JP7434533B2 - 電気化学装置及び電子装置 - Google Patents
電気化学装置及び電子装置 Download PDFInfo
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- JP7434533B2 JP7434533B2 JP2022516723A JP2022516723A JP7434533B2 JP 7434533 B2 JP7434533 B2 JP 7434533B2 JP 2022516723 A JP2022516723 A JP 2022516723A JP 2022516723 A JP2022516723 A JP 2022516723A JP 7434533 B2 JP7434533 B2 JP 7434533B2
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- positive electrode
- mixture layer
- lithium
- electrode mixture
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- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 138
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 80
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 66
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 64
- 229910000314 transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 41
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 40
- 239000012752 auxiliary agent Substances 0.000 claims description 38
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 33
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 claims description 28
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 25
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- IGILRSKEFZLPKG-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;difluorophosphinate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]P(F)(F)=O IGILRSKEFZLPKG-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 20
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 19
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 19
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 18
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 17
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 16
- OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OCC OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
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- JSYPRLVDJYQMAI-ODZAUARKSA-N (z)-but-2-enedioic acid;prop-2-enoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C=C.OC(=O)\C=C/C(O)=O JSYPRLVDJYQMAI-ODZAUARKSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
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- HFCUBKYHMMPGBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methoxyethyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound COCCOC(=O)C=C HFCUBKYHMMPGBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acrylate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
