JP7513694B2 - 半導体装置 - Google Patents
半導体装置 Download PDFInfo
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- JP7513694B2 JP7513694B2 JP2022206199A JP2022206199A JP7513694B2 JP 7513694 B2 JP7513694 B2 JP 7513694B2 JP 2022206199 A JP2022206199 A JP 2022206199A JP 2022206199 A JP2022206199 A JP 2022206199A JP 7513694 B2 JP7513694 B2 JP 7513694B2
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- transistor
- oxide
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- insulator
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Description
本実施の形態では、図1乃至図5を用いて、本発明の一態様である酸化物半導体を用いたトランジスタを有する半導体装置について説明する。
図1(D)は、本発明の一態様に係るトランジスタ200の模式図である。なお、図1(D)では、図の明瞭化のために一部の要素を省いて図示している。
図1(D)に示すように、トランジスタ200は、少なくとも、ゲートとして機能する260、およびチャネルが形成される領域CH(以下、チャネル形成領域ともいう)、ソースとして機能する領域SR、およびドレインとして機能する領域DRを含む酸化物230と、を有する。
以下では、図1(A)を用いて、半導体基板を用いた半導体装置の例について示す。
以下では、図2、および図3を用いて、導電性基板を用いた半導体装置の例について示す。
図2(A)は、本発明の一態様に係るトランジスタ200tを有する半導体装置の回路図である。図2(A)に示す半導体装置は、トランジスタ200tの各電極に、それぞれ電気的に接続されたダイオードとして機能する複数のトランジスタ(トランジスタ200tg、トランジスタ200bg、トランジスタ200s、およびトランジスタ200d)を有する。トランジスタ200tは、各ダイオードを介して、基板20と接続している。
図3(A)は、本発明の一態様に係るトランジスタ200tを有する半導体装置の回路図である。図3(A)に示す半導体装置は、トランジスタ200tの各電極に、それぞれ電気的に接続された容量素子として機能する複数のトランジスタ(トランジスタ200tg、トランジスタ200bg、トランジスタ200s、およびトランジスタ200d)を有する。トランジスタ200tは、各容量素子を介して、基板20と接続している。
以下では、図4、および図5を用いて、導電性基板を用いた半導体装置の例について示す。
図4(A)は、本発明の一態様に係るトランジスタ200tを有する半導体装置の回路図である。図4(A)に示す半導体装置は、トランジスタ200tの各電極に、それぞれ電気的に接続されたダイオードとして機能する複数のトランジスタ(トランジスタ200tg、トランジスタ200s、およびトランジスタ200d)を有する。トランジスタ200tは、各ダイオードを介して、導電体29と接続している。
図5(A)は、本発明の一態様に係るトランジスタ200tを有する半導体装置の回路図である。図5(A)に示す半導体装置は、トランジスタ200tの各電極に、それぞれ電気的に接続された容量素子として機能する複数のトランジスタ(トランジスタ200tg、トランジスタ200s、およびトランジスタ200d)を有する。トランジスタ200tは、各容量素子を介して、導電体29と接続している。
以下では、図6乃至図11を用いて、絶縁性基板上に設けられた導電体29を有する半導体装置の具体的なレイアウトの例について示す。
本実施の形態では、上記実施の形態に示すトランジスタの構造例について説明する。
図12(A)乃至(C)を用いてトランジスタ200Aの構造例を説明する。図12(A)はトランジスタ200Aの上面図である。図12(B)は、図12(A)に一点鎖線L1-L2で示す部位の断面図である。図12(C)は、図12(A)に一点鎖線W1-W2で示す部位の断面図である。なお、図12(A)の上面図では、図の明瞭化のために一部の要素を省いて図示している。
