JP7397665B2 - 組換え細胞、組換え細胞の製造方法、並びに、イソプレン又はテルペンの生産方法 - Google Patents
組換え細胞、組換え細胞の製造方法、並びに、イソプレン又はテルペンの生産方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP7397665B2 JP7397665B2 JP2019501247A JP2019501247A JP7397665B2 JP 7397665 B2 JP7397665 B2 JP 7397665B2 JP 2019501247 A JP2019501247 A JP 2019501247A JP 2019501247 A JP2019501247 A JP 2019501247A JP 7397665 B2 JP7397665 B2 JP 7397665B2
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- Preparation Of Compounds By Using Micro-Organisms (AREA)
Description
すでに述べたとおり、メバロン酸経路(MVA経路)は、アセチルCoAを出発物質とするイソペンテニル二リン酸(IPP)の生合成経路である。メバロン酸経路で作用する酵素としては、上流から順に、アセチルCoAアセチルトランスフェラーゼ、HMG-CoAシンターゼ、HMG-CoAレダクターゼ、メバロン酸キナーゼ、5-ホスホメバロン酸キナーゼ、ジホスホメバロン酸デカルボキシラーゼが挙げられる。
本発明の組換え細胞が有するMVA経路には、宿主細胞が本来的に有する内在性のものと、宿主細胞に対して外から導入された外来性のものの両方が含まれる。宿主細胞がIPP合成経路として非メバロン酸経路(MEP経路)のみを有するもの(例えば、細菌等の原核生物)である場合には、前記MVA経路は外来性のものとなる。一方、宿主細胞がIPP合成経路としてMEP経路とMVA経路の両方を有するものである場合には、前記MVA経路は内在性のものと外来性のいずれか一方又は両方であり得る。
また細菌では、Lactobacillus helvecticus (Smeds A et al., DNA seq. 2001, 12(3), 187-190)、Lactobacillus johnsonii NCC 533、Corynebacterium amycolatum、Mycobacterium marinum、Bacillus coagulans、Enterococcus faecalis、Streptococcus agalactiae、Myxococcus xanthus等が挙げられる(Lombard J. et al., Mol. Biol. Evol. 2010, 28(1), 87-99)。
さらにアーキアでは、Aeropyrum属、Sulfolobus属、Desulfurococcus属、Thermoproteus属、Halobacterium属、Methanococcus属、Thermococcus属、Pyrococcus属、Methanopyrus属、Thermoplasma属等が挙げられる(Lombard J. et al., Mol. Biol. Evol. 2010, 28(1), 87-99)。
本発明では、これらの放線菌、細菌、又はアーキア由来のMVA経路を、外来性MVA経路として採用することができる。
非メバロン酸経路(MEP経路)は、グリセルアルデヒド3-リン酸とピルビン酸を出発物質とするイソペンテニル二リン酸(IPP)の生合成経路である。非メバロン酸経路で作用する酵素としては、上流から順に、DOXPシンターゼ、DOXPレダクトイソメラーゼ、4-ジホスホシチジル-2-C-メチル-D-エリトリトールシンターゼ、4-ジホスホシチジル-2-C-メチル-D-エリトリトールキナーゼ、2-C-メチル-D-エリトリトール-2,4-シクロ二リン酸シンターゼ、HMB-PPシンターゼ、HMB-PPレダクターゼ、が挙げられる。
活性が欠失している酵素は、DOXPシンターゼ、DOXPレダクトイソメラーゼ、4-ジホスホシチジル-2-C-メチル-D-エリトリトールシンターゼ、4-ジホスホシチジル-2-C-メチル-D-エリトリトールキナーゼ、2-C-メチル-D-エリトリトール-2,4-シクロ二リン酸シンターゼ、HMB-PPシンターゼ、HMB-PPレダクターゼのいずれか1つのみでもよいし、複数でもよい。