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- STVZJERGLQHEKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethylene glycol dimethacrylate Chemical compound CC(=C)C(=O)OCCOC(=O)C(C)=C STVZJERGLQHEKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- NBVXSUQYWXRMNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluoromethane Chemical compound FC NBVXSUQYWXRMNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
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- XQACRXVFENATBU-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecan-2-yl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCC(C)OC(=O)C=C XQACRXVFENATBU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
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- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 150000008064 anhydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
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- YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine atom Chemical compound [F] YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- 101150058243 Lipf gene Proteins 0.000 description 4
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- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 3
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0568—Liquid materials characterised by the solutes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0567—Liquid materials characterised by the additives
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
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Description
(a)酸化電位が4.5V以上であり、且つ還元電位が0.5V以下であり、
(b)表面張力が40mN/m以下であり、
(c)不飽和カルボン酸基を含み、
(d)前記正極合剤層の全重量に対して、前記助剤の含有量が3000ppm以下である。
LiaM1bM2cM3dO2 (1)
ここで、
M1は、Co、NiまたはMnから選択される少なくとも一種であり、
M2は、Mg、Ti、Zr、Ge、Nb、AlまたはSnから選択される少なくとも一種であり、
M3は、Li、M1及びM2以外の元素であり、
a、b、c及びdが、
0.5≦a<1.1、
0.8≦b<1.2、
0.002≦c≦0.05、及び
0≦d≦0.05を満たす。
正極は、正極集流体と前記正極集流体の一つまたは二つの表面に設けられた正極合剤層とを備える。正極合剤層は、正極活物質層を含み、前記正極活物質層は、正極活物質を含む。正極合剤層は、単層であってもよく、複層であってもよい。複層の正極活物質層における各層は、同一又は異なる正極活物質を含んでもよい。
本発明の電気化学装置の主な特徴の一つは、前記正極合剤層を85℃のジエチルカーボネートに120時間浸漬させた後、前記正極合剤層の厚さ変化率が10%未満であることである。いくつかの実施例において、前記正極合剤層を85℃のジエチルカーボネートに120時間浸漬させた後、前記正極合剤層の厚さ変化率が8%未満である。いくつかの実施例において、前記正極合剤層を85℃のジエチルカーボネートに120時間浸漬させた後、前記正極合剤層の厚さ変化率が6%未満である。いくつかの実施例において、前記正極合剤層を85℃のジエチルカーボネートに120時間浸漬させた後、前記正極合剤層の厚さ変化率が5%未満である。いくつかの実施例において、前記正極合剤層を85℃のジエチルカーボネートに120時間浸漬させた後、前記正極合剤層の厚さ変化率が4%未満である。