[基板]
基板として用いる材料に大きな制限はないが、少なくとも後の加熱処理に耐えうる程度の耐熱性を有していることが必要となる。例えば、基板としてシリコンや炭化シリコンなどを材料とした単結晶半導体基板、多結晶半導体基板、シリコンゲルマニウムなどを材料とした化合物半導体基板等を用いることができる。また、SOI基板または半導体基板上に歪トランジスタやFIN型トランジスタなどの半導体素子が設けられたものなどを用いることもできる。または、高電子移動度トランジスタ(HEMT:High Electron Mobility Transistor)に適用可能なヒ化ガリウム、ヒ化アルミニウムガリウム、ヒ化インジウムガリウム、窒化ガリウム、リン化インジウム、シリコンゲルマニウムなどを用いてもよい。すなわち、基板は、単なる支持基板に限らず、他のトランジスタなどのデバイスが形成された基板であってもよい。
絶縁層は、窒化アルミニウム、酸化アルミニウム、窒化酸化アルミニウム、酸化窒化アルミニウム、酸化マグネシウム、窒化シリコン、酸化シリコン、窒化酸化シリコン、酸化窒化シリコン、酸化ガリウム、酸化ゲルマニウム、酸化イットリウム、酸化ジルコニウム、酸化ランタン、酸化ネオジム、酸化ハフニウム、酸化タンタル、アルミニウムシリケートなどから選ばれた材料を、単層で、または積層して用いる。また、酸化物材料、窒化物材料、酸化窒化物材料、窒化酸化物材料のうち、複数の材料を混合した材料を用いてもよい。
電極を形成するための導電性材料としては、アルミニウム、クロム、銅、銀、金、白金、タンタル、ニッケル、チタン、モリブデン、タングステン、ハフニウム、バナジウム、ニオブ、マンガン、マグネシウム、ジルコニウム、ベリリウム、インジウムなどから選ばれた金属元素を1種以上含む材料を用いることができる。また、リン等の不純物元素を含有させた多結晶シリコンに代表される、電気伝導度が高い半導体、ニッケルシリサイドなどのシリサイドを用いてもよい。
半導体層として、単結晶半導体、多結晶半導体、微結晶半導体、非晶質半導体などを、単体で、または組み合わせて用いることができる。半導体材料としては、例えば、シリコン、ゲルマニウムなどを用いることができる。また、シリコンゲルマニウム、炭化シリコン、ガリウムヒ素、酸化物半導体、窒化物半導体などの化合物半導体や、有機半導体などを用いることができる。
金属酸化物の一種である酸化物半導体は、少なくともインジウムまたは亜鉛を含むことが好ましい。特にインジウムおよび亜鉛を含むことが好ましい。また、それらに加えて、アルミニウム、ガリウム、イットリウム、スズなどが含まれていることが好ましい。また、ホウ素、チタン、鉄、ニッケル、ゲルマニウム、ジルコニウム、モリブデン、ランタン、セリウム、ネオジム、ハフニウム、タンタル、タングステン、マグネシウムなどから選ばれた一種、または複数種が含まれていてもよい。
金属酸化物の一種である酸化物半導体は、単結晶酸化物半導体と、それ以外の非単結晶酸化物半導体と、に分けられる。非単結晶酸化物半導体としては、例えば、CAAC-OS(c-axis aligned crystalline oxide semiconductor)、多結晶酸化物半導体、nc-OS(nanocrystalline oxide semiconductor)、擬似非晶質酸化物半導体(a-like OS:amorphous-like oxide semiconductor)、非晶質酸化物半導体などがある。
続いて、上記金属酸化物をトランジスタのチャネル形成領域に用いる場合について説明する。
ここで、金属酸化物中における各不純物の影響について説明する。
絶縁層を形成するための絶縁性材料、電極を形成するための導電性材料、または半導体層を形成するための半導体材料は、スパッタリング法、スピンコート法、CVD(Chemical Vapor Deposition)法(熱CVD法、MOCVD(Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition)法、PECVD(Plasma Enhanced CVD)法、高密度プラズマCVD(High density plasma CVD)法、LPCVD(low pressure CVD)法、APCVD(atmospheric pressure CVD)法等を含む)、ALD(Atomic Layer Deposition)法、MBE(Molecular Beam Epitaxy)法、PLD(Pulsed Laser Deposition)法、ディップ法、スプレー塗布法、液滴吐出法(インクジェット法など)、印刷法(スクリーン印刷、オフセット印刷など)などを用いて形成することができる。
