle diameter at below 1cm is covered again at coarse-grained soil surface uniform, thickness 0.8cm, earthing gross thickness is made to be 3.3 ~ 3.4cm, then water to soil surface, close mushroom room door window after earthing in 3 days to cultivate, ventilate every day 2 times, each ventilation 5min, air humidity in mushroom room is kept to be 85% ~ 86%, keep ground moistening, after earthing 3rd ~ 12 days, ventilate every day 6 times, each ventilation 10min, air humidity in mushroom room is kept to be 70% ~ 71%.
(9) induce fruiting: after earthing 11st ~ 12 days, when can see mycelia between grogs, toward soil table evenly water spray, make soil layer drenched and do not infiltrate in composts or fertilisers of cultivating, keep mushroom room ventilating opening often to open, after 3 ~ 5 days, mycelia kink forms former base; When after the mushroom flower bud forming particle diameter 4 ~ 5mm, spray fruiting water in time, keep ground moistening, and keep air humidity in mushroom room to be 85% ~ 86%, meet moisture and the humidity of sporophore growth; In the process, if meet with continuous high temperature weather, need increase water spray and count to every 2 hours of daytime once, injection flow rate only need keep soil table moistening, and keeps mushroom room constant ventilation 9 o'clock to 19 o'clock every day, to prevent young mushroom dead.
(10) growth management: after fruiting, temperature in mushroom room is controlled between 14 ~ 18 DEG C first, when temperature will carry out insulation lower than when 10 DEG C, when temperature is higher than 20 DEG C, open door and window and add forced ventilation and moisturizing cooling, in mushroom room, air humidity controls 85% ~ 86%, and water spray will several times, and each injection flow rate only need make soil table moistening, fine day increases water spray number of times, overcast and rainy then minimizing water spray number of times; After fruiting, castor bean leaf is mashed, extrude juice, convert the clear water of 95 volume ratios with the juice of 5 volume ratios, after boiling, be cooled to normal temperature, be evenly sprayed in mushroom room and on earth face, to prevent mushroom mosquito; Meanwhile, when starting fruiting, bacterial strain is sprayed to carbendazol wettable powder 800 times of liquid of 45%, to prevent and treat brown spot and white gypsum is mould.
In growth management process, if there is mushroom fly, to each ventilating opening in mushroom room, screen window need be installed, with white wine 4 weight portion, clear water 23 weight portion, brown sugar 29 weight portion, vinegar 36 weight portion, chlorophos 8 weight portion of alcoholic strength more than 55 degree, preparation liquid medicine open-top receptacle splendid attire is positioned over mushroom bed surrounding, traps and kills.
(11) gather: continuous spraying spills fruiting water about about 10 days, when mushroom cap is deployed into diameter 5cm, paste soil with cutter and volva base portion is cut off, complete and gather; Gather the same day, and no longer watered to mushroom bed before gathering, rear repairing soil layer of having gathered, then sprays one water to earth top layer and keeps the skin wet, and induces next damp fruiting.Native face is sprayed, the average 5 ~ 6kg/m of water consumption with the white lime water of 5% after fruiting three tide
2.
The white mushroom survival rate of planting according to the present embodiment is to more than 90%, and average per unit area yield reaches 7.0 ~ 8.0kg/m
2.
Embodiment two
An off-season cultivation method for white mushroom, comprises the steps:
(1) composts or fertilisers of cultivating is made: on average every mu of ground prepares rice straw 13800 ~ 14000kg, simultaneously with the white lime of the carbonic hydroammonium of the urea of the oil cake of the animal waste of 87.4 weight portions, 5.2 weight portions, 2.0 weight portions, 2.2 weight portions, 3.2 weight portions preparation 9770 ~ 9830kg batch mixing, mix, clean out the place that one piece of spaciousness is smooth, carry and with clear water, rice straw is watered immersion the previous day, straw and batch mixing are replaced tiling 11 layers with the Thickness Ratio of 3.3:1, the several length of composting is not limit, wide 1.2m, the cultivation heap of high 1.4m, and water on a small quantity after every layer of rice straw is completed, the grass quilt of thickness 5.1 ~ 5.9cm or the sack clothe of thickness 1.1 ~ 1.9cm is covered after stacking, fermentation maturity, first time turning was carried out after 10 days in interval, second time turning is carried out again after 6 days, third time turning is carried out again after 5 days, supplement in turning process and water, water content is kept to reach 71% ~ 79%, regulate pH value to 7.4 ~ 7.6, keep the heap temperature of 54 ~ 56 DEG C, be beneficial to microbial activities, accelerate Compost fermentation.
