JP7158745B2 - 基板を除去する方法 - Google Patents

基板を除去する方法 Download PDF

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JP7158745B2
JP7158745B2 JP2019560276A JP2019560276A JP7158745B2 JP 7158745 B2 JP7158745 B2 JP 7158745B2 JP 2019560276 A JP2019560276 A JP 2019560276A JP 2019560276 A JP2019560276 A JP 2019560276A JP 7158745 B2 JP7158745 B2 JP 7158745B2
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nitride semiconductor
substrate
gan
layer
iii
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JP2020519026A5 (ja
JP2020519026A (ja
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剛 神川
スリニヴァス ガンドロトゥーラ,
ホンジャン リー,
ダニエル エー. コーエン,
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University of California
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Description

(関連出願の引用)
本願は、以下の係属中の共有に係る出願の米国特許法119(e)に基づく利益を主張する:米国仮特許出願第62/502,205号(2017年5月5日出願、Takeshi Kamikawa,Srinivas Gandrothula,Hongjian Li and Daniel A. Cohenによる、名称「METHOD OF REMOVING A SUBSTRATE」、代理人事件番号30794.653-US-P1 (UC 2017-621-1))。上記出願は、参照により本明細書に引用される。
(発明の分野)
本発明は、GaN系半導体層からGaN系基板を除去することを含む基板を除去する方法に関する。
異なる材料で作製される低価格の基板上で得られる高価値半導体の産業的価値は、極めて高い。したがって、長い時間にわたって、研究および開発が、この目標を実現することを求めている。
これは、シリコン(Si)基板上のヒ化ガリウム(GaAs)系半導体薄膜成長、およびサファイア(Al)基板上の窒化ガリウム(GaN)系半導体薄膜成長において、特に当てはまる。両方の事例では、比較的に良好な品質の半導体薄膜が、エピタキシャル側方過成長(ELO)技法を使用して得られることができる。
しかしながら、異なる材料で作製される基板を使用することは、いくつかの問題を伴う。例えば、異なる熱膨張定数に起因して、基板は、高温下のエピタキシャル成長中、撓み得るか、または湾曲し得る。
そのうえ、基板は、不均一な温度を受け、それは、ドーピング濃度、層厚、インジウム(In)の含有量の不均一性をもたらし得る。この状況は、収率の減少をもたらし得る。
GaN系半導体に関して、多くの研究者らが、GaN基板を使用して、これらの課題を回避するよう試みている。しかしながら、典型的には、HVPE(ハイドライド気相エピタキシ)を使用して生産されるGaN基板は、非常に高価である。
例えば、2インチのc面極性GaN基板は、約$1,000/ウエハの費用がかかる一方、2インチの半極性GaN基板は、約$10,000/ウエハの費用がかかる。したがって、GaN基板を再生利用するための要求が、存在する。
サファイア基板等の異なる材料の基板からGaN素子を除去することは、容易である。例えば、多くの欠陥が、GaN/サファイア界面に存在し、それは、界面における接合強度が弱いことを意味する。例えば、米国特許公開第2012/0280363 A1号(特許文献1)を参照されたい。
しかしながら、超音波式除去等の機械的除去は、半導体層を損傷させ得る。これは、特に、平滑なファセットを必要とする端面発光レーザーダイオード(EELD)に対して問題である。機械的除去方法を用いる場合、亀裂が、生じ得る。例えば、素子を切断するとき、損傷が、意図せぬ方向に亀裂をもたらし得る。任意のそのような損傷を低減することが、必要である。
さらに、GaN/サファイア界面は、界面における多くの欠陥に起因して、レーザー光を吸収する。その結果、半導体層から基板を除去するために、レーザーアブレーション方法が、使用され得る。
他方では、高品質のGaN系半導体層を得るための、かつエピタキシャル成長の間の基板の撓みまたは湾曲を回避するためのGaN基板の使用は、GaN/サファイアの場合等のヘテロ界面が存在しないので、基板を除去することを難しくする。
1つの従来の技法は、GaN基板から素子構造を除去するための犠牲層の光電気化学(PEC)エッチングの使用であるが、これは、長い時間を要し、いくつかの複雑なプロセスを伴う。そのうえ、これらのプロセスからの収率は、業界の期待に到達していない。
したがって、当分野において、特に、GaN薄膜がGaN基板上に成長させられる場合、基板を除去する改良された方法の必要性がある。本発明は、この必要性を充足する。
米国特許出願公開第2012/0280363号明細書
上述の従来技術における制限を克服し、本明細書の熟読および理解に応じて明白となるであろう他の制限を克服するために、本発明は、基板を除去する方法、具体的には、GaN系基板が再生利用され得るように、容易な様式でGaN系半導体層からGaN系基板を除去する方法を開示する。
本発明は、例えば、以下を提供する。
(項目1)
基板を除去する方法であって、前記方法は、
III族窒化物系基板の上または上方に成長制限マスクを形成することと、
