JP7155862B2 - 中空糸膜エレメント、中空糸膜モジュールおよび正浸透水処理方法 - Google Patents
中空糸膜エレメント、中空糸膜モジュールおよび正浸透水処理方法 Download PDFInfo
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Description
前記芯管の周りに配置された複数の中空糸膜からなる中空糸膜群と、
前記芯管および前記中空糸膜群をそれらの両端で固定する樹脂壁と、を備え、
前記芯管および前記複数の中空糸膜の両端が開口している、両端開口型の中空糸膜エレメントであって、
前記中空糸膜群は、前記芯管の周りを囲むように配置された複数の第1中空糸膜から構成される第1中空糸膜層と、前記第1中空糸膜層の周りを囲むように配置された複数の第2中空糸膜から構成される第2中空糸膜層と、を含み、
前記複数の第1中空糸膜の透過係数は、前記複数の第2中空糸膜の透過係数よりも小さいことを特徴とする、中空糸膜エレメント。
該中空糸膜エレメントが少なくとも1本装填された容器とを備える、中空糸膜モジュール。
前記複数の中空糸膜の中空部内に水と水以外の成分とを含む処理対象水を流すと共に、前記芯管を介して前記複数の中空糸膜の外側にドロー溶質を含むドロー溶液を流すことで、前記処理対象水中に含まれる水を前記複数の中空糸膜を介して前記ドロー溶液側に移動させる正浸透工程を含む、正浸透水処理方法。
以下、本発明の中空糸膜エレメントおよび中空糸膜モジュールの一実施形態について説明する。
「減少率」=〔(「複数の第2中空糸膜の透過係数」-「複数の第1中空糸膜の透過係数」)/「複数の第2中空糸膜の透過係数」〕×100 [%]
具体的には、透過係数(純水透過係数)Aは、下記の方法によって求めることができる。
Jv=A(ΔP-π(Cm))・・・(1)
Js=B(Cm-Cp)・・・(2)
(Cm-Cp)/(Cf-Cp)=exp(Jv/k)・・・(3)
Cp=Js/Jv・・・(4)
A=α×A25×μ25/μ・・・(5)
B=β×B25×μ25/μ×(273.15+T)/(298.15)・・・(6)
Cf :供給水濃度 [mg/L]
Cm :膜面濃度 [mg/L]
Cp :透過水濃度 [mg/L]
Js :溶質透過流束 [mg/(cm2・s)]
Jv :純水透過流束 [cm3/(cm2・s)]
k :物質移動係数 [cm/s]
A :純水透過係数 [cm3/〔cm2・s・(kgf/cm2)〕]
A25:25℃での純水透過係数 [cm3/〔cm2・s・(kgf/cm2)〕]
B :溶質透過係数 [cm/s]
B25:25℃での溶質透過係数 [cm3/〔cm2・s・(kgf/cm2)〕]
T :温度 [℃]
α :運転条件による変動係数 [-]
β :運転条件による変動係数 [-]
ΔP :運転圧力 [kgf/cm2]
μ :粘度 [Pa・s]
μ25:25℃での粘度 [Pa・s]
π :浸透圧 [kgf/cm2]
すなわち、Jv、Cf、Cp、Tを実測し、k、その他の物性値を上記式(1)~(4)に代入することによって実測条件での純水透過係数Aと溶質透過係数Bを求めることができる。また、予め得られているα、βに基づけば、25℃における純水透過係数A25と溶質透過係数B25を、上記式(5)~(6)から求めることができ、さらに、上記式(5)~(6)を用いて任意の温度Tの純水透過係数と溶質透過係数も得ることができる。
上記の中空糸膜モジュールは、前記複数の中空糸膜の中空部内に水と水以外の成分とを含む処理対象水(FS)を流すと共に、前記芯管を介して前記複数の中空糸膜の外側にドロー溶質を含むドロー溶液(DS)を流すことで、前記処理対象水中に含まれる水を前記複数の中空糸膜を介して前記ドロー溶液側に移動させる正浸透工程を含む、正浸透水処理方法に、好適に用いることができる。
本実施例では、本発明をFO(正浸透水処理)に適用した場合について、以下の条件で最低FS流量およびFS回収率のシミュレーション計算を行った。
充填率(%)=π×(中空糸膜の外径)2/4(m2)×中空糸膜の総全長(m)/中空糸膜巻上げ体容積(m3)×100%
