JP7140479B2 - 有機化合物、発光素子、発光装置、電子機器、及び照明装置 - Google Patents
有機化合物、発光素子、発光装置、電子機器、及び照明装置 Download PDFInfo
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- JP7140479B2 JP7140479B2 JP2017174753A JP2017174753A JP7140479B2 JP 7140479 B2 JP7140479 B2 JP 7140479B2 JP 2017174753 A JP2017174753 A JP 2017174753A JP 2017174753 A JP2017174753 A JP 2017174753A JP 7140479 B2 JP7140479 B2 JP 7140479B2
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
- H10K85/649—Aromatic compounds comprising a hetero atom
- H10K85/653—Aromatic compounds comprising a hetero atom comprising only oxygen as heteroatom
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D307/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom
- C07D307/77—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom ortho- or peri-condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
- H10K50/10—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED]
- H10K50/14—Carrier transporting layers
- H10K50/15—Hole transporting layers
- H10K50/156—Hole transporting layers comprising a multilayered structure
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
- H10K85/631—Amine compounds having at least two aryl rest on at least one amine-nitrogen atom, e.g. triphenylamine
- H10K85/636—Amine compounds having at least two aryl rest on at least one amine-nitrogen atom, e.g. triphenylamine comprising heteroaromatic hydrocarbons as substituents on the nitrogen atom
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
- H10K85/649—Aromatic compounds comprising a hetero atom
- H10K85/657—Polycyclic condensed heteroaromatic hydrocarbons
- H10K85/6574—Polycyclic condensed heteroaromatic hydrocarbons comprising only oxygen in the heteroaromatic polycondensed ring system, e.g. cumarine dyes
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C211/00—Compounds containing amino groups bound to a carbon skeleton
- C07C211/01—Compounds containing amino groups bound to a carbon skeleton having amino groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
- C07C211/26—Compounds containing amino groups bound to a carbon skeleton having amino groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of an unsaturated carbon skeleton containing at least one six-membered aromatic ring