前記成長制限マスクを使用して、前記III族窒化物系基板の上または上方に1つ以上のIII族窒化物系半導体層を成長させることにより、1つ以上の島状半導体層を作成することと、
前記島状半導体層を支持基板に接合することと、
前記支持基板を使用して、前記島状半導体層から前記III族窒化物系基板を除去することと
を含む、方法。
(項目2)
前記島状半導体層から前記III族窒化物系基板を除去することは、エッチングすることによって前記成長制限マスクの少なくとも一部を溶解し、前記島状半導体層から前記III族窒化物系基板を除去することを含む、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目3)
前記島状半導体層から前記III族窒化物系基板を除去することは、前記支持基板を使用して、前記III族窒化物系基板から前記島状半導体層をはがすことを含む、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目4)
前記III族窒化物系基板は、支持基板に接合される、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目5)
前記III族窒化物系基板は、前記III族窒化物系基板が前記島状半導体層から除去された後、再生利用される、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目6)
前記成長制限マスクは、パターン化されている、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目7)
前記成長制限マスクは、複数のストライプと、開放エリアとから成る、項目6に記載の方法。
(項目8)
前記III族窒化物系半導体層のうちの1つ以上のものの成長は、前記成長制限マスクの開放エリアに平行な方向に広がる、項目7に記載の方法。
(項目9)
前記III族窒化物系半導体層のうちの1つ以上のものは、エピタキシャル側方過成長(ELO)によって成長させられる、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目10)
前記エピタキシャル側方過成長は、前記III族窒化物系半導体層のうちの1つ以上のものが合体する前に、停止させられる、項目9に記載の方法。
(項目11)
前記III族窒化物系半導体層の少なくとも一部は、前記成長制限マスクの少なくとも一部を露出するために、エッチングすることによって除去される、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目12)
前記成長制限マスクの少なくとも一部は、前記III族窒化物系基板の少なくとも一部を露出するために、エッチングすることによって除去される、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目13)
前記成長制限マスクの少なくとも一部は、前記成長制限マスクの開放エリアの上方の前記III族窒化物系半導体層の少なくとも一部をエッチングすることによって除去される、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目14)
前記III族窒化物系半導体層から層が屈曲している領域を除去することをさらに含む、項目1に記載の方法。
(項目15)
項目1に記載の方法によって製作される素子。
ここで、図面を参照する(同一参照番号は、全体を通して対応する部分を表す)。
図1および2は、本発明に従って製作される素子構造の概略図である。 図1および2は、本発明に従って製作される素子構造の概略図である。
図3(a)および3(b)は、成長制限マスクおよび成長制限マスクの開放エリアを図示する。
図4(a)および4(b)は、成長制限マスク、成長制限マスクの開放エリア、平坦な表面領域、および層が屈曲している領域を図示する。
図5(a)および5(b)は、層が屈曲している領域をエッチングすることを図示する。
図6(a)、6(b)、および6(c)は、層が屈曲している領域およびオーバーラップ領域においてエッチングすることを図示する。 図6(a)、6(b)、および6(c)は、層が屈曲している領域およびオーバーラップ領域においてエッチングすることを図示する。
図7は、屈曲した活性領域を含む素子構造の概略図である。
図8は、島状半導体層によって形成された素子構造の概略図である。
図9は、GaN系基板の表面の下方に乾式エッチングが存在している素子構造の概略図である。
図10は、支持基板を接合する概略図である。
図11は、湿式エッチングによって成長制限マスクを融解する概略図である。
図12は、n電極堆積の概略図である。
図13(a)および13(b)は、レーザーダイオード素子のためのファセットを作製する方法およびチップスクライビング技法を図示する。
図14(a)および14(b)も、レーザーダイオード素子のためのファセットを作製する方法およびチップスクライビング技法を図示する。
図15は、一実施形態による、本発明のステップおよび機能を図示するフローチャートである。
以下の好ましい実施形態の説明では、本発明が実践され得る具体的な実施形態が、参照される。他の実施形態も、利用され得、構造的変化が、本発明の範囲から逸脱することなく成され得ることを理解されたい。
(概要)
概して、本発明は、GaN系半導体素子を製造する方法を説明し、GaN系基板は、GaN系半導体素子から除去可能であり、GaN系基板は、再生利用可能である。これは、少なくとも以下のステップを使用して遂行される。
(1.エピタキシャル側方過成長(ELO)、素子層の成長、p電極堆積、および隆起ストライプ処理)
このステップは、図1において説明され、図1は、SiO系成長制限マスク102がその上に形成されたGaN系基板101を図示する。代替として、図2に示されるように、GaN系中間層103が、最初に、GaN系基板101上に堆積させられ、SiO系成長制限マスク102は、GaN系中間層103上に形成され得る。