図13(A)乃至(C)を用いてトランジスタ200Bの構造例を説明する。図13(A)はトランジスタ200Bの上面図である。図13(B)は、図13(A)に一点鎖線L1-L2で示す部位の断面図である。図13(C)は、図13(A)に一点鎖線W1-W2で示す部位の断面図である。なお、図13(A)の上面図では、図の明瞭化のために一部の要素を省いて図示している。
図14(A)乃至(C)を用いてトランジスタ200Cの構造例を説明する。図14(A)はトランジスタ200Cの上面図である。図14(B)は、図14(A)に一点鎖線L1-L2で示す部位の断面図である。図14(C)は、図14(A)に一点鎖線W1-W2で示す部位の断面図である。なお、図14(A)の上面図では、図の明瞭化のために一部の要素を省いて図示している。
図15(A)乃至(C)を用いてトランジスタ200Dの構造例を説明する。図15(A)はトランジスタ200Dの上面図である。図15(B)は、図15(A)に一点鎖線L1-L2で示す部位の断面図である。図15(C)は、図15(A)に一点鎖線W1-W2で示す部位の断面図である。なお、図15(A)の上面図では、図の明瞭化のために一部の要素を省いて図示している。
本実施の形態では、半導体装置の一形態を、図16および図17を用いて説明する。
本発明の一態様である容量素子を使用した、半導体装置(記憶装置)の一例を図16に示す。本発明の一態様の半導体装置は、トランジスタ200はトランジスタ300の上方に設けられ、容量素子100はトランジスタ300、およびトランジスタ200の上方に設けられている。なお、トランジスタ200として、先の実施の形態で説明したトランジスタ200を用いることができる。
トランジスタ300は、基板311上に設けられ、ゲート電極として機能する導電体316、ゲート絶縁体として機能する絶縁体315、基板311の一部からなる半導体領域313、およびソース領域またはドレイン領域として機能する低抵抗領域314a、および低抵抗領域314bを有する。トランジスタ300は、pチャネル型、あるいはnチャネル型のいずれでもよい。
容量素子100は、トランジスタ200の上方に設けられる。容量素子100は、第1の電極として機能する導電体110と、第2の電極として機能する導電体120、および誘電体として機能する絶縁体130とを有する。
各構造体の間には、層間膜、配線、およびプラグ等が設けられた配線層が設けられていてもよい。また、配線層は、設計に応じて複数層設けることができる。ここで、プラグまたは配線としての機能を有する導電体は、複数の構造をまとめて同一の符号を付与する場合がある。また、本明細書等において、配線と、配線と電気的に接続するプラグとが一体物であってもよい。すなわち、導電体の一部が配線として機能する場合、および導電体の一部がプラグとして機能する場合もある。
なお、トランジスタ200に、酸化物半導体を用いる場合、酸化物半導体の近傍に過剰酸素領域を有する絶縁体を設けることがある。その場合、該過剰酸素領域を有する絶縁体と、該過剰酸素領域を有する絶縁体に設ける導電体との間に、バリア性を有する絶縁体を設けることが好ましい。
本発明の一態様である半導体装置を使用した、記憶装置の一例を図17に示す。図17に示す記憶装置は、図16で示したトランジスタ200、トランジスタ300、および容量素子100を有する半導体装置に加え、トランジスタ400を有している。
トランジスタ400は、トランジスタ200と、同じ層に形成されており、並行して作製することができるトランジスタである。トランジスタ400は、第1のゲート電極として機能する導電体460と、第2のゲート電極として機能する導電体405(導電体405a、および導電体405b)と、ゲート絶縁層として機能する絶縁体222、絶縁体224、および絶縁体450と、チャネルが形成される領域を有する酸化物430cと、ソースまたはドレインの一方として機能する導電体442a、酸化物432b、および酸化物432aと、ソースまたはドレインの他方として機能する導電体442b、酸化物431b、および酸化物431aと、導電体446(導電体446a、および導電体446b)と、を有する。
以下では、大面積基板を半導体素子ごとに分断することによって、複数の半導体装置をチップ状で取り出す場合に設けられるダイシングライン(スクライブライン、分断ライン、又は切断ラインと呼ぶ場合がある)について説明する。分断方法としては、例えば、まず、基板に半導体素子を分断するための溝(ダイシングライン)を形成した後、ダイシングラインにおいて切断し、複数の半導体装置に分断(分割)する場合がある。