- C07C211/31—Compounds containing amino groups bound to a carbon skeleton having amino groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms of an unsaturated carbon skeleton containing at least one six-membered aromatic ring the six-membered aromatic ring being part of a condensed ring system formed by at least three rings
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Description
本実施の形態では、例えば本発明の一態様に係る有機化合物について、以下説明する。
一般式(G0)乃至(G4)及び一般式(g0)及び(g1)において、Ar1、Ar2、Ar3、Ar5、及びAr6で表される芳香族炭化水素-ジイル基としては、例えば、フェニレン基、ナフチレン基、ビフェニル-ジイル基、9H-フルオレン-ジイル基、9,9’-スピロビ[9H-フルオレン]-ジイル基が挙げられる。具体的には、下記構造式(Ar-1)乃至(Ar-18)で表される基を適用することができる。なお、Ar1、Ar2、Ar3、Ar5、Ar6で表される基はこれらに限定されず、置換基を有していても良い。
一般式(G0)乃至(G4)として表される化合物の具体的な構造としては、下記構造式(101)乃至(152)で表される化合物等を挙げることができる。なお、一般式(G0)乃至(G4)として表される化合物は、下記例示に限られない。
本実施の形態では、本発明の一態様である一般式(G0)で表される有機化合物の合成方法について説明する。
本実施の形態では、本発明の一態様である有機化合物を有する発光素子の構成例を、図1、図2を用いて以下に説明する。
アクセプタ性を有する有機化合物を用いて正孔注入を行う場合、正孔注入層111に接する正孔輸送層112に含まれる化合物は、該アクセプタ性を有する有機化合物による電子の引き抜きを容易とするため、HOMO準位の比較的高い正孔輸送材料であることが好ましい。しかし、HOMO準位の高い正孔輸送材料は、発光層113への正孔の注入が困難となってしまう。このようなHOMO準位の高い正孔輸送材料からなる正孔輸送層112と発光層113とを接して形成すると、その界面にキャリアの蓄積が起こり、発光素子の寿命や効率を低下させる原因となりうる。そこで、本発明の一態様の有機化合物を含む層を、HOMO準位の高い正孔輸送材料と発光層113との間に設けることで、発光層へのスムーズな正孔の注入を行うことが可能となり、発光素子の寿命や効率の向上が可能である。
・HIM(131):正孔注入材料131
・HTM(132):第1の正孔輸送材料132
・HTM(133):第2の正孔輸送材料133
・HTM(134):第3の正孔輸送材料134
・Host(135):ホスト材料135
・ゲスト材料136
次に、上記青色蛍光素子の構成例について図2(A)、図2(B)、図2(C)を用いて説明する。
・Host(121):ホスト材料121
・Guest(122):ゲスト材料122(蛍光材料)
・SFH:ホスト材料121のS1準位
・TFH:ホスト材料121のT1準位
・SFG:ゲスト材料122(蛍光材料)のS1準位
・TFG:ゲスト材料122(蛍光材料)のT1準位
次に、本発明の一態様に係わる発光素子の構成要素の詳細について、以下説明を行う。
発光層113中では、ホスト材料121が少なくともゲスト材料122より重量比で多く存在し、ゲスト材料122(蛍光材料)は、ホスト材料121中に分散される。なお、発光層113において、ホスト材料121は、一種の化合物から構成されていても良く、複数の化合物から構成されていても良い。
正孔注入層111は、一対の電極の一方(電極101または電極102)からの正孔注入障壁を低減することで正孔注入を促進する機能を有し、例えば遷移金属酸化物、フタロシアニン誘導体、あるいは芳香族アミンなどによって形成される。遷移金属酸化物としては、モリブデン酸化物やバナジウム酸化物、ルテニウム酸化物、タングステン酸化物、マンガン酸化物などが挙げられる。フタロシアニン誘導体としては、フタロシアニンや金属フタロシアニンなどが挙げられる。芳香族アミンとしてはベンジジン誘導体やフェニレンジアミン誘導体などが挙げられる。ポリチオフェンやポリアニリンなどの高分子化合物を用いることもでき、例えば自己ドープされたポリチオフェンであるポリ(エチレンジオキシチオフェン)/ポリ(スチレンスルホン酸)などがその代表例である。
正孔輸送層112は正孔輸送材料を含む層であり、正孔注入層111の材料として例示した正孔輸送材料を使用することができる。正孔輸送層112は正孔注入層111に注入された正孔を発光層113へ輸送する機能を有するため、正孔注入層111のHOMO準位と同じ、あるいは近いHOMO準位を有することが好ましい。