成長制限マスク102は、ストライプ104にパターン化され、GaN系層106のエピタキシャル側方過成長のために、ストライプ104間の開放エリア105を含む。成長制限マスク102のストライプ104の各々は、約50μmの幅を有し、開放エリア105の各々は、ストライプ104の隣接するものを分離する約5μmの幅を有する。
ELO GaN系層106の成長は、最初に、図1に示されるようなGaN系基板101または図2に示されるようなGaN系中間層103のいずれかの上の開放エリア105内に生じ、次いで、成長制限マスク102のストライプ104を覆って開放エリア105から側方に生じる。ELO GaN系層106の成長は、隣接する開放エリア105におけるELO GaN系層106が成長制限マスク102の上で合体し得る前に、停止または中断される。好ましくは、ELO GaN系層106は、成長制限マスク102のストライプ104の翼領域内に約20μmの横幅を有する。この中断された成長は、隣接するELO GaN系層106間に非成長領域107をもたらす。
その後、半導体素子層108が、ELO GaN系層106の上または上方に成長させられる。一実施形態では、半導体素子層108は、AlGaNクラッディング層109と、n-GaN誘導層110と、InGaN/GaN多重量子井戸(MQW)活性領域111と、p-GaN誘導層112とを含み得る。透明導電性酸化物(TCO)クラッディング層113が、p-GaN誘導層112上に堆積させられ、後に、電流制限層114の堆積が、続く。最後に、pパッド115が、TCOクラッディング層113上に堆積させられる。
ELO GaN系層106と半導体素子層108との組み合わせられた厚さは、例えば、1~20μmの範囲に及び得るが、これらの値に限定されない。ELO GaN系層106と半導体素子層108との組み合わせられた厚さは、成長制限マスク102の表面から半導体素子層108の上側表面まで測定される。
半導体素子層108は、エッチング領域117によって分離された1つ以上の平坦な表面領域116を含み、1つ以上の平坦な表面領域116は、非成長領域107に隣接するそれらの縁で層が屈曲している領域118によって両側で境を限られている。平坦な表面領域116の幅は、好ましくは、少なくとも5μmであり、より好ましくは、10μm以上である。平坦な表面領域116内の半導体素子層108の各々の厚さに対して、高い均一性が、存在する。
エッチング領域117および/または非成長領域107によって分離された半導体素子層108は、島状半導体層119と称される。島状半導体層119の各々は、別個の素子に処理され得る。例えば、隆起ストライプ処理が、島状半導体層119の各々の上で実行され、別個のレーザー素子を形成し得る。
これらの要素は、下記の図3(a)-3(b)、4(a)-4(b)、5(a)-5(b)、6(a)-6(c)、7、および8と併せてより詳細にさらに示され、説明される。
(2.GaN系基板の表面より下の乾式エッチング)
このステップは、図9に説明される。乾式エッチングが、素子層108およびELO GaN系層106を通してエッチング領域117に対して実施され、成長制限マスク102を露出する。このエッチングは、平坦な領域116と、層が屈曲している領域118とを含む島状半導体層119の作成をもたらし、GaN系基板101から島状半導体層119を分離するためのステップを開始する。
成長制限マスク102が露出されている限り、GaN系基板101の表面をエッチングすることは、常時必要であるとは限らない。より好ましくは、エッチングは、GaN系基板101が容易に除去され得るように、GaN系基板101の表面まで実施される。
(3.支持基板の接合)
このステップは、図10に示される。島状半導体層119は、金属間接合またははんだ付け技法を使用して、支持基板1001の上に堆積させられる金属もしくははんだ接合パッド1002を用いて、支持基板1001にフリップチップ接合される。
(4.湿式エッチングによる成長制限マスクの溶解)
このステップは、図11に示される。成長制限マスク102(図10に示される)のSiOが、フッ化水素(HF)または緩衝フッ化水素(BHF)酸等の化学溶液を使用して除去され、それは、島状半導体層119からGaN系基板101をリフトオフする。
(5.N電極堆積)
このステップは、図12に示される。N電極1201が、GaN系基板101のリフトオフに続いて、島状半導体層119の背面側上に堆積させられる。
(6.チップスクライビング)
このステップは、図13(a)-13(b)および14(a)-14(b)に示される。チップスクライビングが、実線または破線を使用して実施される。
本発明のこれらおよび他の側面が、下でより詳細に説明される。
(用語の定義)
(GaN系基板)
バルクGaN結晶から{0001}、{1-100}、{11-20}{20-21}、{20-2-1}、{11-22}面または他の面上でスライスされた任意のGaN系基板101が、使用されることができる。GaN系基板101は、Al、In、B等を含み得る。
(GaN系半導体層)
GaN系半導体層は、ELO GaN系層106と、AlGaNクラッディング層109、n-GaN誘導層110、InGaN/GaN多重量子井戸(MQW)活性領域111、p-GaN誘導層112等の素子層108と、中間層103とを含む。
これらのGaN系半導体層は、In、Alおよび/またはB、ならびにMg、Si、Zn、O、C、H等の他のドーパントおよび不純物を含むことができる。GaN系半導体層は、具体的には、GaN層、AlGaN層、AlGaInN層、InGaN層等を含み得る。
上で記載されるように、AlGaNクラッディング層109、n-GaN誘導層110、InGaN/GaN多重量子井戸(MQW)活性領域111、およびp-GaN誘導層112等の素子層108は、典型的には、n型層、非ドープ層、およびp型層の中の少なくとも1つの層を含む。
GaN系半導体層を使用して、結果として生じる素子は、例えば、発光ダイオード(LED)、レーザーダイオード(LD)、ショットキー障壁ダイオード(SBD)、光ダイオード、金属酸化膜半導体電界効果トランジスタ(MOSFET)等を含み得るが、これらの素子に限定されない。本発明は、マイクロLED、および、端面発光レーザーおよび垂直共振器面発光レーザー(VCSEL)等のレーザーダイオードのために特に有用である。