(2) charging is added: in mushroom room, present count opens mushroom bed, and mushroom bed is divided into 7 layers, and the supporter of every layer is horizontally disposed protection support lattice, penetrating up and down; After completing second time turning, pasteurised completely is carried out to inside, mushroom room, after third time turning in mushroom room that composts or fertilisers of cultivating shift-in has been sterilized, evenly pave on the mushroom bed of the 2nd layer and more than 2 layers, paving thickness 34 ~ 36cm; Composts or fertilisers of cultivating paves after on each layer mushroom bed, if Compost moisture content is lower than 71%, should spray the pH value modulated by cold water is the limewash of 8 ~ 9, if Compost moisture content is higher than 79%, then stronger ventilation amount, reduces composts or fertilisers of cultivating humidity.
(3) secondary fermentation: after composts or fertilisers of cultivating lay is good, close mushroom room door window, allow composts or fertilisers of cultivating continue fermentation calefaction, within 2 days, adopt indoor air-conditioning system afterwards or pass into vapours in mushroom room and heat in mushroom room, control temperature in mushroom room and reach 57 ~ 58 DEG C, 47 ~ 48 DEG C are cooled to after maintaining 9h, continue cultivation 4 days, ventilate every day 3 times, ventilate 5min at every turn, until composts or fertilisers of cultivating becomes thoroughly decomposed without ammonia taste, be advisable can smell strong material fragrance; In fermentation process, the water content of composts or fertilisers of cultivating 80% need be kept, if water content is lower than 80%, should spray before passing into steam pH value be 8 ~ 9 white lime water keep the skin wet and regulate acid-base value, if water content is higher than 80%, then increase ventilation number and each ventilation time, reduce mushroom room humidity.
(4) ventilation moisturizing: after secondary fermentation completes, opens the aeration-cooling wet down of mushroom room door window, makes composts or fertilisers of cultivating internal temperature drop to 30 ± 1 DEG C, and supplements water spray, keeps mushroom room humidity 75%;
(5) sow: monitoring composts or fertilisers of cultivating temperature, select without aging high-quality kernel culture, when material temperature is just reduced to below 30 DEG C, by surperficial at composts or fertilisers of cultivating for the kernel culture uniform broadcasting chosen, then light stirring face, allow kernel culture fall into composts or fertilisers of cultivating gap, gentlier flatten charge level, kernel culture is fully contacted with composts or fertilisers of cultivating inside;
(6) breeding period management: after planting close mushroom room door window, heat insulating culture 4 days, ventilates 3 every day period, and ventilate 5min at every turn, bacterial classification starts growth; 4 to 7 day every day ventilated 5 times, and ventilate 6min at every turn; 7 to 10 day, mycelia was covered with composts or fertilisers of cultivating charge level, ventilated every day 8 times, and ventilate 7min at every turn, supplemented water spray, controlled air humidity 77% ~ 78% in mushroom room; 10th ~ 20 days, ventilate every day 9 times, ventilate 10min at every turn; In the process, temperature need to be controlled in mushroom room at 26 ~ 27 DEG C, and increase ventilation number and ventilation time gradually, reduce gas concentration lwevel, in case there is over growth of hyphae.
(7) soil prepares: select the soil not producing edible mushroom, get the soil of below plow layer, on average every mu of ground needs soil about 22 ~ 23m
3, the foreign material sieves such as the stone in soil are removed, after tanning by the sun 2 days, are broken into the fine grained of particle diameter 1 ~ 1.5cm, and the hydrated lime in powder adding 1.2% ~ 1.3% is by volume mixed thoroughly, P in soil H value is adjusted to 7.7 ~ 7.8, then the hack of below particle diameter 1cm in earth is sifted out, stack separately;
(8) earthing: breeding 19 days, when mycelia is covered with composts or fertilisers of cultivating charge level layer, and when can see mycelia bottom composts or fertilisers of cultivating, get final product mulching soil, first on charge level, uniform fold particle diameter is the coarse-grained soil of 1 ~ 1.5cm, thickness 2.7 ~ 2.8cm, the fine grained soil of particle diameter at below 1cm is covered again at coarse-grained soil surface uniform, thickness 0.9cm, earthing gross thickness is made to be 3.6 ~ 3.7cm, then water to soil surface, close mushroom room door window after earthing in 3 days to cultivate, ventilate every day 3 times, each ventilation 5min, air humidity in mushroom room is kept to be 87% ~ 88%, keep ground moistening, after earthing 3rd ~ 12 days, ventilate every day 7 times, each ventilation 9min, air humidity in mushroom room is kept to be 72% ~ 73%.