電子輸送層114は、電子注入層115を経て一対の電極の他方(電極101または電極102)から注入された電子を発光層113へ輸送する機能を有する。電子輸送性材料としては、正孔よりも電子の輸送性の高い材料を用いることができ、1×10-6cm2/Vs以上の電子移動度を有する材料であることが好ましい。電子を受け取りやすい化合物(電子輸送性を有する材料)としては、含窒素複素芳香族化合物のようなπ電子不足型複素芳香族や金属錯体などを用いることができる。具体的には、キノリン配位子、ベンゾキノリン配位子、オキサゾール配位子、あるいはチアゾール配位子を有する金属錯体、オキサジアゾール誘導体、トリアゾール誘導体、ベンゾイミダゾール誘導体、キノキサリン誘導体、ジベンゾキノキサリン誘導体、フェナントロリン誘導体、ピリジン誘導体、ビピリジン誘導体、ピリミジン誘導体、トリアジン誘導体などが挙げられる。なお、正孔よりも電子の輸送性の高い物質であれば、上記以外の物質を電子輸送層として用いても構わない。また、電子輸送層114は、単層のものだけでなく、上記物質からなる層が二層以上積層したものとしてもよい。
電子注入層115は電極102からの電子注入障壁を低減することで電子注入を促進する機能を有し、例えば第1族金属、第2族金属、あるいはこれらの酸化物、ハロゲン化物、炭酸塩などを用いることができる。また、先に示す電子輸送性材料と、これに対して電子供与性を示す材料の複合材料を用いることもできる。電子供与性を示す材料としては、第1族金属、第2族金属、あるいはこれらの酸化物などを挙げることができる。具体的には、フッ化リチウム、フッ化ナトリウム、フッ化セシウム、フッ化カルシウム、リチウム酸化物等のようなアルカリ金属、アルカリ土類金属、またはそれらの化合物を用いることができる。また、フッ化エルビウムのような希土類金属化合物を用いることができる。また、電子注入層115にエレクトライドを用いてもよい。該エレクトライドとしては、例えば、カルシウムとアルミニウムの混合酸化物に電子を高濃度添加した物質等が挙げられる。また、電子注入層115に、電子輸送層114で用いることが出来る物質を用いても良い。
量子ドットは、数nmから数十nmサイズの半導体ナノ結晶であり、1×103個から1×106個程度の原子から構成されている。量子ドットはサイズに依存してエネルギーシフトするため、同じ物質から構成される量子ドットであっても、サイズによって発光波長が異なる。そのため、用いる量子ドットのサイズを変更することによって、容易に発光波長を変更することができる。
電極101及び電極102は、発光素子の陽極または陰極としての機能を有する。電極101及び電極102は、金属、合金、導電性化合物、及びこれらの混合物や積層体などを用いて形成することができる。
また、本発明の一態様に係る発光素子は、ガラス、プラスチックなどからなる基板上に作製すればよい。基板上に作製する順番としては、電極101側から順に積層しても、電極102側から順に積層しても良い。
本実施の形態は、複数の発光ユニットを積層した構成の発光素子(以下、積層型素子ともいう)の態様について、図3を参照して説明する。この発光素子は、第1の電極と第2の電極との間に、複数の発光ユニットを有する発光素子である。一つの発光ユニットは、実施の形態3で示したEL層103と同様な構成を有する。つまり、実施の形態3で示した発光素子は、1つの発光ユニットを有する発光素子であり、本実施の形態では、複数の発光ユニットを有する発光素子ということができる。
図3において、第1の電極510と第2の電極502との間には、第1の発光ユニット521と第2の発光ユニット522が積層されており、第1の発光ユニット521と第2の発光ユニット522との間には電荷発生層523が設けられている。第1の電極510と第2の電極502はそれぞれ実施の形態3における電極101と電極102に相当し、実施の形態3で説明したものと同様なものを適用することができる。また、第1の発光ユニット521と第2の発光ユニット522は同じ構成であっても異なる構成であってもよい。例えば、第1の発光ユニット521には実施の形態3で述べたEL層103を適用すると好ましい。
本実施の形態では実施の形態3及び実施の形態4で説明した発光素子を用いた発光装置について、図4(A)及び図4(B)を用いて説明する。
図5には発光装置の一例として、白色発光を呈する発光素子を形成し、着色層(カラーフィルタ)を形成した発光装置の例を示す。
トップエミッション型の発光装置の断面図を図6に示す。この場合、基板1001は光を通さない基板を用いることができる。TFTと発光素子の陽極とを接続する接続電極を作製するまでは、ボトムエミッション型の発光装置と同様に形成する。その後、第3の層間絶縁膜1037を電極1022を覆って形成する。この絶縁膜は平坦化の役割を担っていても良い。第3の層間絶縁膜1037は第2の層間絶縁膜1021と同様の材料の他、他の様々な材料を用いて形成することができる。
本実施の形態では実施の形態3及び実施の形態4で説明した発光素子を用いた表示装置の具体的な例について説明する。以下で例示する表示装置は、反射型の液晶素子と、発光素子の両方を有し、透過モードと反射モードの両方の表示を行うことのできる、表示装置である。発光素子に実施の形態3及び実施の形態4で説明した発光素子を適用すると好ましい。