なお第1中空糸膜層と第2中空糸膜層のそれぞれの中空糸巻き上げ体の容積は、全体の中空糸巻き上げ体の容積を第1中空糸膜層と第2中空糸膜層のそれぞれの厚み比率に従って分配した。
図6および図7に示される結果から、複数の第2中空糸膜の透過係数に対する複数の第1中空糸膜の透過係数の減少率(A値減少率)は、好ましくは0%超60%以下であり、より好ましくは5%以上55%以下であり、さらに好ましくは10%以上50%以下であると考えられる。この範囲において、中空糸膜エレメントを構成する第1中空糸膜と第2中空糸膜の透過係数が同じである場合(図6および図7でA値減少率が0%の場合)に比べて、最低FS流量を低減でき、FS回収率を向上させることができると考えられる。
本実施例では、本発明を図8(a)に示されるようなPRO(正浸透発電)に適用した場合について、最低FS流量および正味発電量のシミュレーション計算を行った。
図9および図10に示される結果から、複数の第2中空糸膜の透過係数に対する複数の第1中空糸膜の透過係数の減少率(A値減少率)は、好ましくは0%超60%以下であり、より好ましくは5%以上55%以下であり、さらに好ましくは10%以上50%以下であると考えられる。この範囲において、最低FS流量を低減でき、FS回収率を向上させることができるという効果が、より確実に奏されると考えられる。また、本発明をPROに適用した場合に、正味発電量を向上させる効果が期待される。
本実施例では、濃度の異なる3種のDS(濃度:150000ppm、200000ppm、250000ppm)を用いたPRO(正浸透発電)について、膜透過流量、最低FS流量および正味発電量のシミュレーション計算を行った。
本実施例では、図8におけるオプションのNF膜によるFSの前処理を行う場合について、この前処理に必要な消費電力を考慮して(総発電量から差し引いて)、正味発電量を計算した。それ以外の点は、実施例3と同様の条件で、正味発電量(前処理勘案正味発電量)のシミュレーション計算を行った。計算結果を図14に示す。
Claims (7)
- 側面に複数の孔を有する芯管と、
前記芯管の周りに配置された複数の中空糸膜からなる中空糸膜群と、
前記芯管および前記中空糸膜群をそれらの両端で固定する樹脂壁と、を備え、
前記芯管および前記複数の中空糸膜の両端が開口している、両端開口型の中空糸膜エレメントであって、
前記中空糸膜群は、前記芯管の周りを囲むように配置された複数の第1中空糸膜から構成される第1中空糸膜層と、前記第1中空糸膜層の周りを囲むように配置された複数の第2中空糸膜から構成される第2中空糸膜層と、を含み、
前記複数の第1中空糸膜の透過係数は、前記複数の第2中空糸膜の透過係数よりも小さいことを特徴とする、中空糸膜エレメント。 - 前記複数の第2中空糸膜の透過係数に対する前記複数の第1中空糸膜の透過係数の減少率は、0%超60%以下である、請求項1に記載の中空糸膜エレメント。
- 前記中空糸膜エレメントは円柱形状を有し、前記第1中空糸膜層と前記第2中空糸膜層の厚みの総和に対する前記第1中空糸膜層の厚みの比率が0%超30%以下である、請求項1または2に記載の中空糸膜エレメント。
- 前記複数の中空糸膜は、互いに交差するように前記芯管の周りに螺旋状に巻回されている、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の中空糸膜エレメント。
- 請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の中空糸膜エレメントと、
該中空糸膜エレメントが少なくとも1本装填された容器とを備える、中空糸膜モジュール。 - 請求項5に記載の中空糸膜モジュールを用いる正浸透水処理方法であって、
前記複数の中空糸膜の中空部内に水と水以外の成分とを含む処理対象水を流すと共に、前記芯管を介して前記複数の中空糸膜の外側にドロー溶質を含むドロー溶液を流すことで、前記処理対象水中に含まれる水を前記複数の中空糸膜を介して前記ドロー溶液側に移動させる正浸透工程を含む、正浸透水処理方法。 - 前記ドロー溶液の濃度が7質量%以上である、請求項6に記載の正浸透処理方法。
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