(9) induce fruiting: after earthing 11st ~ 12 days, when can see mycelia between grogs, toward soil table evenly water spray, make soil layer drenched and do not infiltrate in composts or fertilisers of cultivating, keep mushroom room ventilating opening often to open, after 3 ~ 5 days, mycelia kink forms former base; When after the mushroom flower bud forming particle diameter 4 ~ 5mm, spray fruiting water in time, keep ground moistening, and keep air humidity in mushroom room to be 87% ~ 88%, meet moisture and the humidity of sporophore growth; In the process, if meet with continuous high temperature weather, need increase water spray and count to every 2 hours of daytime once, injection flow rate only need keep soil table moistening, and keeps mushroom room constant ventilation 9 o'clock to 19 o'clock every day, to prevent young mushroom dead.
(10) growth management: after fruiting, temperature in mushroom room is controlled between 14 ~ 18 DEG C first, when temperature will carry out insulation lower than when 10 DEG C, when temperature is higher than 20 DEG C, open door and window and add forced ventilation and moisturizing cooling, in mushroom room, air humidity controls 87% ~ 88%, and water spray will several times, and each injection flow rate only need make soil table moistening, fine day increases water spray number of times, overcast and rainy then minimizing water spray number of times; After fruiting, castor bean leaf is mashed, extrude juice, convert the clear water of 93 volume ratios with the juice of 7 volume ratios, after boiling, be cooled to normal temperature, be evenly sprayed in mushroom room and on earth face, to prevent mushroom mosquito; Meanwhile, when starting fruiting, bacterial strain is sprayed to carbendazol wettable powder 700 times of liquid of 47%, to prevent and treat brown spot and white gypsum is mould.
In growth management process, if there is mushroom fly, to each ventilating opening in mushroom room, screen window need be installed, with white wine 5 weight portion, clear water 21 weight portion, brown sugar 30 weight portion, vinegar 32 weight portion, chlorophos 12 weight portion of alcoholic strength more than 55 degree, preparation liquid medicine open-top receptacle splendid attire is positioned over mushroom bed surrounding, traps and kills.
(11) gather: continuous spraying spills fruiting water about about 10 days, when mushroom cap is deployed into diameter 6cm, paste soil with cutter and volva base portion is cut off, complete and gather; Gather the same day, and no longer watered to mushroom bed before gathering, rear repairing soil layer of having gathered, then sprays one water to earth top layer and keeps the skin wet, and induces next damp fruiting.Native face is sprayed, the average 7kg/m of water consumption with the white lime water of 5% after fruiting three tide
2.
The white mushroom survival rate of planting according to the present embodiment is to more than 92%, and average per unit area yield reaches 8.0 ~ 8.5kg/m
2.
Embodiment three
An off-season cultivation method for white mushroom, comprises the steps:
(1) composts or fertilisers of cultivating is made: on average every mu of ground prepares rice straw 13400 ~ 13700kg, simultaneously with the white lime of the carbonic hydroammonium of the urea of the oil cake of the animal waste of 88.4 weight portions, 5.0 weight portions, 1.8 weight portions, 2.0 weight portions, 2.8 weight portions preparation 9840 ~ 9900kg batch mixing, mix, clean out the place that one piece of spaciousness is smooth, carry and with clear water, rice straw is watered immersion the previous day, straw and batch mixing are replaced tiling 12 layers with the Thickness Ratio of 3.5:1, the several length of composting is not limit, wide 2.5m, the cultivation heap of high 1.5m, and water on a small quantity after every layer of rice straw is completed, the grass quilt of thickness 6cm or the sack clothe of thickness 2cm is covered after stacking, fermentation maturity, first time turning was carried out after 10 days in interval, second time turning is carried out again after 7 days, third time turning is carried out again after 5 days, supplement in turning process and water, water content is kept to reach 80% ~ 85%, regulate pH value to 7.7 ~ 8.0, keep the heap temperature of 57 ~ 60 DEG C, be beneficial to microbial activities, accelerate Compost fermentation.