本実施の形態では、図18および図19を用いて、本発明の一態様に係る、酸化物を半導体に用いたトランジスタ(以下、OSトランジスタと呼ぶ場合がある)、および容量素子が適用されている記憶装置(以下、OSメモリ装置と呼ぶ場合がある)について説明する。OSメモリ装置は、少なくとも容量素子と、容量素子の充放電を制御するOSトランジスタを有する記憶装置である。OSトランジスタのオフ電流は極めて小さいので、OSメモリ装置は優れた保持特性をもち、不揮発性メモリとして機能させることができる。
図18(A)にOSメモリ装置の構成の一例を示す。記憶装置1400は、周辺回路1411、およびメモリセルアレイ1470を有する。周辺回路1411は、行回路1420、列回路1430、出力回路1440、およびコントロールロジック回路1460を有する。
図19(A)乃至(C)に、DRAMのメモリセルの回路構成例を示す。本明細書等において、1OSトランジスタにつき、1つの1容量素子型のメモリセルを用いたDRAMを、DOSRAMと呼ぶ場合がある。図19(A)に示す、メモリセル1471は、トランジスタM1と、容量素子CAと、を有する。なお、トランジスタM1は、ゲート(トップゲートと呼ぶ場合がある)、及びバックゲートを有する。
図19(D)乃至(H)に、2トランジスタにつき、1つの1容量素子のゲインセル型のメモリセルの回路構成例を示す。図19(D)に示す、メモリセル1474は、トランジスタM2と、トランジスタM3と、容量素子CBと、を有する。なお、トランジスタM2は、トップゲート(単にゲートと呼ぶ場合がある)、およびバックゲートを有する。本明細書等において、トランジスタM2にOSトランジスタを用いたゲインセル型のメモリセルを有する記憶装置を、NOSRAM(Nonvolatile Oxide Semiconductor RAM)と呼ぶ場合がある。
本実施の形態では、図20を用いて、本発明の半導体装置が実装されたチップ1200の一例を示す。チップ1200には、複数の回路(システム)が実装されている。このように、複数の回路(システム)を一つのチップに集積する技術を、システムオンチップ(System on Chip:SoC)と呼ぶ場合がある。
本実施の形態では、先の実施の形態に示す半導体装置を用いた記憶装置の応用例について説明する。先の実施の形態に示す半導体装置は、例えば、各種電子機器(例えば、情報端末、コンピュータ、スマートフォン、電子書籍端末、デジタルカメラ(ビデオカメラも含む)、録画再生装置、ナビゲーションシステムなど)の記憶装置に適用できる。なお、ここで、コンピュータとは、タブレット型のコンピュータ、ノート型のコンピュータ、デスクトップ型のコンピュータの他、サーバシステムのような大型のコンピュータを含むものである。または、先の実施の形態に示す半導体装置は、メモリカード(例えば、SDカード)、USBメモリ、SSD(ソリッド・ステート・ドライブ)等の各種のリムーバブル記憶装置に適用される。図21にリムーバブル記憶装置の幾つかの構成例を模式的に示す。例えば、先の実施の形態に示す半導体装置は、パッケージングされたメモリチップに加工され、様々なストレージ装置、リムーバブルメモリに用いられる。
本実施の形態では、本明細書等に開示したトランジスタを用いた半導体装置の一例として、表示装置および表示モジュールについて説明する。
上述したトランジスタを用いることができる表示装置の一例を説明する。図22(A)は、表示装置500の構成例を説明するブロック図である。
表示装置500は、様々な形態を用いること、または様々な表示素子を有することが出来る。表示素子の一例としては、EL(エレクトロルミネッセンス)素子(有機EL素子、無機EL素子、または、有機物および無機物を含むEL素子)、LED(白色LED、赤色LED、緑色LED、青色LEDなど)、トランジスタ(電流に応じて発光するトランジスタ)、電子放出素子、液晶素子、電子インク、電気泳動素子、グレーティングライトバルブ(GLV)、MEMS(マイクロ・エレクトロ・メカニカル・システム)を用いた表示素子、デジタルマイクロミラーデバイス(DMD)、DMS(デジタル・マイクロ・シャッター)、MIRASOL(登録商標)、IMOD(インターフェロメトリック・モジュレーション)素子、シャッター方式のMEMS表示素子、光干渉方式のMEMS表示素子、エレクトロウェッティング素子、圧電セラミックディスプレイ、カーボンナノチューブを用いた表示素子、など、電気的または磁気的作用により、コントラスト、輝度、反射率、透過率などが変化する表示媒体を有するものがある。また、表示素子として量子ドットを用いてもよい。