(成長制限マスク)
成長制限マスク102は、SiO、SiN、SiON、Al、AlN、AlON等の誘電層またはW、Mo、Ta、Nb等の耐熱金属を含む。成長制限マスク102は、上記の材料から選択される積層物または積層構造であり得る。
一実施形態では、成長制限マスク102の厚さは、約0.05~3μmである。成長制限マスク102のストライプ104の各々の幅は、好ましくは、20μmより大きく、より好ましくは、40μmより大きく、最も好ましくは、約50μmである。
上で記載されるように、成長制限マスク102は、ストライプ104にパターン化され、ストライプ104間の開放エリア105を含む。図3(a)に示される一実施形態では、開放エリア105は、長さaおよび幅bを有するストライプを付けられる。開放エリア105の各々の長さaは、(0001)c面配向GaN系基板101の1-100方向に平行な第1の方向におけるものであり、開放エリア105の各々の幅bは、(0001)c面配向GaN系基板101の11-20方向に平行な第2の方向におけるものであり、周期的に第1の間隔p1で、第2の方向に延びている。開放エリア105の各々の幅bは、典型的には、一定であるが、必要に応じて変更され得る。成長制限マスク102のストライプ104の各々の幅Lは、L=p1-bである。
図3(b)に示される別の実施形態では、開放エリア105の各々の長さおよび幅は、図3(a)に類似の方向に配列されるが、長さは、異なり得、隣接する開放エリア105は、第2の間隔p2だけ第1の方向にオフセットされ、隣接する開放エリア105は、隣接する開放エリア105の端部が第1の方向に所定の距離qに対して長手方向に重複するような様式で、第1の間隔p1の半分だけ第2の方向にシフトされる。この配列は、開放エリア105の両端部の、GaN系基板101の1-100方向への盛り上がりを防止する。
これらの実施形態の両方では、間隔p1は、約5~120μmであり得、間隔p2は、約500~1,050μmであり得、長さaは、約200~2,000μmであり得、幅bは、約2~20μmであり得、距離qは、約35~40μmであり得る。図3(a)では、例えば、間隔p1は、約55μmであり得、間隔p2は、約810μmであり得、長さaは、約1,200μmであり得、幅bは、約5μmであり得、幅Lは、50μmである。
(ELO GaN系層)
図4(a)および4(b)は、それぞれ、図3(a)および3(b)の成長制限マスク102を使用して成長させられたELO GaN系層106を図示する。
成長制限マスク102を使用して、ELO GaN系層106は、気相堆積方法、例えば、金属有機化学蒸着(MOCVD)方法によって、(0001)面配向の島状形状に成長させられる。
GaN系基板101またはGaN系中間層103の表面が、成長制限マスク102の開放エリア105内に露出され、ELO GaN系層106が、成長制限マスク102に対して垂直および横方向の両方に連続的に成長制限マスク102の上に選択的に成長させられる。成長は、ELO GaN系層106が、成長制限マスク102上の隣接するELO GaN系層106と合体する前に停止させられる。
GaN系半導体の(0001)面成長に対して、面に対して平行な側方成長の率は、11-20方向に最も大きく、1-100方向に最も小さい。図3(a)および3(b)に示される成長制限マスク102では、開放エリア105の長手方向が、1-100方向であるので、GaN系半導体の成長率は、開放エリア105の両端部において小さく、1-100方向に互いに対向するELO GaN系層106は、互いに合体せず、互いから分離されたままである。ELO GaN系層106の1-100方向の長さは、開放エリア105の長さとほぼ等しくなる。
ELO GaN系層106の厚さは、それが平坦な表面領域116の幅を決定するので、重要である。好ましくは、平坦な表面領域116の幅は、20μm以上である。ELO GaN系層106の厚さは、好ましくは、処理時間を低減させ、開放エリア105のエッチングを促進するために、可能な限り薄い。
ELO GaN系層106の成長比率は、GaN系基板101の0001軸に平行な垂直方向の成長率に対するGaN系基板101の11-20軸に平行な横方向の成長率の比率である。好ましくは、ELO GaN系層106の成長比率は、高く、成長条件を最適化することによって、ELO GaN系層106の成長比率は、1~4に制御されることができる。
ELO GaN系層106の比率が4である場合、ELO GaN系層106は、厚さが約5μmのみであるが、20μmの平坦な表面領域116の幅を得る。この場合、開放エリア105をエッチングすることは、非常に容易である。
ELO GaN系層106の高比率を得るために、ELO GaN系層106の成長温度は、好ましくは、約950℃より高く、MOCVDチャンバ内の圧力は、好ましくは、約100トルより低い。さらに、Ga原子の移動を促進するために、V/III比率は、好ましくは、高い。
最低成長率を有する対向平面上のELO GaN系層106間の距離が大きい場合、以下の欠点が、生じる。その成長率が最低である1-100方向のELO GaN系層106間の領域における成長制限マスク102のマスク部分において、生ガスが、消費されず、したがって、ガス濃度が、増加し、1-100方向の濃度勾配が、生成され、濃度勾配による拡散によって、多量のガスが、縁部分にELO GaN系層106の1-100方向に、供給される。結果として、ELO GaN系層106の1-100方向の縁部分の厚さは、他の部分と比較して増加し、隆起形状をもたらす。隆起形状は、素子に構造的な不都合をもたらすだけではなく、フォトリソグラフィ等の以下の製造プロセスに問題を生じさせる。
隆起形状を防止するために、ELO GaN系層106は、可能な限り近接し、したがって、成長の開始から、生ガスの面内均一性を生じさせないことが、必要である。図3(b)に示される成長制限マスク102では、11-20方向に互いに隣接する開放エリア105が、開放エリア105が長さqに対して対向端部で重複するような様式で形成される。