(2) charging is added: in mushroom room, present count opens mushroom bed, and mushroom bed is divided into 7 layers, and the supporter of every layer is horizontally disposed protection support lattice, penetrating up and down; After completing second time turning, pasteurised completely is carried out to inside, mushroom room, after third time turning in mushroom room that composts or fertilisers of cultivating shift-in has been sterilized, evenly pave on the mushroom bed of the 2nd layer and more than 2 layers, paving thickness 37 ~ 40cm; Composts or fertilisers of cultivating paves after on each layer mushroom bed, if Compost moisture content is lower than 80%, should spray the pH value modulated by cold water is the limewash of 8 ~ 9, if Compost moisture content is higher than 85%, then stronger ventilation amount, reduces composts or fertilisers of cultivating humidity.
(3) secondary fermentation: after composts or fertilisers of cultivating lay is good, close mushroom room door window, allow composts or fertilisers of cultivating continue fermentation calefaction, within 2 days, adopt indoor air-conditioning system afterwards or pass into vapours in mushroom room and heat in mushroom room, control temperature in mushroom room and reach 59 ~ 60 DEG C, 50 DEG C are cooled to after maintaining 9h, continue cultivation 3 days, ventilate every day 2 times, ventilate 6min at every turn, until composts or fertilisers of cultivating becomes thoroughly decomposed without ammonia taste, be advisable can smell strong material fragrance; In fermentation process, the water content of composts or fertilisers of cultivating 81% ~ 85% need be kept, if water content is lower than 81%, should spray before passing into steam pH value be 8 ~ 9 white lime water keep the skin wet and regulate acid-base value, if water content is higher than 85%, then increase ventilation number and each ventilation time, reduce mushroom room humidity.
(4) ventilation moisturizing: after secondary fermentation completes, opens the aeration-cooling wet down of mushroom room door window, makes composts or fertilisers of cultivating internal temperature drop to 30 ± 1 DEG C, and supplements water spray, keeps mushroom room humidity 76% ~ 77%;
(5) sow: monitoring composts or fertilisers of cultivating temperature, select without aging high-quality kernel culture, when material temperature is just reduced to below 30 DEG C, by surperficial at composts or fertilisers of cultivating for the kernel culture uniform broadcasting chosen, then light stirring face, allow kernel culture fall into composts or fertilisers of cultivating gap, gentlier flatten charge level, kernel culture is fully contacted with composts or fertilisers of cultivating inside;
(6) breeding period management: after planting close mushroom room door window, heat insulating culture 4 days, ventilates 3 every day period, and ventilate 4min at every turn, bacterial classification starts growth; 4 to 7 day every day ventilated 5 times, and ventilate 5min at every turn; 7 to 10 day, mycelia was covered with composts or fertilisers of cultivating charge level, ventilated every day 8 times, and ventilate 7min at every turn, supplemented water spray, controlled air humidity 79% ~ 80% in mushroom room; 10th ~ 20 days, ventilate every day 10 times, ventilate 9min at every turn; In the process, temperature need to be controlled in mushroom room at 27 ~ 28 DEG C, and increase ventilation number and ventilation time gradually, reduce gas concentration lwevel, in case there is over growth of hyphae.
(7) soil prepares: select the soil not producing edible mushroom, get the soil of below plow layer, on average every mu of ground needs soil about 24 ~ 25m
3, the foreign material sieves such as the stone in soil are removed, after tanning by the sun 2 days, are broken into the fine grained of particle diameter 1 ~ 1.5cm, and the hydrated lime in powder adding 1.4% ~ 1.5% is by volume mixed thoroughly, P in soil H value is adjusted to 7.9 ~ 8.0, then the hack of below particle diameter 1cm in earth is sifted out, stack separately;
(8) earthing: breeding 20 days, when mycelia is covered with composts or fertilisers of cultivating charge level layer, and when can see mycelia bottom composts or fertilisers of cultivating, get final product mulching soil, first on charge level, uniform fold particle diameter is the coarse-grained soil of 1 ~ 1.5cm, thickness 2.9 ~ 3cm, the fine grained soil of particle diameter at below 1cm is covered again at coarse-grained soil surface uniform, thickness 1cm, earthing gross thickness is made to be 3.9 ~ 4cm, then water to soil surface, close mushroom room door window after earthing in 3 days to cultivate, ventilate every day 3 times, each ventilation 4min, air humidity in mushroom room is kept to be 89% ~ 90%, keep ground moistening, after earthing 3rd ~ 12 days, ventilate every day 8 times, each ventilation 8min, air humidity in mushroom room is kept to be 74% ~ 75%.