図22(B)に示す画素回路534は、トランジスタ461と、容量素子463と、トランジスタ468と、トランジスタ464と、を有する。また、図22(B)に示す画素回路534は、表示素子として機能できる発光素子469と電気的に接続されている。
図22(C)に示す画素回路534は、トランジスタ461と、容量素子463と、を有する。また、図22(C)に示す画素回路534は、表示素子として機能できる液晶素子462と電気的に接続されている。トランジスタ461にOSトランジスタを用いることが好ましい。
図24(A)に駆動回路511の構成例を示す。駆動回路511は、シフトレジスタ512、ラッチ回路513、およびバッファ514を有する。また、図24(B)に駆動回路521aの構成例を示す。駆動回路521aは、シフトレジスタ522、およびバッファ523を有する。駆動回路521bも駆動回路521aと同様の構成とすることができる。
上記実施の形態に示したOSトランジスタを用いて、シフトレジスタを含む駆動回路の一部または全体を画素部と同じ基板上に一体形成して、システムオンパネルを形成することができる。
上述したOSトランジスタを使用した半導体装置の一例として、表示モジュールについて説明する。図27に示す表示モジュール6000は、上部カバー6001と下部カバー6002との間に、FPC6003に接続されたタッチセンサ6004、FPC6005に接続された表示パネル6006、バックライトユニット6007、フレーム6009、プリント基板6010、バッテリ6011を有する。なお、バックライトユニット6007、バッテリ6011、タッチセンサ6004などは、設けられない場合もある。
本発明の一態様に係る半導体装置は、CPUやGPUなどのプロセッサ、またはチップに用いることができる。図28に、本発明の一態様に係るCPUやGPUなどのプロセッサ、またはチップを備えた電子機器の具体例を示す。
本発明の一態様に係るGPU又はチップは、様々な電子機器に搭載することができる。電子機器の例としては、例えば、テレビジョン装置、デスクトップ型もしくはノート型のパーソナルコンピュータ、コンピュータ用などのモニタ、デジタルサイネージ(Digital Signage:電子看板)、パチンコ機などの大型ゲーム機などの比較的大きな画面を備える電子機器の他、デジタルカメラ、デジタルビデオカメラ、デジタルフォトフレーム、携帯電話機、携帯型ゲーム機、携帯情報端末、音響再生装置、などが挙げられる。また、本発明の一態様に係る集積回路又はチップを電子機器に設けることにより、電子機器に人工知能を搭載することができる。
図28(B)には、デスクトップ型情報端末5300が図示されている。デスクトップ型情報端末5300は、情報端末の本体5301と、ディスプレイ5302と、キーボード5303と、を有する。
図28(C)は、電化製品の一例である電気冷凍冷蔵庫5800を示している。電気冷凍冷蔵庫5800は、筐体5801、冷蔵室用扉5802、冷凍室用扉5803等を有する。
本発明の一態様のGPU又はチップは、移動体である自動車、及び自動車の運転席周辺に適用することができる。
本発明の一態様のGPU又はチップは、放送システムに適用することができる。
Claims (1)
- 半導体基板上のトランジスタと、
前記半導体基板に設けられた第1のダイオード素子と、
前記半導体基板に設けられた第2のダイオード素子と、
前記半導体基板に設けられた第3のダイオード素子と、を有し、
前記トランジスタは、ゲートとしての機能を有する第1の導電体と、ソース電極としての機能を有する第2の導電体と、ドレイン電極としての機能を有する第3の導電体と、チャネル形成領域を有する酸化物半導体と、を有し、
前記第1のダイオード素子のカソードは、前記第1の導電体と常に導通しており、
前記第2のダイオード素子のカソードは、前記第2の導電体と常に導通しており、
前記第3のダイオード素子のカソードは、前記第3の導電体と常に導通しており、
前記トランジスタに帯電した電荷は、前記第1のダイオード素子、前記第2のダイオード素子または前記第3のダイオード素子を介して、前記半導体基板へと移動する、
半導体装置。
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