厚さ変化率=(t1-t0)/t0×100%。
本発明のいくつかの実施例によれば、前記正極合剤層は、助剤を含む。
正極活物質の種類は、特に限定されず、電気化学方式で金属イオン(例えば、リチウムイオン)を吸蔵及び放出可能なものであればよい。いくつかの実施例において、正極活物質は、リチウムと少なくとも一種の遷移金属とを含有する物質である。正極活物質の実例は、リチウム遷移金属複合酸化物及びリチウム含有遷移金属リン酸化合物を含むが、これらに限定されない。
LiaM1bM2cM3dO2 (1)
ここで、
M1は、Co、NiまたはMnから選択される少なくとも一種であり、
M2は、Mg、Ti、Zr、Ge、Nb、AlまたはSnから選択される少なくとも一種であり、
M3は、Li、M1及びM2以外の元素であり、
a、b、c及びdが
0.5≦a<1.1、
0.8≦b<1.2、
0.002≦c≦0.05、及び
0≦d≦0.05を満たす。
LiNi0.81Co0.16Al0.03O2、
LiNi0.81Co0.16Mg0.03O2、
LiNi0.81Co0.16Si0.03O2、
LiNi0.81Co0.16Ti0.03O2、
LiCo0.96Ti0.04O2、
LiCo0.998Mg0.0008Ti0.0004Al0.0008O2、
LiCo0.994Mg0.0024Ti0.0012Al0.0024O2、
LiCo0.9988Mg0.0008Ti0.0004O2、
LiCo0.9964Mg0.0024Ti0.0012O2、或
LiCo0.334Ni0.33Mn0.33Mg0.0024Ti0.0012Al0.0024O2のうちの少なくとも一種を含む。
いくつかの実施例において、前記正極合剤層の密度は、3.5g/cm3以上である。いくつかの実施例において、前記正極合剤層の密度は、3.6g/cm3以上である。いくつかの実施例において、前記正極合剤層の密度は、3.8g/cm3以上である。いくつかの実施例において、前記正極合剤層の密度は、4.6g/cm3以下である。いくつかの実施例において、前記正極合剤層の密度は、4.4g/cm3以下である。いくつかの実施例において、前記正極合剤層の密度は、4.2g/cm3以下である。いくつかの実施例において、前記正極合剤層の密度は、上記した任意の二つの端点で構成される範囲内にある。正極合剤層の密度が上記範囲内にあると、正極合剤層は、良好な濡れ性を備え、電気化学装置の性能の改善に寄与する。
いくつかの実施例において、前記正極合剤層の厚さは、30μm~300μmである。いくつかの実施例において、前記正極合剤層の厚さは、50μm~280μmである。いくつかの実施例において、前記正極合剤層の厚さは、80μm~250μmである。いくつかの実施例において、前記正極合剤層の厚さは、100μm~200μmである。いくつかの実施例において、前記正極合剤層の厚さは、30μm、50μm、80μm、100μm、120μm、150μm、180μm、200μmであり、或いは上記した任意の二つの値で構成される範囲内にある。
いくつかの実施例において、正極合剤層は、導電剤を含む導電層をさらに含んでもよい。いくつかの実施例において、前記導電層は、正極活物質を含まない。導電剤の実例は、黒鉛、カーボンブラックまたはアセチレンブラックを含むが、これらに限定されない。
いくつかの実施例において、前記正極合剤層は、粘着剤を含む。粘着剤の実例は、ポリフッ化ビニリデンまたはポリテトラフルオロエチレンを含むが、これらに限定されない。
正極集電体の種類は、特に限定されず、任意の既知の正極集電体に適用する材料であってもよい。正極集電体的の実例は、アルミニウム、アルミニウム合金、ニッケルメッキアルミニウム、ステンレス鋼、チタンまたはタンタルのうちの少なくとも一種、カーボンクロス、カーボンペーパーなどの炭素材料を含むが、これらに限定されない。いくつかの実施例において、正極集電体は、金属材料である。いくつかの実施例において、正極集電体は、アルミニウムである。
本発明の電気化学装置の主な特徴の他の一つは、前記電解液がジフルオロリン酸リチウムを含み、前記電解液の全重量に対して、前記ジフルオロリン酸リチウムの含有量が0.001wt%~2wt%であることである。いくつかの実施例において、前記電解液の全重量に対して、前記ジフルオロリン酸リチウムの含有量は、0.01wt%~1wt%である。いくつかの実施例において、前記電解液の全重量に対して、前記ジフルオロリン酸リチウムの含有量は、0.05wt%~0.5wt%である。いくつかの実施例において、前記電解液の全重量に対して、前記ジフルオロリン酸リチウムの含有量は、0.1wt%~0.3wt%である。いくつかの実施例において、前記電解液の全重量に対して、前記ジフルオロリン酸リチウムの含有量は、0.001wt%、0.005wt%、0.01wt%、0.05wt%、0.1wt%、0.3wt%、0.5wt%、0.8wt%、1wt%、1.2wt%、1.5wt%、1.8wt%、2wt%であり、或いは上記した任意の二つの値で構成される範囲内にある。電解液におけるジフルオロリン酸リチウムの含有量が上記範囲内にあると、リチウムイオン電池の断続的なサイクル特性及びフロート充電特性の更なる改善に寄与する。
反応面積=正極合剤層の比表面積×正極合剤層の重量。