本発明の組換え細胞の基となる宿主細胞としては、MEP経路を有しているものであればよく、例えば細菌が挙げられる。その他、一部のアーキアも候補となる。また、資化できる炭素源の観点では、いわゆる合成ガス資化性微生物やメタノール資化性微生物(メチロトローフ等)であって、MEP経路を有しているものが宿主細胞の候補となる。
合成ガス(Synthesis gas, Syngas)は、廃棄物、天然ガス、及び石炭から高温・高圧下で金属触媒の作用によって効率よく得られる、一酸化炭素、二酸化炭素、及び水素を主成分とする混合ガスである。
アーキアに属する前記嫌気性微生物の例としては、Thermococcus属、Methanosarcina属、Methanococcus属、Methanomethylovorans属、Methanothrix属、Methanothermobacter属、Methanomethylophilus属、Methanosphaera属、等に属するものがある(Diender M. et al., Frontiers in Microbiology 2015 , vol. 6, article 1275;Borrel G. et al., Genome Biol. Evol. 2013, 5(10), 1769-1779)。本発明では、例えば、Methanosarcina属、Methanococcus属、又はMethanothermococcus属に属するアーキアを用いることができる。
メチロトローフ(Methylotroph)とは、分子内にC-C結合を有さない炭素化合物、例えばメタン、メタノール、メチルアミン、ジメチルアミン、トリメチルアミン等を唯一の炭素源、エネルギー源として利用するC1化合物資化性微生物の総称名である。メサノトローフ(Methanotroph)、メタン酸化細菌、メタノール資化性細菌、メタノール資化性酵母、メタノール資化性微生物等と呼ばれる微生物は、全てメチロトローフに属するものである。
また、メチロトローフ細菌は、メタノール要求性の違いから、偏性メチロトローフ(obligate methylotroph)と、他の炭素化合物も利用できる通性メチロトローフ(facultative methylotroph)とに分類される。
本発明において、外来遺伝子(第一外来遺伝子)としてイソプレン合成酵素遺伝子を有する組換え細胞は、イソプレンを生産可能である。また、外来遺伝子としてモノテルペン合成酵素遺伝子を有する組換え細胞は、モノテルペン(炭素数10のテルペン)を生産可能である。また、外来遺伝子としてセスキテルペン合成酵素遺伝子を有する組換え細胞は、セスキテルペン(炭素数15のテルペン)を生産可能である。また、外来遺伝子としてジテルペン合成酵素遺伝子を有する組換え細胞は、ジテルペン(炭素数20のテルペン)を生産可能である。また、外来遺伝子としてスクアレン合成酵素遺伝子を有する組換え細胞は、トリテルペン(炭素数30のテルペン)を生産可能である。また、外来遺伝子としてフィトエン合成酵素遺伝子を有する組換え細胞は、テトラテルペン(炭素数40のテルペン)を生産可能である。以下、各酵素及び遺伝子について順次説明する。
イソプレン合成酵素(イソプレンシンターゼ、isoprene synthase、IspS)は、イソペンテニル二リン酸(IPP)の異性体であるジメチルアリル二リン酸(dimethylallyl diphosphate(DMAPP))をイソプレンに変換する作用を有する。なお、イソペンテニル二リン酸とジメチルアリル二リン酸間の構造変換は、イソペンテニル二リン酸異性化酵素(isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase(IDI))が触媒する。イソペンテニル二リン酸異性化酵素は全ての生物に存在する。
(a-1)配列番号1で表されるアミノ酸配列からなるタンパク質、
(a-2)配列番号1で表されるアミノ酸配列において、1~20個のアミノ酸が欠失、置換若しくは付加されたアミノ酸配列からなり、かつイソプレン合成酵素活性を有するタンパク質、
(a-3)配列番号1で表されるアミノ酸配列と90%以上の同一性を示すアミノ酸配列からなり、かつイソプレン合成酵素活性を有するタンパク質。