その結果、ガス濃度の面内均一性が、ELO GaN系層106を成長させることによってもたらされる生ガスの消費によって得られる。最後に、これは、島状半導体層119の厚さに均一性をもたらす。
(開放エリアのエッチング)
図5および6は、開放エリア105のエッチングプロセスの詳細を図示する。
図5(a)は、図3(a)の成長制限マスク102に基づく、非成長領域107、ELO GaN系層106、平坦な表面領域116、層が屈曲している領域118、およびエッチング領域117を示し、図5(b)は、ELO GaN系層106とエッチング領域117とを示し、層が屈曲している領域118(図示せず)を除去するために、エッチング501が実施されている。
図6(a)は、図3(b)の成長制限マスク102に基づく、開放エリア105、非成長領域107、ELO GaN系層106、平坦な表面領域116、および層が屈曲している領域118を示し、図6(b)は、開放エリア105とELO GaN系層106とを示し、層が屈曲している領域118(図示せず)を除去するために、エッチング501が実施されている。
図6(a)の601および602によって示されるように、エッチング501は、開放エリア105より大きくあり得る。この例では、島状半導体層119は、GaN系基板101および他の島状半導体層119との界面を有していない。より幅広いエッチング面積を用いて、島状半導体層119は、GaN系基板101から迅速かつ容易に除去されることができる。
島状半導体層119とGaN系基板101との間の界面が、少なくとも部分的に残る場合、それは、いくつかの利点を提供する。例えば、図6(c)は、島状半導体層119とGaN系基板101との間の界面が、開放エリア105の両方の縁に残る場合を示す。この場合、乾式エッチングの後に島状半導体層119を保持することが、容易である。しかしながら、残りの面積が、可能な限り小さい場合が、最良である。乾式エッチングの後、成長制限マスク102上に存在する島状半導体層119は、スライド可能であり、容易に除去されることができる。
(エッチング領域)
図5および6は、エッチング領域117の詳細も図示する。
エッチング領域117は、成長制限マスク102を露出するために、乾式エッチングおよび/または湿式エッチングによってエッチングされる場所である。図5(a)および5(b)に示されるように、エッチング領域117は、主に、開放エリア105上に存在する。しかしながら、図6(a)および6(c)では、成長制限マスク102(図示せず)に対して、第1の方向をオーバーラップするエッチング領域601および/または第2の方向をオーバーラップするエッチング領域602が、存在する。これは、成長制限マスク102を露出するためのものである。
オーバーラップ幅は、プロセス収率が高く保たれるので、典型的には、第1の方向に、約0~10μmの範囲に及び、より好ましくは、約1~6μmの範囲に及ぶ。第2の方向は、ほぼ同一の値である。しかしながら、オーバーラップ幅は、いかなる問題も引き起こすことなく異なり得る。
エッチング領域117は、島状半導体層119とGaN系基板101との間の界面に他には何も存在しないように、開放エリア105より幅広くあり得る。これは、GaN系基板101を島状半導体層119から除去うることを容易にする。
(層が屈曲している領域)
図7は、成長制限マスク102、開放エリア105、平坦な表面領域116、およびエッチング領域117と併せて、層が屈曲している領域118の詳細を図示する。
一実施形態では、層が屈曲している層118は、エッチングによって除去されることも、除去されないこともある。例えば、処理時間およびコストを低減させるために、エッチング領域117と層が屈曲している領域118との両方の同時のエッチングが、実施され得る。
図7に示されるように、層が屈曲している領域118は、屈曲した活性領域701を含み得る。層が屈曲している層118が、エッチングによって除去されず、屈曲した活性領域701が素子内に残る場合、活性領域111から放射された光の一部が、再吸収される。その結果、層が屈曲している領域118を除去することが、より好ましくあり得る。
そのうえ、素子が、レーザーダイオードであり、かつ層が屈曲している層118がエッチングによって除去されず、屈曲した活性領域701が素子内に残る場合、レーザーモードは、屈曲した活性領域701における低屈折率(例えば、InGaN層)に起因して、層が屈曲している領域118および屈曲した活性領域701によって影響を及ぼされ得る。その結果、層が屈曲している領域118および屈曲した活性領域701を除去することが、好ましくあり得る。
(島状半導体層)
図8は、この例では、レーザーダイオードを備えている島状半導体層119の断面図である。
具体的には、III族窒化物半導体レーザーダイオードは、述べられる順序で1つの層が別のもの上に置かれる以下の層から成る:1.3μmのn-Al0.06GaNクラッディング層109、0.4μmのn-GaN誘導層110、InGaN/GaN MQW活性領域111、p-GaN誘導層112、TCOクラッディング層113、電流制限層114、p電極115。この例では、InGaN/GaN MQW活性領域111とp-GaN誘導層112との間に位置付けられた随意のAlGaN電子遮断層(EBL)801が存在することに留意されたい。
図8の断面図は、光学共振器に対して垂直方向に沿ったレーザーバーを示し、光学共振器は、隆起ストライプ構造から成る。隆起ストライプ構造は、TCOクラッディング層113と、電流制限層114と、p電極115とから成り、水平方向における光閉し込めを提供する。隆起ストライプ構造の幅は、約1.0~20μmであり、典型的には、5μmである。
一実施形態では、p電極115は、以下の材料のうちの1つ以上のものから成り得る:Pd、Ni、Ti、Pt、Mo、W、Ag、Au等。例えば、p電極は、Pd-Ag-Ni-Au(3-50-30-300nmの厚さを伴う)を含み得る。これらの材料は、電子ビーム蒸着、スパッタ、熱蒸着等によって堆積させられ得る。加えて、p電極は、典型的には、TCOクラッディング層113上に堆積させられる。