図7(A)は、表示装置400の構成の一例を示すブロック図である。表示装置400は、表示部362にマトリクス状に配列した複数の画素410を有する。また表示装置400は、回路GDと、回路SDを有する。また方向Rに配列した複数の画素410、及び回路GDと電気的に接続する複数の配線G1、複数の配線G2、複数の配線ANO、及び複数の配線CSCOMを有する。また方向Cに配列した複数の画素410、及び回路SDと電気的に接続する複数の配線S1及び複数の配線S2を有する。
図8は、画素410の構成例を示す回路図である。図8では、隣接する2つの画素410を示している。
図10は、本発明の一態様の表示装置300の斜視概略図である。表示装置300は、基板351と基板361とが貼り合わされた構成を有する。図10では、基板361を破線で明示している。
表示パネル700は、樹脂層701、絶縁層478、複数のトランジスタ、容量素子405、絶縁層411、絶縁層412、絶縁層413、絶縁層414、絶縁層415、発光素子360、スペーサ416、接着層417、着色層425、遮光層426、絶縁層476、及び樹脂層702を有する。
表示パネル800は、縦電界方式が適用された反射型液晶表示装置である。
表示面側に位置する第1の画素が有する表示素子には、外光を反射して表示する素子を用いることができる。このような素子は、光源を持たないため、表示の際の消費電力を極めて小さくすることが可能となる。第1の画素が有する表示素子には、代表的には反射型の液晶素子を用いることができる。または、第1の画素が有する表示素子として、シャッター方式のMEMS(Micro Electro Mechanical System)素子、光干渉方式のMEMS素子の他、マイクロカプセル方式、電気泳動方式、エレクトロウェッティング方式、電子粉流体(登録商標)方式等を適用した素子などを用いることができる。
液晶素子としては、例えば垂直配向(VA:Vertical Alignment)モードが適用された液晶素子を用いることができる。垂直配向モードとしては、MVA(Multi-Domain Vertical Alignment)モード、PVA(Patterned Vertical Alignment)モード、ASV(Advanced Super View)モードなどを用いることができる。
発光素子としては、自発光が可能な素子を用いることができ、電流又は電圧によって輝度が制御される素子をその範疇に含んでいる。例えば、LED、QLED、有機EL素子、無機EL素子等を用いることができるが、実施の形態3及び実施の形態4で説明した発光素子を用いることが好ましい。
接着層としては、紫外線硬化型等の光硬化型接着剤、反応硬化型接着剤、熱硬化型接着剤、嫌気型接着剤などの各種硬化型接着剤を用いることができる。これら接着剤としてはエポキシ樹脂、アクリル樹脂、シリコーン樹脂、フェノール樹脂、ポリイミド樹脂、イミド樹脂、PVC(ポリビニルクロライド)樹脂、PVB(ポリビニルブチラル)樹脂、EVA(エチレンビニルアセテート)樹脂等が挙げられる。特に、エポキシ樹脂等の透湿性が低い材料が好ましい。また、二液混合型の樹脂を用いてもよい。また、接着シート等を用いてもよい。
接続層としては、異方性導電フィルム(ACF:Anisotropic Conductive Film)や、異方性導電ペースト(ACP:Anisotropic Conductive Paste)などを用いることができる。
着色層に用いることのできる材料としては、金属材料、樹脂材料、顔料または染料が含まれた樹脂材料などが挙げられる。
遮光層として用いることのできる材料としては、カーボンブラック、チタンブラック、金属、金属酸化物、複数の金属酸化物の固溶体を含む複合酸化物等が挙げられる。遮光層は、樹脂材料を含む膜であってもよいし、金属などの無機材料の薄膜であってもよい。また、遮光層に、着色層の材料を含む膜の積層膜を用いることもできる。例えば、ある色の光を透過する着色層に用いる材料を含む膜と、他の色の光を透過する着色層に用いる材料を含む膜との積層構造を用いることができる。着色層と遮光層の材料を共通化することで、装置を共通化できるほか工程を簡略化できるため好ましい。
本実施の形態では、実施の形態3及び実施の形態4に示す発光素子をその一部に含む電子機器について説明する。実施の形態3及び実施の形態4記載の発光素子は、本発明の一態様に係る化合物を含む発光素子を含むことから、消費電力が低減された、信頼性の良好な発光素子であり、その結果、本実施の形態に記載の電子機器は、消費電力が低減された、信頼性の良好な表示部を有する電子機器とすることが可能である。また、実施の形態3及び実施の形態4に記載の発光素子は、駆動電圧の低い発光素子であるため、駆動電圧の低い電子機器とすることが可能である。
(ステップ1:4-(4-ビフェニリル)トリフェニルアミンの合成)
1000mL三つ口フラスコへ28g(85mmol)の4-ブロモトリフェニルアミンと、17g(85mmol)の4-ビフェニルボロン酸と、0.92g(3.0mmol)のトリ(オルト-トリル)ホスフィンと、340mLのトルエンと、85mLのエタノールと、100mLの炭酸カリウム水溶液(2.0mol/L)を入れ、この混合物を減圧脱気してから系内を窒素気流下とした。この混合物を60℃に加熱してから、0.22g(1.0mmol)の酢酸パラジウム(II)を加え、この混合物を80℃で5時間半撹拌した。撹拌後、室温まで冷却し、析出した固体を吸引ろ過により回収し、水、エタノール、トルエンを用いて洗浄したところ、目的物の淡褐色固体を29g、収率86%で得た。ステップ1の合成スキームを下式(A-1)に示す。