なお(a-3)におけるアミノ酸配列の同一性については、より好ましくは92%以上、さらに好ましくは95%以上、特に好ましくは98%以上である。
モノテルペンは2つのイソプレン単位から成る炭素数10のテルペンである。モノテルペンには非環式と環式のものがある。非環式モノテルペンには、ゲラニオール、ミルセン、シトラール、リナロール、ネロール等がある。環式モノテルペンには、リモネン、α-フェランドレン、β-フェランドレン、メントール、チモール、α-ピネン、β-ピネン、カレン、カルボン、シネオール、カンファー等がある。
(b-1)配列番号2で表されるアミノ酸配列からなるタンパク質、
(b-2)配列番号2で表されるアミノ酸配列において、1~20個のアミノ酸が欠失、置換若しくは付加されたアミノ酸配列からなり、かつα-フェランドレン合成酵素活性を有するタンパク質、
(b-3)配列番号2で表されるアミノ酸配列と90%以上の同一性を示すアミノ酸配列からなり、かつα-フェランドレン合成酵素活性を有するタンパク質。
なお(b-3)におけるアミノ酸配列の同一性については、より好ましくは92%以上、さらに好ましくは95%以上、特に好ましくは98%以上である。
(c-1)配列番号3で表されるアミノ酸配列からなるタンパク質、
(c-2)配列番号3で表されるアミノ酸配列において、1~20個のアミノ酸が欠失、置換若しくは付加されたアミノ酸配列からなり、かつβ-フェランドレン合成酵素活性を有するタンパク質、
(c-3)配列番号3で表されるアミノ酸配列と90%以上の同一性を示すアミノ酸配列からなり、かつβ-フェランドレン合成酵素活性を有するタンパク質。
なお(c-3)におけるアミノ酸配列の同一性については、より好ましくは92%以上、さらに好ましくは95%以上、特に好ましくは98%以上である。
セスキテルペンは3つのイソプレン単位から成る炭素数15のテルペンである。セスキテルペンには非環式、単環式、二環式、及び三環式のものがある。非環式セスキテルペンにはファルネセン、ファルネソール等がある。単環式セスキテルペンにはzingiberene、Humulene、アブシジン酸等がある。二環式セスキテルペンにはCaryophyllene、Eudesman、Eremophilan、Valeran、Cadinan、Cadinene、Guajan、Driman、Cedrol、Nootkatone等がある。三環式セスキテルペンにはIlludan、Prezizaan、Marasman、Cedran、Thujopsan、Hirsutan等がある。
(d-1)配列番号4で表されるアミノ酸配列からなるタンパク質、
(d-2)配列番号4で表されるアミノ酸配列において、1~20個のアミノ酸が欠失、置換若しくは付加されたアミノ酸配列からなり、かつファルネセン合成酵素活性を有するタンパク質、
(d-3)配列番号4で表されるアミノ酸配列と90%以上の同一性を示すアミノ酸配列からなり、かつファルネセン合成酵素活性を有するタンパク質。
なお(d-3)におけるアミノ酸配列の同一性については、より好ましくは92%以上、さらに好ましくは95%以上、特に好ましくは98%以上である。
ジテルペンは4つのイソプレン単位から成る炭素数20のテルペンである。ジテルペンには非環式、単環式、二環式、及び三環式のものがある。非環式ジテルペンにはα-トコフェノール、レチノール、及びフィトール等がある。環式ジテルペンにはAbietane、Abietic acid、Neoabietic acid、Levomaric acid、Sapietic acid、Atisane、Beyerane、Gibbane、Gibberellic acid、Kaurane、Steviol、Labdane、Picrasane、Pimarane、Podocarpane、Rosane、Taxane、レチナール、レチノイン酸、レチノール、等がある。
GPPS遺伝子、FPPS遺伝子、GGPPS遺伝子については、いずれか1つが導入されていてもよいし、2つ以上が導入されていてもよい。