(エッチング領域)
図9は、成長制限マスク102の表面の少なくとも下方にあり、この例では、GaN系基板101の中に延びているエッチング領域117の深度を示す。この場合、湿式エッチング方法を使用して成長制限マスク102を除去することは、容易である。
(支持基板)
図10は、パターン化された接合パッド1002を使用して島状半導体層119に個々に接合される支持基板1001を図示する。従来の接合技法も、使用されることができる。
支持基板1001は、元素半導体、化合物半導体、金属、合金、窒化物系セラミック、酸化物系セラミック、ダイヤモンド、炭素、プラスチック等から成り得、これらの材料から作製される単一の層構造または多層構造を備え得る。はんだ等の金属または有機接着剤が、パターン化された接合パッド1002のために使用され得、要求に応じて選択される。
一般的に、フリップチップ接合の最も一般的なタイプは、熱圧縮接合およびウエハ融着/接合である。ウエハ融着は、InP系素子において広く採用されている。しかしながら、熱圧縮接合は、それが金属間接合を使用し、熱伝導性も大いに改善するという利点を有するので、概して、ウエハ融着よりはるかに単純である。
Au間圧縮接合は、群を抜いて単純な接合であり、非常に強い接合をもたらす。Au/Sn共晶接合は、非常に大きい接合強度を提供する。
一実施形態では、Cu基板1001が、支持基板として使用される。パターン化されたTi/Au接合パッド1002が、電子ビーム蒸着またはスパッタによって、Cu基板1001上に製作される。接合パッド1002は、一例では、Ti(10nm)と、Au(500nm)とから成る。
島状半導体層119の露出された表面の活性化が、圧縮接合の前に実施され得る。活性化は、Arおよび/またはOのプラズマプロセスを使用して達成される。
その後、島状半導体層119は、ある圧力下で、約150~300℃で支持基板1001の接合パッド1002に接合される。
(基板の除去)
島状半導体層119からGaN系基板101を除去するために使用され得る2つの技法が、存在する。
1つの技法は、支持基板1001のみを使用することである。成長制限マスク102とELO GaN系層106との間の界面は、弱い接合強度を有する。したがって、支持基板1001を使用してGaN系基板101から島状半導体層119をはがすことは、容易である。
別の技法は、GaN系基板101を除去する前、フッ化水素酸(HF)、緩衝HF(BHF)、または他のエッチング液を使用して成長制限マスク102をエッチングし、少なくとも部分的に成長制限マスク102を溶解することである。この技法は、開放エリア105および/またはエッチング領域117が、成長制限マスク102が露出されるまでエッチングされることを要求する。成長制限マスク102が露出されると、湿式エッチングが、部分的または全体的に成長制限マスク102を溶解することができ、次いで、GaN系基板101が、島状半導体層119から除去されることができる。これは、図11に図示される。
具体的には、支持基板1001が、島状半導体層119に接合された後、構造全体が、湿式エッチングのために溶媒の中に浸漬され、成長制限マスク102を溶解する。一実施形態では、図10に示される成長制限マスク102は、HFまたはBHF溶媒によって溶解されるSiOである。この技法の利点は、SiOの幅広いエリアが、非常に容易かつ迅速にHFによって溶解され、GaN系基板101が島状半導体層119から(非常に優しく)除去されるとき、機械的な損傷が生じないことである。
図11に示される除去されたGaN系基板101は、次いで、再生利用されることができる。例えば、GaN系基板101の表面は、研磨機によって再研磨され得る。GaN系半導体素子を製作するコストを低減させる再生利用プロセスが、繰り返して行われることができる。
(第1および第2の支持基板)
別の例では、第1および第2の支持基板が、島状半導体層119からのGaN系基板101の除去において使用され得る。方法は、第1の支持基板1001を島状半導体層119の露出された表面に接合することと、島状半導体層119からGaN系基板101を除去することの前または後に、第2の支持基板(図示せず)をGaN系基板101の露出された表面に接合することとを含む。典型的には、後にGaN系基板101に接合される第2の支持基板は、適切なエッチング液を使用して、接合される第2の支持基板とGaN系基板101との間の低温融解された金属および/またははんだ接合層を融解することによって除去されることができる。
(N電極)
図12は、GaN系基板101の除去に続いて露出される島状半導体層119の背面側上のn電極1201の堆積を図示する。
典型的には、n電極1201は、以下の材料から成り得る:Ti、Hf、Cr、Al、Mo、W、Au等。例えば、n電極1201は、Ti-Al-Pt-Au(30-100-30-500nmの厚さを伴う)から成り得るが、それらの材料に限定されない。これらの材料の堆積は、電子ビーム蒸着、スパッタ、熱蒸着等によって実施され得る。
(ファセット)
図13(a)-13(b)および14(a)-14(b)は、レーザーダイオード素子のためのファセットを作製する方法を図示する。
FIG.13(a)は、図3(a)の成長制限マスク102に基づく非成長領域107、ELO GaN系層106、およびエッチング領域117を示す。図13(b)は、図13(a)の丸が付けられた部分の拡大図であり、図13(a)のELO GaN系層106上の、隆起ストライプ構造1301、エッチングされたミラー領域1302、およびチップスクライブ線1303を示す。エッチングされたミラー領域1302は、チップスクライブ線1303と同様に、光共振長に基づいて位置する。
図14(a)は、支持基板1001に接合される島状半導体層119を示す。図14(b)は、図14(a)の丸が付けられた部分の拡大図であり、図14(b)の島状半導体層119上の隆起ストライプ構造1301、エッチングされたミラー領域1302、およびチップスクライブ線1303を示す。エッチングされたミラー領域1302は、チップスクライブ線1303と同様に、光共振長に基づいて位置する。
