JP7116147B2 - 免疫療法で使用するための新規ペプチドおよびペプチド組み合わせおよび膵臓がんおよびその他のがんに対して使用するためにスキャフォールドを作製する方法 - Google Patents
免疫療法で使用するための新規ペプチドおよびペプチド組み合わせおよび膵臓がんおよびその他のがんに対して使用するためにスキャフォールドを作製する方法 Download PDFInfo
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Description
a)がん精巣抗原:T細胞によって認識され得る、これまでに同定された最初のTAAはこのクラスに属し、元々はがん精巣(CT)抗原と称されたが、それは、そのメンバーが組織学的に異なるヒト腫瘍において発現し、正常組織では精巣の精母細胞/精原細胞のみに存在し、時として胎盤に存在するためであった。精巣の細胞は、クラスIおよびII HLA分子を発現しないので、これらの抗原は正常組織のT細胞によって認識され得ず、したがって免疫学的に腫瘍特異的と見なされる。CT抗原の周知の例は、MAGEファミリーメンバーおよびNY-ESO-1である。
b)分化抗原:これらのTAAは、腫瘍と、それから腫瘍が生じる正常組織との間で共有される。既知の分化抗原のほとんどは、メラノーマおよび正常メラノサイトに見いだされる。これらのメラノサイト系関連タンパク質の多くは、メラニン生合成に関与し、したがって腫瘍特異的でないが、それでもなおがん免疫療法のために広く利用されている。例としては、メラノーマに対するチロシナーゼとMelan-A/MART-1、または前立腺がんに対するPSAが挙げられるが、これに限定されるものではない。
c)過剰発現TAA:広範に発現されるTAAをエンコードする遺伝子は、組織学的に異なる型の腫瘍において検出され、多数の正常組織においても概してより低い発現レベルで検出されている。正常組織によってプロセスされて潜在的に提示され得るエピトープの多くは、T細胞認識の閾値レベル未満であり得る一方で、腫瘍細胞におけるそれらの過剰発現は、以前確立された免疫寛容を破壊することによってより、抗がん応答を始動し得る。このクラスのTAAの顕著な例は、Her-2/neu、サバイビン、テロメラーゼまたはWT1である。
d)腫瘍-特異的抗原:これらのユニークなTAAは、正常な遺伝子(β-カテニン、CDK4など)の変異から生じる。これらの分子変化のいくつかは、腫瘍性形質転換および/または進行に関連している。腫瘍特異的抗原は、通常、正常組織に対する自己免疫反応のリスクなしに、強力な免疫応答を誘導できる。他方、これらのTAAは、ほとんどの場合、その上でそれらが同定されたまさにその腫瘍のみと関係があり、通常は、多くの個々の腫瘍間で共有されない。腫瘍特異的(関連)イソ型を有するタンパク質では、ペプチドの腫瘍特異性(または関連性)はまた、ペプチドが腫瘍(関連)エクソンに由来する場合に生じてもよい。
e)異常な翻訳後修飾から生じるTAA:このようなTAAは、特異的でなく腫瘍において過剰発現もされないタンパク質から生じてもよいが、それでもなお、腫瘍において主に活性である翻訳後プロセスによって腫瘍関連になる。このクラスの例は、腫瘍にMUC1のような新規エピトープをもたらす改変グリコシル化パターン、または腫瘍特異的であってもなくてもよい分解中のタンパク質スプライシングのような事象から生じる。
f)オンコウイルスタンパク質:これらのTAAはウイルスタンパク質であり、それらは発がん過程において重要な役割を果たしてもよく、外来性である(ヒト由来でない)ため、それらはT細胞応答を誘起し得る。このようなタンパク質の例は、子宮頸がんにおいて発現されるヒト乳頭腫16型ウイルスタンパク質E6およびE7である。
本発明の第1の態様では、本発明は、配列番号1~配列番号161、または配列番号1~配列番号161と少なくとも77%、好ましくは少なくとも88%相同的な(好ましくは少なくとも77%または少なくとも88%同一の)その変異配列からなる群から選択されるアミノ酸配列を含んでなるペプチドに関し、その中で前記変異体は、MHCと結合し、および/またはT細胞と前記ペプチドまたはその薬学的に許容可能な塩との交差反応を誘導し、その中で前記ペプチドは、基礎となる完全長ポリペプチドでない。
表は、選択されたペプチドについて、測定された腫瘍サンプルの5%超で過剰提示されるか、または測定された腫瘍サンプルの5%超で3を超える腫瘍対正常組織の幾何学平均比で提示されるかのどちらかである、それらがその上で発見された追加的な腫瘍型を示す。過剰提示は、最大提示がある正常サンプルと比較して、より高い腫瘍サンプル上の提示と定義される。
同一性百分率=100[1-(C/R)]