トリテルペンは6つのイソプレン単位から成る炭素数30のテルペンである。一般的には、FPP(C15)の二量体化で非環式トリテルペンであるスクアレン(Squalene)(C30)が生成し(スクアレン合成酵素が触媒する)、スクアレンから2,3-Oxidosqualene(2,3-epoxy-2,3-dihydroaqualene)が生成し、2,3-Oxidosqualeneの環化を経て200種以上のトリテルペン骨格が生合成され得る。ただし、スクアレンから2,3-Oxidosqualeneの生成が酸素要求性であるので、嫌気性アーキアである本発明の組換え細胞が生産可能なトリテルペンは、スクアレンの環化によって生じるホペン(Hopene)、ホパノール(Hopanol)、及びその誘導体であるホパノイド(Hopanoid)化合物が主となる。
テトラテルペンは8つのイソプレン単位から成る炭素数40のテルペンであり、主にカロテノイドとばれる化合物群が含まれる。テトラテルペンには非環式又は環式のものが多数存在する。非環式のテトラテルペンには、フィトエン、リコペン、ネウロスポレン等がある。一環式のテトラテルペンには、γ-カロテン等がある。二環式テトラテルペンには、α-カロテン、β-カロテン、アスタキサンチン、アンテラキサンチン、カンタキサンチン、カプサンチン、β-クリプトキサンチン、ルテイン、ミキソキサントフィル、ゼアキサンチン、フコキサンチン、ロドキサンチン、ネオキサンチン、フラボキサンチン等がある。
本発明の組換え細胞は、例えば、非メバロン酸経路によるイソペンテニル二リン酸合成能を有する宿主細胞と、イソプレン合成酵素又はテルペン合成酵素をコードする遺伝子を用いて製造することができる。例えば、本発明の組換え細胞は、下記工程(1)~(3):
(1)非メバロン酸経路によるイソペンテニル二リン酸合成能を有する宿主細胞を提供する第一工程、
(2)前記宿主細胞が有する非メバロン酸経路によるイソペンテニル二リン酸合成能を欠失させる第二工程、
(3)前記宿主細胞に、第一外来遺伝子として、イソプレン合成酵素をコードする遺伝子、モノテルペン合成酵素をコードする遺伝子、セスキテルペン合成酵素をコードする遺伝子、ジテルペン合成酵素をコードする遺伝子、スクアレン合成酵素をコードする遺伝子、又はフィトエン合成酵素をコードする遺伝子を導入する第三工程、
を包含する方法によって製造することができる。
好ましい実施形態では、少なくとも、DOXPレダクトイソメラーゼとHMB-PPシンターゼのいずれか一方又は両方の活性を欠失させる。
(4)前記宿主細胞に、第二外来遺伝子として、メバロン酸経路で作用する酵素群であるアセチルCoAアセチルトランスフェラーゼ、HMG-CoAシンターゼ、HMG-CoAレダクターゼ、メバロン酸キナーゼ、5-ホスホメバロン酸キナーゼ、及びジホスホメバロン酸デカルボキシラーゼからなる群から選ばれた少なくとも1つの酵素をコードする遺伝子を導入し、当該メバロン酸経路によるイソペンテニル二リン酸合成能を付与する第四工程、
をさらに行う。宿主細胞が内在性のメバロン酸経路(MVA経路)を有さないものである場合には、基本的に第四工程が必要である。導入する第二外来遺伝子は、MVA経路によるIPP合成能を付与できる限りにおいて、上記のいずれか1つの酵素遺伝子であってもよいし、複数の酵素遺伝子であってもよい。
宿主細胞に遺伝子を導入する方法としては特に限定はなく、宿主細胞の種類等によって適宜選択すればよい。例えば、宿主細胞に導入可能でかつ組み込まれた遺伝子を発現可能なベクターを用いることができる。例えば、宿主細胞が細菌等の原核生物の場合には、当該ベクターとして、宿主細胞において自立複製可能ないしは染色体中への組み込みが可能で、挿入された上記遺伝子を転写できる位置にプロモーターを含有しているものを用いることができる。例えば、当該ベクターを用いて、プロモーター、リボソーム結合配列、上記遺伝子(DNA)、および転写終結配列からなる一連の構成を宿主細胞内で構築することが好ましい。
本発明のイソプレン又はテルペンの生産方法は、上記した組換え細胞に、一酸化炭素、二酸化炭素、ギ酸、メタン、メタノール、メチルアミン、ホルムアルデヒド、及びホルムアミドからなる群より選ばれた少なくとも1つのC1化合物を接触させ、当該組換え細胞に前記C1化合物からイソプレン又は炭素数10、15、20、30若しくは40のテルペンを生産させるものである。典型的には、前記組換え細胞を一酸化炭素、二酸化炭素、ギ酸、メタン、メタノール、メチルアミン、ホルムアルデヒド、及びホルムアミドからなる群より選ばれた少なくとも1つの炭素源として用いて培養し、その培養物からイソプレン又は炭素数10、15、20、30若しくは40のテルペンを取得する。