(9) induce fruiting: after earthing 11st ~ 12 days, when can see mycelia between grogs, toward soil table evenly water spray, make soil layer drenched and do not infiltrate in composts or fertilisers of cultivating, keep mushroom room ventilating opening often to open, after 3 ~ 5 days, mycelia kink forms former base; When after the mushroom flower bud forming particle diameter 4 ~ 5mm, spray fruiting water in time, keep ground moistening, and keep air humidity in mushroom room to be 89% ~ 90%, meet moisture and the humidity of sporophore growth; In the process, if meet with continuous high temperature weather, need increase water spray and count to every 2 hours of daytime once, injection flow rate only need keep soil table moistening, and keeps mushroom room constant ventilation 9 o'clock to 19 o'clock every day, to prevent young mushroom dead.
(10) growth management: after fruiting, temperature in mushroom room is controlled between 14 ~ 18 DEG C first, when temperature will carry out insulation lower than when 10 DEG C, when temperature is higher than 20 DEG C, open door and window and add forced ventilation and moisturizing cooling, in mushroom room, air humidity controls 89% ~ 90%, and water spray will several times, and each injection flow rate only need make soil table moistening, fine day increases water spray number of times, overcast and rainy then minimizing water spray number of times; After fruiting, castor bean leaf is mashed, extrude juice, convert the clear water of 90 volume ratios with the juice of 10 volume ratios, after boiling, be cooled to normal temperature, be evenly sprayed in mushroom room and on earth face, to prevent mushroom mosquito; Meanwhile, when starting fruiting, bacterial strain is sprayed to carbendazol wettable powder 600 times of liquid of 50%, to prevent and treat brown spot and white gypsum is mould.
In growth management process, if there is mushroom fly, to each ventilating opening in mushroom room, screen window need be installed, with white wine 6 weight portion, clear water 25 weight portion, brown sugar 25 weight portion, vinegar 34 weight portion, chlorophos 10 weight portion of alcoholic strength more than 55 degree, preparation liquid medicine open-top receptacle splendid attire is positioned over mushroom bed surrounding, traps and kills.
(11) gather: continuous spraying spills fruiting water about about 10 days, when mushroom cap is deployed into diameter 6cm, paste soil with cutter and volva base portion is cut off, complete and gather; Gather the same day, and no longer watered to mushroom bed before gathering, rear repairing soil layer of having gathered, then sprays one water to earth top layer and keeps the skin wet, and induces next damp fruiting.Native face is sprayed, the average 8 ~ 9kg/m of water consumption with the white lime water of 5% after fruiting three tide
2.
The white mushroom survival rate of planting according to the present embodiment is to more than 96%, and average per unit area yield reaches 8.5 ~ 9.0kg/m
2.