負極は、負極集電体と前記負極集電体の一つまたは二つの表面に設けられる負極合剤層とを備える。負極合剤層は、負極活物質層を含み、負極活物質層は負極活物質を含む。負極活物質層は、単層であってもよく、複層であってもよい。複層の負極活物質層における各層は、同一又は異なる負極活物質を含んでもよい。負極活物質は、リチウムイオンなどの金属イオンを可逆的に挿入及び脱離可能な任意のものである。いくつかの実施例において、充電中に負極へのリチウム金属の意図しない析出を防止するために、負極活物質の充電可能容量は、正極活物質の放電容量より大きい。
正極と負極との間に、短絡を防止するために、通常、セパレータが設けられている。この場合、本発明の電解液は、通常、このセパレータに含浸させて用いる。
電気化学装置の組立体は、電極アセンブリー、集電構造、外装ケース、及び保護素子を含む。
電極アセンブリーは、上記正極と負極とを、上記セパレータを介して積層してなる積層構造、及び、上記正極と負極とを、上記セパレータを介して渦巻き状で巻回してなる構造のうちの何れか一種を備えても良い。いくつかの実施例において、電池内容積に電極アセンブリーの質量が占める割合(電極アセンブリー占有率)は、40%を超え、または50%を超える。いくつかの実施例において、電極アセンブリー占有率は、90%未満または80%未満である。いくつかの実施例において、電極アセンブリー占有率は、上記した任意の二つの値で構成される範囲内にある。電極アセンブリー占有率が上記範囲内にあると、電気化学装置の容量を確保しつつ内部圧力の上昇に伴う繰り返しの充放電特性及び高温保存などの特性の低下を抑制することができる、さらにガス放出弁の作動を防止することができる。
集電構造は、特に制限されない。いくつかの実施例において、集電構造は、配線部分及び接合部分の抵抗を低減させる構造である。電極アセンブリーが上記した積層構造である場合、各電極層の金属芯部分を束ねて端子に溶接して形成される構造が好適に用いられる。電極面積が大きくなると、内部抵抗が大きくなるので、電極内に2つ以上の端子を設けて抵抗を低減させることも好適に用いられる。電極アセンブリーが上記した巻回構造である場合、正極及び負極にそれぞれ2つ以上のリード構造を設け、端子に束ねることにより、内部抵抗を低くすることができる。
外装ケースの材質は、用いられる電解液に対して安定な物質であれば特に制限されない。外装ケースは、ニッケルめっき鋼板、ステンレス、アルミニウムまたはアルミニウム合金、マグネシウム合金などの金属類、または樹脂とアルミ箔との積層フィルムを用いるが、これらに限定されない。いくつかの実施例において、外装ケースは、アルミニウムまたはアルミニウム合金の金属、または積層フィルムである。
保護素子として、異常発熱または非常に大きな電流が流れた時に抵抗が増大する正温度係数(PTC)、温度ヒューズ、サーミスター、異常発熱時に電池の内部圧力または内部温度を急激に上昇させることにより電気回路に流れる電流を遮断する弁(電流遮断弁)などが用いられる。上記した保護素子は、高電流の通常の使用に作動しない素子を選択してもよく、保護素子がなくても異常発熱または熱暴走を発生することがないように設計してもよい。
本発明の電気化学装置は、電気化学反応が生じる任意の装置を含み、その具体的な実例は、すべての種類の一次電池、二次電池、燃料電池、太陽電池またはキャパシタを含む。特に、この電気化学装置は、リチウム金属二次電池、リチウムイオン二次電池、リチウム重合体二次電池又はリチウムイオン重合体二次電池を含むリチウム二次電池である。
以下では、本発明のリチウムイオン電池の実施例及び比較例により、本発明のリチウムイオン電池を説明して性能評価を行う。
1、負極の調製
人造黒鉛と、スチレン-ブタジェンゴムと、カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウムとを質量比96%:2%:2%で脱イオン水と混合し、均一に撹拌して、負極用スラリーを得た。この負極用スラリーを12μmの銅箔に塗布した。乾燥し、冷間圧延して、打ち抜き、タブを溶接して、負極を得た。
正極活物質と、導電材(Super-P)と、ポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVDF)とを質量比95%:2%:3%でN-メチルピロリドン(NMP)と混合し、助剤をさらに加え、均一に撹拌して、正極用スラリーを得た。この正極用スラリーを12μmのアルミニウム箔に塗布し、乾燥し、冷間圧延して、打ち抜き、タブを溶接して、正極を得た。
乾燥アルゴンガス雰囲気で、ECと、PCと、PPと、DECと(重量比1:1:1:1)を混合し、LiPF6及びジフルオロリン酸リチウムを入れ、均一に混合して、基礎電解液を形成した。ここで、LiPF6の濃度が1.15mol/Lである。基礎電解液に含有量が異なる添加剤を加えることにより、実施例及び比較例の異なる電解液を得た。
ポリエチレン(PE)多孔重合体フィルムをセパレータとした。
得られた正極、セパレータ及び負極を順番に巻いて外装箔に入れ、注液口を残した。注液口から電解液を注入し、封止して、フォーメーション、容量測定などのプロセスを経て、リチウムイオン電池を得た。
1、正極合剤層の厚さ変化率の測定方法
正極を、直径が14±0.2mmである円盤状に打ち抜き、試験片とした。試験片の中央部の厚さ(t0)を測定した。この試験片をジエチルカーボネートに水平に浸漬させ、85±1℃の温度で120±0.3時間静置した。浸漬完了後、試験片を取り出し、室温で水平に30分間静置した後、この試験片の中央部の厚さ(t1)を測定した。以下の式により正極合剤層の厚さ変化率を算出した。