GaNエッチングのためのエッチングプロセスは、ArイオンビームおよびCl周囲ガスを使用する。エッチング深度は、約1μm~約4μmである。エッチングされたミラーファセットは、以下の群から選択された誘電フィルムによってコーティングされ得る:SiO、Al、AlN、AlON、SiN、SiON、TiO、Ta、Nb、ZrO等。
(チップ分割)
図13(a)-13(b)および14(a)-14(b)は、チップ分割方法も図示する。
チップ分割方法は、2つのステップを有する。第1のステップは、島状半導体層119をスクライビングすることである。第2のステップは、レーザースクライブング等を使用して支持基板1001を分割することである。
図13(b)および14(b)の両方に示されるように、チップスクライブ線1303が、ダイヤモンドスクライビング機械またはレーザースクライブ機械によって製作される。チップスクライブ線1303は、島状半導体層119の背面側上に製作される。チップスクライブ線1303は、実線または破線であり得る。
次いで、支持基板1001も同様に、レーザースクライビングによって分割され、レーザーダイオード素子を得る。チップスクライブ線1303が製作されるとき、隆起ストライプ構造1301を回避することが、より良好である。
(プロセスステップ)
図15は、GaN系半導体層から素子を形成した後、本発明の一実施形態に従ってGaN系基板が再生利用され得るように、GaN系半導体層からGaN系基板を除去する方法を図示するフローチャートである。
ブロック1501は、ベース基板101を提供するステップを表す。一実施形態では、ベース基板101は、GaN系基板101等のIII族窒化物系基板101である。
ブロック1502は、基板101上に中間層103を堆積させる随意のステップを表す。一実施形態では、中間層103は、GaN系層103等のIII族窒化物系層103である。
ブロック1503は、基板101の上または上方、すなわち、基板101自体の上もしくは中間層103の上に成長制限マスク102を形成するステップを表す。成長制限マスク102は、複数のストライプ104および開放エリア105を含むようにパターン化される。
ブロック1504は、エピタキシャル側方過成長(ELO)を使用して成長制限マスク102の上または上方に1つ以上の半導体層106を成長させるステップを表し、半導体層106のエピタキシャルな側方成長は、成長制限マスク102の開放エリア105に平行な方向に広がり、エピタキシャル側方過成長は、半導体層106がストライプ104上で合体する前に停止させられる。一実施形態では、ELO層106は、ELO GaN系層106等のELO III族窒化物系層106である。
ブロック1505は、ELO層106上に1つ以上の半導体素子層108を成長させるステップを表す。ELO層106とともに、これらの素子層108は、島状半導体層119のうちの1つ以上のものを生じさせる。
ブロック1506は、エッチング領域117内の半導体素子層108の少なくとも一部をエッチングし、半導体素子層108のエッチングされた部分を除去し、成長制限マスク102の少なくとも一部を露出するステップを表す。エッチングは、成長制限マスク102の開放エリア105の上方の素子層108の少なくとも一部をエッチングすることを含み得、基板101の表面の下方に継続し得る。エッチングは、半導体層108から層が屈曲している領域118を除去することも含み得る。
ブロック1507は、島状半導体層119を支持基板1001に接合することを表す。島状半導体層119は、金属間接合またははんだ付け技法を使用して、その上に堆積させられる金属もしくははんだ1002を用いて支持基板1001にフリップチップ接合される。
ブロック1508は、エッチングによって成長制限マスク102を少なくとも部分的に溶解し、島状半導体層119から基板101を除去するステップを表す。成長制限マスク102は、島状半導体層119から基板101をリフトオフするエッチングによって、少なくとも部分的に除去される。さらに、島状半導体層119は、基板101からはがされ得る。
ブロック1509は、基板101のリフトオフによって露出される島状半導体層119の背面側上にn電極を堆積させるステップを表す。
ブロック1510は、チップスクライブし、素子を分離するステップを表す。このステップは、レーザーダイオード素子のためのファセットのエッチングも含み得る。
ブロック1511は、方法の結果として生じる生成物、すなわち、方法に従って製作される1つ以上のIII族窒化物系半導体素子と、素子から除去されており、再生利用および再利用のために利用可能である基板101とを表す。
(利点および恩恵)
本発明は、いくつかの利点および恩恵を提供する。
・高価なIII族窒化物系基板101は、基板101が素子層108から除去された後、再利用されることができる。
・非常に低い欠陥密度を伴う同一または類似材料の基板101を使用して、高品質の素子層108が、得られ得る。
・基板101および素子層108の両方のために同一または類似材料を使用することは、素子層108における歪みを低減させることができる。
・基板101および素子層108の両方のために同一または類似する熱膨張を伴う材料を使用することは、エピタキシャル成長中の基板101の屈曲を低減させることができる。
・ミスカット配向を伴うバルク結晶から基板101をスライスすることは、素子層108間の厚さの均一性を維持し、より高い収率を生産する。
・ELOによって成長させられた層106は、高品質である。
・ELO層106は、互いに合体せず、内部歪みが、解放され、それは、いかなる亀裂の発生も回避することに役立つ。AlGaN層である素子層108のために、それは、特にAl高含有層の場合、非常に有用である。
・島状半導体層119は、分離して形成され、従って、引張応力または圧縮応力が、他の島状半導体層119に及ばない。
・さらに、成長制限マスク102およびELO層106は、化学的に接合されず、従って、ELO層106および素子層108内の応力は、成長制限マスク102とELO層106との間の界面にもたらされるスライドによって緩和されることができる。