式中、Cは、参照配列と比較される配列との間のアライメント長にわたる、参照配列と比較配列の間の差異の数であり、
(i)比較配列中に対応する整列塩基またはアミノ酸を有しない、参照配列中の各塩基またはアミノ酸、および
(ii)参照配列中の各ギャップ、および
(iii)比較配列中の整列塩基またはアミノ酸と異なる、参照配列中の各整列塩基またはアミノ酸が差異を構成して、
(iiii)アライメントは、整合配列の1位から開始しなくてはならず;
Rは、比較配列とのアライメント長にわたる参照配列中の塩基またはアミノ酸の数であり、参照配列中に生じる任意のギャップもまた、塩基またはアミノ酸として数えられる。
(a)溶液中のまたは凍結乾燥形態の上述の医薬組成物を含有する容器;
(b)任意選択的に、凍結乾燥製剤のための希釈剤または再構成溶液を含有する第2の容器;および
(c)任意選択的に、(i)溶液の使用、または(ii)凍結乾燥製剤の再構成および/または使用のための取扱説明書
を含んでなるキットをさらに目的とする。
1.悪性物質からのHLAリガンドを質量分析法によって同定した
2.ゲノム規模メッセンジャーリボ核酸(mRNA)発現解析を使用して、一連の正常器官および組織と比較して悪性組織(膵臓がん)中の遺伝子過剰発現を同定した
3.同定されたHLAリガンドを遺伝子発現データと比較した。好ましくは、ステップ2で検出されたような選択的に発現されまたは過剰発現される遺伝子によってコードされる、腫瘍組織上で過剰提示されまたは選択的に提示されるペプチドが、多重ペプチドワクチンのための適切なTUMAP候補と見なされた。
5.mRNAレベルでの過剰発現の関連性をステップ3からの選択されたTUMAPの腫瘍組織上における再検出と、健常組織における検出の欠如(またはまれな)検出によって確認した。
細胞表面に提示される腫瘍関連ペプチドの同定および定量化
組織サンプル
患者の腫瘍組織および細胞株は、University Hospital of Tubingen,Germany、University Hospital of Heidelberg, Germany、NMI Reutlingen,Germany、MD Anderson Cancer Center,Houston,TX,USAから入手された。正常組織は、Asterand,Detroit,USA and Royston,Herts,UK;Bio-Options Inc.,CA,USA;BioServe,Beltsville,MD,USA;Capital BioScience Inc.,Rockville,MD,USA;Geneticist Inc.,Glendale,CA,USA;Tissue Solutions Ltd,Glasgow,Scotland,UK;University HospitalofGeneva;University Hospital of Heidelberg;Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine(KPUM);University Hospital Munich;ProteoGenex Inc.,Culver City,CA,USA;University Hospital of Tubingen,Germanyから入手された。全てのドナーの告知に基づく同意書が、外科手術または検死解剖前に得られた。組織は切除直後に衝撃凍結され、TUMAPの単離まで-70℃未満で保存された。
わずかに改変されたプロトコルHLA-A*02-特異的抗体BB7.2、HLA-A、-B、-C特異的抗体W6/32、CNBr活性化セファロース、酸処理、および限外濾過を使用して(Falk et al.,1991;Seeger et al.,1999)に従って、冷凍組織サンプルからのHLAペプチド貯留を免疫沈降によって得た。
得られたHLAペプチド貯留は、逆相クロマトグラフィー(nanoAcquity UPL C system、Waters)によってそれらの疎水性に従って分離し、ESI源を装着したLTQ-velosおよびfusion hybrid質量分光計(ThermoElectron)内で溶出ペプチドを分析した。ペプチド貯留は、毎分400nLの流速を適用して、1.7μm C18逆相材料(Waters)で充填された分析用融合シリカマイクロキャピラリーカラム(75μm内径×250mm)上に直接挿入した。引き続いて、毎分300nLの流速で10%から33%へのBの二段階180分間二成分勾配を用いて、ペプチドを分離した。勾配は、溶媒A(水中の0.1%ギ酸)および溶媒B(アセトニトリル中の0.1%ギ酸)から構成された。nanoESI源への導入には、金被覆ガラス毛管(PicoTip、New Objective)を使用した。LTQ-Orbitrap質量分光計は、TOP5ストラテジーを使用してデータ依存モードで操作した。手短に述べると、Orbitrap(R=30000)内の高質量精度の完全スキャンでスキャンサイクルを開始し、これもまたOrbitrap(R=7500)内の5種の最も豊富な前駆イオンのMS/MSスキャンがそれに続き、以前選択されたイオンは動的に排除された。タンデム質量スペクトルは、SEQUESTおよび追加的な手動調節によって解釈した。同定されたペプチド配列は、生成された天然ペプチド断片化パターンと、配列が同一の合成参照ペプチドの断片化パターンとの比較によって確認した。