2L三角フラスコへ、12g(30mmol)の4-(4-ビフェニリル)トリフェニルアミンと、1.5Lの酢酸エチルを加えた後、この混合物を加熱撹拌して、4-(4-ビフェニリル)トリフェニルアミンを良く溶かした。目視で溶けたことを確認してから、11g(60mmol)のN-ブロモサクシンイミド(NBS)を加えてから、この溶液を室温で2日間撹拌した。撹拌後得られた溶液を水、飽和食塩水で洗浄し、硫酸マグネシウムを加えて乾燥した。この混合物を自然濾過し、ろ液を濃縮したところ、目的物の白色固体を12g、収率73%で得た。ステップ2の合成スキームを下式(A-2)に示す。
1H NMR(クロロホルム-d,500MHz):δ=7.0(d、J=9.0Hz、4H)、7.13(d、J=8.5Hz、2H)、7.37(d、J=8.5Hz、5H)、7.46(t、J=8.0Hz、2H)、7.54(d、J=8.0Hz、2H)、7.63-7.68(m、6H)
200mL三つ口フラスコへ、1.4g(2.5mmol)のN,N-ビス(4-ブロモフェニル)-4-アミノ-p-テルフェニルと、1.7g(5.0mmol)の6-フェニルベンゾ[b]ナフト[1,2-d]フラン-8-ボロン酸と、0.11g(0.40mmol)のトリ(オルト-トリル)ホスフィンと、20mLのトルエンと、5mLのエタノールと、5mLの炭酸カリウム水溶液(2.0mol/L)を加え、この混合物を減圧脱気してから、系内を窒素気流下とした。この混合物を60℃に加熱した後、50mg(0.20mmol)の酢酸パラジウム(II)を加えた後、80℃で1時間半撹拌した。撹拌後、析出した固体を吸引ろ過で回収し、トルエン、水、エタノールを用いて洗浄したところ、褐色粉末を1.0g、収率41%で得た。ステップ3の合成スキームを下式(A-3)に示す。
1H NMR(ジクロロメタン-d2,500MHz):δ=7.34-7.39(m、7H)、7.41(t、J=7.5Hz、2H)、7.46(t、J=7.5Hz、2H)、7.53(t、J=7.5Hz、4H)、7.58-7.63(m、4H)、7.65-7.68(m、4H)、7.72-7.78(m、8H)、7.97(d、J=9.0Hz、4H)、8.06(d、J=7.5Hz、4H)、8.11(t、J=4.0Hz、4H)、8.43(d、J=8.0Hz、2H)、8.71(d、J=8.0Hz、2H)
BnfBB1TPのトルエン溶液の吸収スペクトルと発光スペクトルを図19に示す。また、薄膜の吸収スペクトルと発光スペクトルを図20に示す。固体薄膜は石英基板上に真空蒸着法にて作成した。トルエン溶液の吸収スペクトルの測定には、紫外可視分光光度計((株)日本分光製 V550型)を用いた。トルエンのみを石英セルに入れて測定したトルエンの吸収スペクトルを、BnfBB1TPのトルエン溶液の吸収スペクトルから差し引くことで、図19に示すBnfBB1TP溶液の吸収スペクトルを得た。また、薄膜の吸収スペクトルの測定には、分光光度計((株)日立ハイテクノロジーズ製 分光光度計U4100)を用いた。また、発光スペクトルの測定には、蛍光光度計((株)浜松ホトニクス製 FS920)を用いた。
(ステップ1:4,4’-ビス(6-フェニルベンゾ[b]ナフト[1,2-d]フラン-8-イル)-4’’-フェニルトリフェニルアミン(略称:BnfBB1BP)の合成)
200mL三つ口フラスコへ、1.4g(3.0mmol)の4,4’-ジブロモ-4’’-フェニルトリフェニルアミンと、2.0g(6.0mmol)の6-フェニルベンゾ[b]ナフト[1,2-d]フラン-8-ボロン酸と、0.31g(1.0mmol)のトリ(オルト-トリル)ホスフィンと、12mLのトルエンと、3mLのエタノールと、5mLの炭酸カリウム水溶液(2.0mol/L)を加え、この混合物を減圧脱気してから、系内を窒素気流下とした。この混合物を60℃に加熱した後、73mg(0.32mmol)の酢酸パラジウム(II)を加えた後、80℃で6時間半撹拌した。撹拌後、析出した固体を吸引ろ過で回収し、トルエン、水、エタノールを用いて洗浄し、得られた固体を高速液体クロマトグラフィー(移動相:クロロホルム)により精製したところ、目的物の淡黄色固体を1.1g、収率42%で得た。本合成スキームを下式(B-1)に示す。
1H NMR(ジクロロメタン-d2,500MHz):δ=7.33-7.38(m、7H)、7.41(t、J=7.5Hz、2H)、7.46(t、J=7.5Hz、2H)、7.52(t、J=7.5Hz、4H)、7.58-7.62(m、6H)、7.65(d、J=7.5Hz、2H)、7.74-7.78(m、4H)、7.97(d、J=9.0Hz、4H)、8.05(d、J=8.0Hz、4H)、8.11(t、J=4.0Hz、4H)、8.43(d、J=8.0Hz、2H)、8.71(d、J=8.0Hz、2H)
次に、BnfBB1BPのトルエン溶液の吸収スペクトルと発光スペクトルを図22に示す。また、薄膜の吸収スペクトルと発光スペクトルを図23に示す。測定方法は先に示す実施例1と同様に行った。