なお、組換え細胞が好気性や通性嫌気性の場合には、例えば、液体培地を用いた通気・撹拌培養を行うことができる。
Appl Biochem Biotechnol (2012) 168:1384_1393 を参照し、C. ljungdahliiのDOXPレダクトイソメラーゼ遺伝子dxr (CLJU_c13080)の上流配列、エリスロマイシン耐性遺伝子(Staphylococcus aureus由来ermC遺伝子、配列番号5、GenBank Accession No.: KX011076)、及びC. ljungdahliiのDOXPレダクトイソメラーゼ遺伝子dxrの下流配列、を含むpUC-Δdxr-ermC(配列番号6)を作製した。pUC-Δdxr-ermCの構成を図1に示す。図中、dxr upstreamはDOXPレダクトイソメラーゼ遺伝子の上流配列、dxr downstreamはDOXPレダクトイソメラーゼ遺伝子の下流配列、ermCはエリスロマイシン耐性遺伝子、AmpRはアンピシリン耐性遺伝子を表す。
Leang C. et al.,Appl Environ Microbiol. 2013 79(4), 1102-9記載の手法を用いて、DSM13528/ATCC55383株にpSK1(LbMVA-ISPS)をエレクトロポレーション法で導入した。5μg/mL チアンフェニコール入りATCC1754寒天培地(フルクトース入り、1.5%Agar)で選抜し、イソプレン生産株SK1を取得した。SK1株は、内在性MEP経路と外来性MVA経路の両方を有する。
Leang C. et al.,Appl Environ Microbiol. 2013 79(4), 1102-9で推奨の手法を用いて、SK1株にpUC-Δdxr-Catを導入した。4μg/mLクラリスロマイシン、及び5μg/mL チアンフェニコールをそれぞれ含むATCC1754寒天培地(1.5% Agar)で選抜し、相同組み換えによりdxrを欠失させた。これにより、内在性MEP経路が欠失しており、外来性MVA経路に依存して生育するイソプレン生産株SK2を作製した。
SK1株とSK2株を、それぞれ37℃、嫌気条件下で培養した。5μg/mLチアンフェニコール入りATCC1754培地(ただしpH=5.0、フルクトース非含有)5mLに植菌し、CO/CO2/H2=33/33/34%(体積比)の混合ガスを27mL容の密閉可能なヘッドスペースバイアル容器に仕込み、0.25MPa(絶対圧)のガス圧で充填し、アルミキャップで密封した後、振とう培養した。増殖が認められたものにつき、OD600が1.0に到達した時点で培養を終了し、気相をガスクロマトグラフ質量分析計(GCMS-QP2010 Ultra、島津製作所社)にて分析した。
その結果、SK1株、SK2株ともに、平均10mgイソプレン/乾燥菌体(g)の生産量でイソプレンが検出された。
以上より、内在性MEP経路が欠失しているが外来性MVA経路が機能しているC. ljungdahliiの組換え細胞は、内在性MEP経路と外来性MVA経路の両方を有する組換え細胞と同等のイソプレン生産が可能であった。すなわち、内在性MEP経路の有無にかかわらず、外来性MVA経路によって同等のイソプレン生産が可能であった。
SK1株、及びSK2株のそれぞれについて、5クローンずつ、5μg/mLチアンフェニコール入りATCC1754培地(ただしpH=5.0、フルクトース非含有)5mLに植菌し、CO/CO2/H2=33/33/34%(体積比)の混合ガスを27mL容の密閉可能なヘッドスペースバイアル容器に仕込み、0.25MPa(絶対圧)のガス圧で充填し、アルミキャップで密封した後、振とう培養した。OD600が1.0に到達した時点で、それぞれを新たなATCC1754培地に再び植菌した(継代培養)。この継代培養の工程を20回繰り返したところ、すべてのクローンで、20回目の継代培養後も増殖が確認された。