Claims (8)
1. an off-season cultivation method for white mushroom, is characterized in that, comprise the steps:
(1) composts or fertilisers of cultivating is made: on average every mu of ground prepares rice straw 13000 ~ 14000kg, simultaneously with the animal waste of 86.4 ~ 88.4 weight portions, the oil cake of 5.0 ~ 5.5 weight portions, the urea of 1.8 ~ 2.2 weight portions, the carbonic hydroammonium of 2.0 ~ 2.4 weight portions, white lime preparation 9700 ~ 9900kg batch mixing of 2.8 ~ 3.5 weight portions, mix, straw and batch mixing interval are tiled, the several length of composting is not limit, wide 1.5 ~ 2.5m, the cultivation heap of high 1.2 ~ 1.5m, fermentation maturity, first time turning was carried out after 9 ~ 10 days in interval, second time turning is carried out again after 6 ~ 7 days, third time turning is carried out again after 4 ~ 5 days, regulate pH value to 7.0 ~ 8.0,
(2) charging is added: in mushroom room, present count opens mushroom bed, and mushroom bed is divided into 6 ~ 7 layers, and the supporter of every layer is horizontally disposed protection support lattice, penetrating up and down; Pasteurised completely is carried out to inside, mushroom room, after third time turning in mushroom room that composts or fertilisers of cultivating shift-in has been sterilized, evenly paves on the mushroom bed of the 2nd layer and more than 2 layers, paving thickness 30 ~ 40cm;
(3) secondary fermentation: after composts or fertilisers of cultivating lay is good, close mushroom room door window, allow composts or fertilisers of cultivating continue fermentation calefaction, to the heating of inside, mushroom room after 1 ~ 2 day, control temperature in mushroom room and reach 55 ~ 60 DEG C, 45 ~ 50 DEG C are cooled to after maintaining 8 ~ 9h, continue cultivation 3 ~ 5 days, ventilate every day 2 ~ 3 times, ventilate 5 ~ 6min at every turn, until composts or fertilisers of cultivating becomes thoroughly decomposed without ammonia taste, be advisable can smell strong material fragrance;
(4) ventilation moisturizing: after secondary fermentation completes, opens the aeration-cooling wet down of mushroom room door window, makes composts or fertilisers of cultivating internal temperature drop to 30 ± 1 DEG C, supplements water spray, keeps mushroom room humidity 73% ~ 77%;
(5) sow: monitoring composts or fertilisers of cultivating temperature, select without aging high-quality kernel culture, when material temperature is just reduced to below 30 DEG C, by kernel culture uniform broadcasting on composts or fertilisers of cultivating surface, then light stirring face, allow kernel culture fall into composts or fertilisers of cultivating gap, gentlier flatten charge level, kernel culture is fully contacted with composts or fertilisers of cultivating inside;
(6) breeding period management: after planting close mushroom room door window, heat insulating culture 3 ~ 4 days, ventilates 2 ~ 3 every day period, and ventilate 4 ~ 5min at every turn; 4 to 7 day every day ventilated 4 ~ 5 times, and ventilate 5 ~ 6min at every turn; 7 to 10 day, mycelia was covered with composts or fertilisers of cultivating charge level, ventilated every day 7 ~ 8 times, and ventilate 7 ~ 8min at every turn, supplemented water spray, controlled air humidity 75% ~ 80% in mushroom room; 10th ~ 20 days, ventilate every day 8 ~ 10 times, ventilate 9 ~ 10min at every turn;
(7) soil prepares: select the soil not producing edible mushroom, get the soil of below plow layer, on average every mu of ground needs soil about 20 ~ 25m
3, the foreign material sieves such as the stone in soil are removed, after tanning by the sun 1 ~ 2 day, are broken into the fine grained of particle diameter 1 ~ 1.5cm, and the hydrated lime in powder adding 1% ~ 1.5% is by volume mixed thoroughly, P in soil H value is adjusted to 7.5 ~ 8.0, then the hack of below particle diameter 1cm in earth is sifted out, stack separately;
(8) earthing: breeding 18 ~ 20 days, when mycelia is covered with composts or fertilisers of cultivating charge level layer, and when can see mycelia bottom composts or fertilisers of cultivating, get final product mulching soil, first on charge level, uniform fold particle diameter is the coarse-grained soil of 1 ~ 1.5cm, thickness 2.5 ~ 3cm, the fine grained soil of particle diameter at below 1cm is covered again at coarse-grained soil surface uniform, thickness 0.8 ~ 1cm, earthing gross thickness is made to be 3.3 ~ 4cm, then water to soil surface, close mushroom room door window after earthing in 3 days to cultivate, ventilate every day 2 ~ 3 times, each ventilation 4 ~ 5min, air humidity in mushroom room is kept to be 85% ~ 90%, keep ground moistening, after earthing 3rd ~ 12 days, ventilate every day 6 ~ 8 times, each ventilation 8 ~ 10min, air humidity in mushroom room is kept to be 70% ~ 75%,