(N,N-ビス[4-(ジベンゾフラン-4-イル)フェニル]-4-アミノ-p-テルフェニル(略称:DBfBB1TP)(構造式(500))の合成)
200mL三つ口フラスコへ、2.8g(5.0mmol)のN,N-ビス(4-ブロモフェニル)-4-アミノ-p-テルフェニルと、2.1g(10mmol)のジベンゾフラン-4-ボロン酸と、0.63g(2.0mmol)のトリ(オルト-トリル)ホスフィンと、20mLのトルエンと、5mLのエタノールと、10mLの炭酸カリウム水溶液(2.0mol/L)を加え、この混合物を減圧脱気してから、系内を窒素気流下とした。この混合物を60℃に加熱した後、97mg(0.40mmol)の酢酸パラジウム(II)を加えた後、80℃で8時間半撹拌した。撹拌後、析出した固体を吸引ろ過で回収し、トルエン、水、エタノールを用いて洗浄した。また、ろ液の有機層を水、飽和食塩水の順で洗浄し、硫酸マグネシウムを加えて乾燥した。この混合物を自然ろ過し、得られたろ液を濃縮して得た固体と、反応後に回収した固体を合わせて高速液体クロマトグラフィー(移動相:クロロホルム)により精製したところ、目的物の淡黄色固体を1.8g、収率48%で得た。本合成スキームを下式(C-1)に示す。
1H NMR(クロロホルム-d、500MHz):δ=7.35-7.39(m、5H)、7.40(d、J=9.0Hz、4H)、7.44(t、J=7.5Hz、2H)、7.48(q、J=7.5Hz、4H)、7.64(t、J=7.5Hz、7H)、7.67-7.73(m、5H)、7.91-7.94(m、6H)、8.01(d、J=7.0Hz、2H)
DBfBB1TPのHOMO準位及びLUMO準位をサイクリックボルタンメトリ(CV)測定を元に算出した。算出方法は実施例1と同様である。
≪発光素子1の作製≫
ガラス基板上に電極101として、ITSO膜をスパッタリング法にて厚さが70nmになるように形成した。なお、電極101の電極面積は、4mm2(2mm×2mm)とした。次に基板上に発光素子を形成するための前処理として、基板表面を水で洗浄し、200℃で1時間乾燥させた後、UVオゾン処理を370秒行った。その後、10-4Pa程度の真空度に保たれた真空蒸着装置に基板を入れ、170℃で30分間のベークを行った。その後、基板を30分程度放冷した。
発光素子2は、先に示す発光素子1と、第2の正孔輸送層112-bの形成工程のみ異なり、それ以外の工程は発光素子1と同様の作製方法とした。
比較発光素子3は、先に示す発光素子1と、第2の正孔輸送層112-bの形成工程のみ異なり、それ以外の工程は発光素子1と同様の作製方法とした。
次に、上記作製した発光素子1、発光素子2、比較発光素子3の特性を測定した。輝度及びCIE色度の測定には色彩輝度計(トプコン社製、BM-5A)を用い、電界発光スペクトルの測定にはマルチチャンネル分光器(浜松ホトニクス社製、PMA-11)を用いた。
次に、発光素子1、発光素子2、比較発光素子3の2mAにおける定電流駆動試験を行った。その結果を図28に示す。図28から分かるように発光素子1、発光素子2、比較発光素子3のLT70(輝度30%減少時間)はいずれも250時間を超えており、良好な信頼性を示すことが分かった。また、図28より発光素子1及び発光素子2は比較発光素子3と比較し、優れた信頼性を有していることが分かった。従って、ジベンゾフラン骨格よりもベンゾ[b]ナフト[1,2-d]フラン骨格の方が良好な信頼性を得るために好適であることが示された。
(ステップ1:N,N-ビス[4-(4,4,5,5-テトラメチル-1,3,2-ジオキサボロラン-2-イル)フェニル]-4-アミノ-p-テルフェニルの合成)
200mL三つ口フラスコへ、1.7g(3.0mmol)のN,N-ビス(4-ブロモフェニル)-4-アミノ-p-テルフェニルと、1.4g(3.0mmol)のビス(ピナコラト)ジボロンと、0.10g(0.20mmol)の2-ジ-tert-ブチルホスフィノ-2’,4’,6’-トリイソプロピルビフェニル(略称:tBuXphos)と、1.3g(12mmol)の酢酸カリウムを加えた後、系内を窒素置換した。この混合物へ、30mLのキシレンを加え、この混合物を減圧脱気してから、系内を窒素気流下とした。この混合物を60℃に加熱した後、88mg(0.10mmol)の[1,1’-ビス(ジフェニルホスフィノ)フェロセン]パラジウム(II)ジクロリドを加えた後、120℃で7時間半撹拌した。薄層クロマトグラフィーにて原料の消失を確認してから、次の反応を行った。ステップ1の合成スキームを下式(D-1)に示す。
ステップ1で得られた混合物へ、2.1g(6.0mmol)の6-ヨードベンゾ[b]ナフト[1,2-d]フランと、85mg(0.20mmol)のtBuXphosと、4.1g(12mmol)の炭酸セシウムを加えて、この混合物を減圧脱気してから、系内を窒素気流下とした。この混合物を60℃に加熱した後、86mg(0.10mmol)の[1,1’-ビス(ジフェニルホスフィノ)フェロセン]パラジウム(II)ジクロリドを加えた後、120℃で15時間撹拌した。撹拌後、得られた混合物を水、飽和食塩水で洗浄し、硫酸マグネシウムで乾燥した。得られた混合物を自然濾過し、ろ液を濃縮し、固体を得た。得られた固体を高速液体クロマトグラフィー(HPLC)にて精製したところ、目的物の淡黄色固体を1.0g、収率60%で得た。ステップ2の合成スキームを下式(D-2)に示す。