厚さ変化率=(t1-t0)/t0×100%。
表面積計(大倉理研製全自動表面積測定装置)を用いて、窒素流通下で、350℃でサンプルを15分間予備乾燥した後、大気圧に対する窒素ガスの相対圧の値が0.3に正確に調整した窒素ヘリウム混合ガスを用い、ガス流動法による窒素吸着BET1点法によって正極合剤層の比表面積(m2/mg)を測定した。以下の式により正極合剤層の反応面積(Y)を算出した。
Y=正極合剤層の比表面積×正極合剤層の重量。
50℃で、リチウムイオン電池を、0.5Cにて4.45Vまで定電流充電して、電流が0.05Cとなるまで定電流充電して、20時間静置した後、0.5Cにて3.0Vまで定電流放電し、上記操作を初回サイクルとした。上記した条件に従い、リチウムイオン電池に対して200サイクルを行った。「1C」とは、リチウムイオン電池容量を1時間内で完全放電させる電流の値である。以下の式により、リチウムイオン電池の断続的なサイクル容量維持率を算出した。
断続的なサイクル容量維持率=(200サイクル後の放電容量/初回サイクルの放電容量)×100%。
25℃で、リチウムイオン電池を、0.5Cにて4.45Vまで定電流充電して、そして、4.45Vで0.05Cまで定電圧充電した。その後、リチウムイオン電池を、50℃のオーブンに置き、4.45Vで定電圧充電し続け(電流が20mAとなるまで)、リチウムイオン電池の厚さの変化をモニタリングした。初期50%充電状態(SOC)時のリチウムイオン電池の厚さを基準として、リチウムイオン電池の厚さの増加が20%を超えることは、失効とした。リチウムイオン電池が50℃で、失効になるまでフロート充電する時間を記録した。
表1は、各実施例及び比較例において正極合剤層の厚さ変化率がリチウムイオン電池の特性に与える影響を示す。表1に示す実施例及び比較例において正極活物質は、材料1であり、ジフルオロリン酸リチウムの含有量は、0.2wt%である。
Claims (10)
- 正極と、負極と、電解液とを含む電気化学装置であって、
前記正極は、正極集電体と前記正極集電体上に形成された正極合剤層とを含み、
前記電解液は、カーボネートを含み、前記カーボネートは、環状カーボネートと鎖状カーボネートとを含み、
前記電解液は、ジフルオロリン酸リチウムを更に含み、前記電解液の全重量に対して、前記ジフルオロリン酸リチウムの含有量は、0.001wt%~2wt%であり、
前記正極合剤層を85℃のジエチルカーボネートに120時間浸漬させた後、前記正極合剤層の厚さ変化率が10%以下であり、
前記正極合剤層は、親水基及び親油基を有する助剤を含み、
前記助剤が、以下の特徴:
(a)酸化電位が4.5V以上であり、且つ還元電位が0.5V以下であり、
(b)表面張力が40mN/m以下であり、
(c)不飽和カルボン酸基を含む、
を有する、電気化学装置。 - 前記電解液は、カルボン酸エステルを更に含む、請求項1に記載の電気化学装置。
- 前記助剤は、2-アクリル酸ドデシル、ポリエチレングリコールモノメチルエーテルアクリレート、ポリエチレングリコールジメタアクリレート、(2-エチルヘキシル)アクリレート、アクリレート非イオン性フルオロカーボン界面活性剤、メタクリル酸ドデシル、アクリル酸エステル共重合体、マレイン酸-アクリル酸共重合体またはエチレン-アクリル酸共重合体のうちの少なくとも一種を含む、請求項1に記載の電気化学装置。
- 前記電解液における前記ジフルオロリン酸リチウムの含有量X mg及び前記正極合剤層の反応面積Y m2は、10≦X/Y≦100を満たす、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の電気化学装置。
- 前記電解液は、ジニトリル化合物、トリニトリル化合物、スルトン、フルオロカーボネートまたは不飽和エチレンカーボネートのうちの少なくとも一種をさらに含む、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の電気化学装置。
- 前記正極合剤層の全重量に対して、前記助剤の含有量が3000ppm以下である、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の電気化学装置。
- 前記正極合剤層は、正極活物質を含み、前記正極活物質は、メジアン径が異なるリチウム含有遷移金属酸化物を含む、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の電気化学装置。
- 前記リチウム含有遷移金属酸化物は、一般式(1)で表される化合物を含み、
LiaM1bM2cM3dO2 (1)
M1は、Co、NiまたはMnから選択される少なくとも一種であり、
M2は、Mg、Ti、Zr、Ge、Nb、AlまたはSnから選択される少なくとも一種であり、
M3は、Li、M1及びM2以外の元素であり、
a、b、c及びdが、
0.5≦a<1.1、
0.8≦b<1.2、
0.002≦c≦0.05、及び
0≦d≦0.05を満たす、請求項7に記載の電気化学装置。 - 前記リチウム含有遷移金属酸化物は、Mgと、Ti、Zr、Ge、Nb、Al及びSnから選択される少なくとも一種の金属元素とを含む、請求項7に記載の電気化学装置。
- 請求項1~9のいずれか1項に記載の電気化学装置を含む、電子装置。
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