(9) induce fruiting: after earthing 11st ~ 12 days, when can see mycelia between grogs, toward soil table evenly water spray, make soil layer drenched and do not infiltrate in composts or fertilisers of cultivating, keep mushroom room ventilating opening often to open, after 3 ~ 5 days, mycelia kink forms former base; When after the mushroom flower bud forming particle diameter 4 ~ 5mm, spray fruiting water in time, keep ground moistening, meet moisture and the humidity of sporophore growth;
(10) growth management: after fruiting, temperature in mushroom room is controlled between 14 ~ 18 DEG C first, when temperature will carry out insulation lower than when 10 DEG C, when temperature is higher than 20 DEG C, door and window is opened and add forced ventilation and moisturizing cooling, in mushroom room, air humidity controls 85% ~ 90%, after fruiting, castor bean leaf is mashed, extrude juice, the clear water of 90 ~ 95 volume ratios is converted with the juice of 5 ~ 10 volume ratios, be cooled to normal temperature after boiling, be evenly sprayed in mushroom room and on earth face, to prevent mushroom mosquito; Meanwhile, when starting fruiting, bacterial strain is sprayed to carbendazol wettable powder 600 ~ 800 times of liquid of 45% ~ 50%, to prevent and treat brown spot and white gypsum is mould;
(11) gather: continuous spraying spills fruiting water about about 10 days, when mushroom cap is deployed into diameter 5 ~ 6cm, paste soil with cutter and volva base portion is cut off, complete and gather.
2. the off-season cultivation method of a kind of white mushroom according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: in the added step of described charging, composts or fertilisers of cultivating paves after on each layer mushroom bed, if Compost moisture content is lower than 60%, should spray the pH value modulated by cold water is the limewash of 8 ~ 9, if Compost moisture content is higher than 85%, then stronger ventilation amount, reduces composts or fertilisers of cultivating humidity.
3. the off-season cultivation method of a kind of white mushroom according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: in described secondary fermentation step, the water content of composts or fertilisers of cultivating 75% ~ 85% need be kept, if water content is lower than 75%, should spray before passing into steam pH value be 8 ~ 9 white lime water keep the skin wet and regulate acid-base value.
4. the off-season cultivation method of a kind of white mushroom according to claim 2, is characterized in that: after fruiting three tide, spray native face, the average 5 ~ 9kg/m of consumption with the white lime water of 5%
2.
5. the off-season cultivation method of a kind of white mushroom according to claim 2, it is characterized in that: in breeding period management process, temperature need to be controlled in mushroom room at 25 ~ 28 DEG C, and increase ventilation number and ventilation time gradually, reduce gas concentration lwevel, to prevent over growth of hyphae.
6. the off-season cultivation method of a kind of white mushroom according to claim 2, it is characterized in that: in induction fruiting step, if meet with continuous high temperature weather, water spray need be increased and count to every 2 hours of daytime once, injection flow rate only need keep soil table moistening, and kept mushroom room constant ventilation 9 o'clock to 19 o'clock every day, to prevent young mushroom dead.
7. the off-season cultivation method of a kind of white mushroom according to claim 2, is characterized in that: described in gather in step, gathered the same day, no longer mushroom bed is watered before gathering, to gather rear repairing soil layer, then one water has been sprayed to earth top layer and keep the skin wet, induce next damp fruiting.
8. the off-season cultivation method of a kind of white mushroom according to claim 2, it is characterized in that: in growth management step, if there is mushroom fly, to each ventilating opening in mushroom room, screen window need be installed, with white wine 4 ~ 6 weight portion, clear water 21 ~ 25 weight portion, brown sugar 25 ~ 30 weight portion, vinegar 32 ~ 36 weight portion, chlorophos 8 ~ 12 weight portion of alcoholic strength more than 55 degree, preparation liquid medicine open-top receptacle splendid attire is positioned over mushroom bed surrounding, traps and kills.
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| CN107912226A (en) * | 2017-11-18 | 2018-04-17 | 湖南神乐生态庄园有限公司 | A kind of underwood planting mushroom insect-prevention method |
| CN108834753A (en) * | 2018-08-03 | 2018-11-20 | 广西仁泰生物科技有限公司 | A kind of culture material of clitocybe maxima and preparation method thereof |
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| CN107912226A (en) * | 2017-11-18 | 2018-04-17 | 湖南神乐生态庄园有限公司 | A kind of underwood planting mushroom insect-prevention method |
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