1H NMR(クロロホルム-d,500MHz):δ=7.35-7.60(m、14H)、7.65-7.77(m、12H)、7.84(d、J=8.5Hz、1H)、7.95-8.09(m、8H)、8.39(d、J=8.5Hz、1H)、8.46-8.50(m、1H)、8.68(t、J=8.5Hz、2H)
次に、Bnf(6)BB1TPのトルエン溶液の吸収スペクトルと発光スペクトルを図30に示す。また、薄膜の吸収スペクトルと発光スペクトルを図31に示す。測定方法は先に示す実施例1と同様に行った。
(ステップ1:N,N-ビス[4-(4,4,5,5-テトラメチル-1,3,2-ジオキサボロラン-2-イル)フェニル]-4-アミノ-p-テルフェニルの合成)
200mL三つ口フラスコへ、0.56g(1.0mmol)のN,N-ビス(4-ブロモフェニル)-4-アミノ-p-テルフェニルと、0.52g(2.0mmol)のビス(ピナコラト)ジボロンと、0.85g(0.20mmol)の2-ジ-tert-ブチルホスフィノ-2’,4’,6’-トリイソプロピルビフェニル(略称:tBuXphos)と、0.39g(4.0mmol)の酢酸カリウムを加えた後、系内を窒素置換した。この混合物へ、10mLのキシレンを加え、この混合物を減圧脱気してから、系内を窒素気流下とした。この混合物を60℃に加熱した後、87mg(0.10mmol)の[1,1’-ビス(ジフェニルホスフィノ)フェロセン]パラジウム(II)ジクロリドを加えた後、120℃で6時間撹拌した。薄層クロマトグラフィーにて原料の消失を確認してから、次の反応を行った。ステップ1の合成スキームを下式(E-1)に示す。
ステップ1で得られた混合物へ0.51g(2.0mmol)の8-クロロベンゾ[b]ナフト[1,2-d]フランと、83mg(0.20mmol)のtBuXphosと、1.4g(4.0mmol)の炭酸セシウムを加えて、この混合物を減圧脱気してから、系内を窒素気流下とした。この混合物を60℃に加熱した後、82mg(0.10mmol)の[1,1’-ビス(ジフェニルホスフィノ)フェロセン]パラジウム(II)ジクロリドを加えた後、120℃で15時間撹拌した。撹拌後、得られた混合物をセライト(和光純薬工業株式会社、カタログ番号:537-02305)、フロリジール(和光純薬工業株式会社、カタログ番号:066-05265)、アルミナを通して濾過し、得られたろ液を濃縮したところ、目的物の淡黄色固体を得た。ステップ2の合成スキームを下式(E-2)に示す。
発光素子4及び比較発光素子5の正孔輸送層112-b上に、正孔輸送層112-cとして、3,3’-(ナフタレン-1,4-ジイル)ビス(9-フェニル-9H-カルバゾール)(略称:PCzN2)を10nm蒸着した。
次に、上記作製した発光素子4及び比較発光素子5の特性を測定した。測定は実施例4と同様の方法で行った。
次に、発光素子4、比較発光素子5の2mAにおける定電流駆動試験を行った。その結果を図36に示す。図36から分かるように発光素子4のLT90(輝度10%減少時間)は100時間を超えており、良好な信頼性を示すことが分かった。また、図36より発光素子4は比較発光素子5と比較し、優れた信頼性を有していることが分かった。従って、ジベンゾフラン骨格よりもベンゾ[b]ナフト[1,2-d]フラン骨格の方が信頼性を得るために好適であることが示された。
51 接着層
52 接着層
100 発光素子
101 電極
102 電極
103 EL層
110 発光素子
111 正孔注入層
112 正孔輸送層
112-a 正孔輸送層
112-b 正孔輸送層
112-c 正孔輸送層
113 発光層
114 電子輸送層
114-a 電子輸送層
114-b 電子輸送層
115 電子注入層
120 発光素子
121 ホスト材料
122 ゲスト材料
131 正孔注入材料
132 正孔輸送材料
133 正孔輸送材料
134 正孔輸送材料
135 ホスト材料
136 ゲスト材料
150 発光素子
201 樹脂層
202 樹脂層
300 表示装置
311 電極
311b 電極
340 液晶素子
351 基板
360 発光素子
360b 発光素子
360g 発光素子
360r 発光素子
360w 発光素子
361 基板
362 表示部
364 回路部
365 配線
366 回路部
367 配線
372 FPC
373 IC
374 FPC
375 IC
400 表示装置
401 トランジスタ
402 トランジスタ
403 トランジスタ
405 容量素子
406 接続部
410 画素
411 絶縁層
412 絶縁層
413 絶縁層
414 絶縁層
415 絶縁層
416 スペーサ
417 接着層
419 接続層
421 電極
422 EL層
423 電極
424 光学調整層
425 着色層
426 遮光層
451 開口
476 絶縁層
478 絶縁層
501 トランジスタ
502 電極
503 トランジスタ
505 容量素子
506 接続部
510 電極
511 絶縁層
512 絶縁層
513 絶縁層
514 絶縁層
517 接着層