Isolation of Plasmid DNA from Bacillus subtilis using the QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit - (EN)を参照し、SK1株、及びSK2株の各クローンから、QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit(キアゲン社)を利用して、プラスミドpSK1(LbMVA-ISPS)をそれぞれ菌体から抽出した。抽出したDNAをE. coli JM109(タカラバイオ社)に形質転換し、得られたコロニーのうち、それぞれ10コロニーから、QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kitを使用し、再度プラスミドの抽出を行った。得られたプラスミドの塩基配列をApplied Biosystems 3130 ジェネティックアナライザ(Applied Biosystems社)を用いて解析した。
Claims (6)
- イソプレンを生産可能なClostridium属細菌又はMoorella属細菌の組換え細胞であって、
外来性のメバロン酸経路によるイソペンテニル二リン酸合成能を有し、
DOXPシンターゼ、DOXPレダクトイソメラーゼ、4-ジホスホシチジル-2-C-メチル-D-エリトリトールシンターゼ、4-ジホスホシチジル-2-C-メチル-D-エリトリトールキナーゼ、2-C-メチル-D-エリトリトール-2,4-シクロ二リン酸シンターゼ、HMB-PPシンターゼ、及びHMB-PPレダクターゼからなる群より選ばれた少なくとも1つの内在性酵素の活性が欠失していることにより、内在性の非メバロン酸経路によるイソペンテニル二リン酸合成能が欠失しており、
第一外来遺伝子として、イソプレン合成酵素をコードする遺伝子を有し、
前記外来性のメバロン酸経路によるイソペンテニル二リン酸合成能を達成する第二外来遺伝子を有し、当該第二外来遺伝子は、アセチルCoAアセチルトランスフェラーゼをコードする遺伝子、HMG-CoAシンターゼをコードする遺伝子、HMG-CoAレダクターゼをコードする遺伝子、メバロン酸キナーゼをコードする遺伝子、5-ホスホメバロン酸キナーゼをコードする遺伝子、及びジホスホメバロン酸デカルボキシラーゼをコードする遺伝子を含み、
前記第一外来遺伝子が発現し、イソプレンを生産可能であり、
継代培養を20回繰り返した後においても、前記外来性のメバロン酸経路によるイソペンテニル二リン酸合成能を維持し、乾燥菌体1gあたり、少なくとも10mgのイソプレンを生産できる、組換え細胞。 - 一酸化炭素及び二酸化炭素からなる群より選ばれた少なくとも1つを唯一の炭素源として増殖可能である、請求項1に記載の組換え細胞。
- DOXPレダクトイソメラーゼの活性が欠失していることにより、前記内在性の非メバロン酸経路によるイソペンテニル二リン酸合成能が欠失している、請求項1又は2に記載の組換え細胞。
- 請求項1~3のいずれかに記載の組換え細胞を製造する組換え細胞の製造方法であって、
非メバロン酸経路によるイソペンテニル二リン酸合成能を有するClostridium属細菌又はMoorella属細菌の宿主細胞を提供する第一工程と、
前記宿主細胞が有する非メバロン酸経路によるイソペンテニル二リン酸合成能を欠失させる第二工程と、
前記宿主細胞に、第一外来遺伝子として、イソプレン合成酵素をコードする遺伝子を導入する第三工程と、
前記宿主細胞に、第二外来遺伝子として、アセチルCoAアセチルトランスフェラーゼをコードする遺伝子、HMG-CoAシンターゼをコードする遺伝子、HMG-CoAレダクターゼをコードする遺伝子、メバロン酸キナーゼをコードする遺伝子、5-ホスホメバロン酸キナーゼをコードする遺伝子、及びジホスホメバロン酸デカルボキシラーゼをコードする遺伝子を導入する第四工程と、
を包含する、組換え細胞の製造方法。 - 請求項1~3のいずれかに記載の組換え細胞又は請求項4に記載の組換え細胞の製造方法によって製造された組換え細胞に、一酸化炭素及び二酸化炭素からなる群より選ばれた少なくとも1つのC1化合物を接触させ、当該組換え細胞に前記C1化合物からイソプレンを生産させる、イソプレンの生産方法。
- 前記組換え細胞を、一酸化炭素及び二酸化炭素からなる群より選ばれた少なくとも1つのC1化合物を炭素源として用いて培養し、その培養物からイソプレンを取得することを包含する、請求項5に記載のイソプレンの生産方法。
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