・島状半導体層119の各々の間の非成長領域107の存在は、可撓性を提供し、基板101は、外部力が加えられると、容易に変形させられ、屈曲されることができる。したがって、基板101内にわずかな反り、湾曲、または変形が生じる場合であっても、これは、小さい外部力によって容易に補正され、亀裂の発生を回避することができる。その結果、真空チャックによる基板101の取り扱いが、可能になり、それは、半導体素子の製造プロセスをより容易に実行されるようにする。
・非成長領域107は、成長制限マスク102の大きいエリアを溶解することを容易にする。
・高品質半導体結晶の素子層108が、基板101の湾曲を抑制することによって成長させられることができ、さらに、素子層108が非常に厚いときであっても、亀裂等の発生が、抑制されることができ、それによって、大面積の半導体素子が、容易に実現されることができる。
・素子の熱管理が、支持基板上のフリップチップ接合に起因して、有意に改善される。
・チップサイズが、商業的に利用可能な素子と比較されると、約10倍低減させられる。
・製作方法はた、大サイズウエハ(>2インチ)にも容易に採用されることができる。
(修正および代替)
いくつかの修正および代替が、本発明の範囲から逸脱することなく成されることができる。
具体的には、III族窒化物系基板は、ベースのc面{0001};非極性のa面{11-20}およびm面{10-10}群;および、{20-2-1}面等の、少なくとも2つの非ゼロのh、i、またはkミラー係数と、非ゼロのlミラー係数とを有する半極性面群であり得る。(20-2-1)の半極性基板は、サファイア基板とともに得ることが非常に困難である、平坦なELO成長の広域により、特に、有用である。
(結論)
ここで、本発明の好ましい実施形態の説明を結論付ける。本発明の1つ以上の実施形態の前述の説明は、例証および説明の目的のために提示されている。本発明を包括的である、または開示される精密な形態に制限するようには意図されない。多くの修正例および変形例が、上記の教示に照らして可能である。本発明の範囲は、本発明を実施するための形態によってではなく、本明細書に添付の請求項によって制限されることが意図される。

Claims (16)

  1. III族窒化物系半導体素子を製造する方法であって、
    基板と、前記基板上又は上方に位置し複数の開放エリアを有するマスクと、前記複数の開放エリアのうちの1つから前記マスク上にわたって形成され、隣り合うIII族窒化物系半導体層と間隔を空けて形成された複数のIII族窒化物系半導体層と、を備えたIII族窒化物系半導体層形成基板を準備する工程と、
    前記複数のIII族窒化物半導体層のうち前記開放エリア上又は上方の部分を除去する工程と
    前記基板を前記複数のIII族窒化物半導体層から除去する工程と、
    を含む、III族窒化物系半導体素子を製造する方法。
  2. 前記基板を前記複数のIII族窒化物系半導体層から除去する工程を経た後の前記複数の開放エリアのうちの1つから形成された前記III族窒化物系半導体層は、分割されていることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のIII族窒化物系半導体素子を製造する方法
  3. 前記基板を前記複数のIII族窒化物系半導体層から除去する工程を経た後の前記複数の開放エリアのうちの1つから形成された前記III族窒化物系半導体層は、層が屈曲している領域を有することを特徴とする請求項1に記載のIII族窒化物系半導体素子を製造する方法。
  4. 前記複数のIII族窒化物半導体層の各々から素子が形成される、請求項1に記載のIII族窒化物系半導体素子を製造する方法。
  5. 記マスクは複数のストライプを含み、前記複数の開放エリアの各々は前記複数のストライプのうちの各2つの間に配置される、請求項1に記載のIII族窒化物系半導体素子を製造する方法。
  6. 前記複数のIII族窒化物半導体層は、エピタキシャル側方過成長(ELO)によって成長する、請求項1に記載のIII族窒化物系半導体素子を製造する方法。
  7. 前記エピタキシャル側方過成長は、前記複数のIII族窒化物系半導体層が合体する前に停止させられる、請求項に記載のIII族窒化物系半導体素子を製造する方法。
  8. 前記基板を除去する工程は、前記基板から前記複数のIII族窒化物系半導体層を完全に分離することを含む、請求項1に記載のIII族窒化物系半導体素子を製造する方法。
  9. 前記基板は、III族窒化物系基板である、請求項1に記載のIII族窒化物系半導体素子を製造する方法。
  10. 前記複数のIII族窒化物系半導体層から、層が屈曲している領域を除去することをさらに含む、請求項1に記載のIII族窒化物系半導体素子を製造する方法。
  11. 前記基板を除去する工程において、支持基板が前記基板の除去に使用される、請求項に記載のIII族窒化物系半導体素子を製造する方法。
  12. 前記支持基板は、前記素子の形成のために分割される、請求項11に記載のIII族窒化物系半導体素子を製造する方法。
  13. 前記基板を除去する工程の後、前記基板は再利用される、請求項1に記載のIII族窒化物系半導体素子を製造する方法。
  14. 前記複数のIII族窒化物半導体層のうち前記開放エリア上又は上方の部分を除去する工程は、前記マスクのうち前記部分に近い部分をエッチングすることを含む、請求項1に記載のIII族窒化物系半導体素子を製造する方法。
  15. 前記複数のIII族窒化物半導体層と前記マスクとの界面は平面である、請求項1に記載のIII族窒化物系半導体素子を製造する方法。
  16. III族窒化物系半導体層を有する半導体素子であって、
    前記III族窒化物系半導体層は、一端に層が屈曲している領域を有し、他端にエッチングにより除去された領域を有する、半導体素子。
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