519 接続層
521 発光ユニット
522 発光ユニット
523 電荷発生層
529 液晶素子
543 接続体
562 電極
563 液晶
564a 配向膜
564b 配向膜
576 絶縁層
578 絶縁層
599 偏光板
601 ソース側駆動回路
602 画素部
603 ゲート側駆動回路
604 封止基板
605 シール材
607 空間
608 配線
610 素子基板
611 スイッチング用TFT
612 電流制御用TFT
613 電極
614 絶縁物
616 EL層
617 電極
618 発光素子
623 nチャネル型TFT
624 pチャネル型TFT
700 表示パネル
701 樹脂層
702 樹脂層
800 表示パネル
901 筐体
902 液晶層
903 バックライト
904 筐体
905 ドライバIC
906 端子
1001 基板
1002 下地絶縁膜
1003 ゲート絶縁膜
1006 ゲート電極
1007 ゲート電極
1008 ゲート電極
1020 層間絶縁膜
1021 層間絶縁膜
1022 電極
1025B 下部電極
1024B 電極
1025G 下部電極
1024G 電極
1025R 下部電極
1024R 電極
1026 隔壁
1028 EL層
1029 電極
1031 封止基板
1032 シール材
1033 基材
1034B 着色層
1034G 着色層
1034R 着色層
1035 黒色層(ブラックマトリックス)
1036 オーバーコート層
1037 層間絶縁膜
1040 画素部
1041 駆動回路部
1042 周辺部
2001 筐体
2002 光源
3001 照明装置
3002 表示装置
5000 表示領域
5001 表示領域
5002 表示領域
5003 表示領域
5004 表示領域
5005 表示領域
7101 筐体
7103 表示部
7105 スタンド
7107 表示部
7109 操作キー
7110 リモコン操作機
7201 本体
7202 筐体
7203 表示部
7204 キーボード
7205 外部接続ポート
7206 ポインティングデバイス
7301 筐体
7302 筐体
7303 連結部
7304 表示部
7305 表示部
7306 スピーカ部
7307 記録媒体挿入部
7308 LEDランプ
7309 操作キー
7310 接続端子
7311 センサ
7312 マイクロフォン
7401 筐体
7402 表示部
7403 操作ボタン
7404 外部接続ポート
7405 スピーカ
7406 マイク
Claims (14)
- 陽極と、陰極と、EL層と、を有し、
前記EL層は前記陽極と前記陰極との間に位置し、
前記EL層が請求項1乃至請求項3のいずれか一項に記載の有機化合物を含む、発光素子。 - 陽極と、陰極と、EL層と、を有し、
前記EL層は前記陽極と前記陰極との間に位置し、
前記EL層は発光層と正孔輸送層を有し、
前記正孔輸送層は前記発光層と前記陽極との間に位置し、
前記正孔輸送層に請求項1乃至請求項3のいずれか一項に記載の有機化合物を含む、発光素子。 - 請求項5において、
前記EL層はさらに正孔注入層を有し、
前記正孔注入層は前記陽極と前記正孔輸送層とに接して設けられ、
前記正孔注入層がアクセプタ性を有する有機化合物を含む、発光素子。 - 請求項6において、
前記アクセプタ性を有する有機化合物が2,3,6,7,10,11-ヘキサシアノ-1,4,5,8,9,12-ヘキサアザトリフェニレンである、発光素子。 - 請求項5乃至請求項7のいずれか一項において、
前記正孔輸送層が第1の層、第2の層及び第3の層を有し、
前記第1の層は前記正孔注入層と前記第2の層との間に位置し、
前記第3の層は前記第2の層と前記発光層との間に位置し、
前記第1の層は前記正孔注入層に接しており、
前記第3の層は前記発光層に接しており、
前記第1の層は第1の正孔輸送材料を含み、
前記第2の層は請求項1乃至請求項3のいずれか一項に記載の有機化合物を含み、
前記第3の層は第3の正孔輸送材料を含み、
前記発光層はホスト材料と発光材料を含み、
前記有機化合物のHOMO準位は前記第1の正孔輸送材料のHOMO準位よりも低く、
前記ホスト材料のHOMO準位は、前記有機化合物のHOMO準位よりも低く、
前記有機化合物のHOMO準位と前記第3の正孔輸送材料のHOMO準位の差が0.3eV以下である、発光素子。 - 請求項8において、
前記第1の正孔輸送材料のHOMO準位が-5.4eV以上である、発光素子。 - 請求項8または請求項9において、
前記第1の正孔輸送材料のHOMO準位と前記有機化合物のHOMO準位との差が0.3eV以下である、発光素子。 - 請求項8または請求項9において、
前記第1の正孔輸送材料のHOMO準位と前記有機化合物のHOMO準位との差が0.2eV以下である、発光素子。 - 請求項4乃至請求項11のいずれか一項に記載の発光素子を有する発光部と、基板と、を有する、発光装置。
- 請求項12に記載の発光装置を有する表示部と、
アンテナ、バッテリ、筐体、スピーカ、マイク、または、操作キーと、を備える、電子機器。 - 請求項12に記載の発光装置と、
筐体、接続端子、または、保護カバーと、を備える、照明装置。
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