本発明のペプチドをコードする遺伝子発現プロファイリング
正常細胞と比較した腫瘍細胞上のペプチドの過剰提示または特異的提示は、免疫療法におけるその有用性にとって十分であり、いくつかのペプチドは、それらの起源タンパク質が正常組織にもまた存在するにもかかわらず、腫瘍特異的である。それでもなお、mRNA発現プロファイリングは、免疫療法のためのペプチド標的の選択において、安全性のレベルを高めることができる。特に、アフィニティ成熟TCRなどの安全性リスクが高い治療の選択肢では、理想的な標的ペプチドは、腫瘍に特有で正常組織上には見いだされないタンパク質に由来する。
外科的に除去された組織標本は、告知に基づく同意書が各患者から入手された後に、上述の通り提供された(実施例1を参照されたい)。腫瘍組織標本を手術直後にスナップ凍結し、その後、液体窒素下で乳鉢と乳棒を用いて均質化した。TRI試薬(Ambion,Darmstadt,Germany)を使用して、これらのサンプルから全RNAを調製し、RNeasy(QIAGEN,Hilden,Germany)による精製がそれに続き;どちらの方法も製造業者のプロトコルに従って実施した。
全ての腫瘍および正常組織RNAサンプルの遺伝子発現解析は、Affymetrix Human Genome(HG)U133AまたはHG-U133 Plus 2.0オリゴヌクレオチドマイクロアレイ(Affymetrix,Santa Clara,CA,USA)によって実施した。全てのステップは、Affymetrixマニュアルに従って実施した。簡単に述べると、マニュアルに記載されるようにして、SuperScript RTII(Invitrogen)およびオリゴdT-T7プライマー(MWG Biotech,Ebersberg,Germany)を使用して、5~8μgの全RNAから二本鎖cDNAを合成した。生体外転写は、U133AアレイのためのBioArray High Yield RNA Transcript Labelling Kit(ENZO Diagnostics,Inc.,Farmingdale,NY,USA)を用いて、またはU133 Plus 2.0のためのGeneChip IVT Labelling Kit(Affymetrix)を用いて実施し、cRNA断片化、ハイブリダイゼーション、そしてストレプトアビジン-フィコエリトリンとビオチン化抗ストレプトアビジン抗体(Molecular Probes,Leiden,Netherlands)とを用いた染色がそれに続いた。Agilent 2500A GeneArray Scanner(U133A)またはAffymetrix Gene-Chip Scanner 3000(U133 Plus 2.0)で画像をスキャンして、全てのパラメータについてデフォルト設定を使用して、GCOSソフトウェア(Affymetrix)によってデータを解析した。正規化のために、Affymetrixによって提供される100個のハウスキーピング遺伝子を使用した。ソフトウェアによって与えられるシグナルlog比から、相対的発現値を計算し、正常な腎臓サンプルを自由裁量で1.0に設定した。膵臓がんにおいて高度に過剰発現され、または排他的に発現される本発明の起源遺伝子の代表的発現プロファイルは、図2に示される。さらなる例示的遺伝子の発現スコアは、表9に示される。
表は、正常組織パネルと比較して腫瘍において非常に高度に過剰発現され(+++)、正常組織パネルと比較して腫瘍において高度に過剰発現され(++)、正常組織パネルと比較して腫瘍において過剰発現される(+)、遺伝子に由来するペプチドを列挙する。
MHCクラスI提示ペプチドの生体外免疫原性
本発明のTUMAPの免疫原性に関する情報を得るために、本発明者らは、ペプチド/MHC複合体および抗CD28抗体を負荷した人工抗原提示細胞(aAPC)によるCD8+T細胞の反復刺激に基づく、生体外T細胞プライミングアッセイを用いて研究を実施した。このようにして、本発明者らは、これまでに本発明の22個のHLA-A*0201拘束性TUMAPの免疫原性を示し得て、これらのペプチドが、それに対するCD8+前駆T細胞がヒトに存在する、T細胞エピトープであることを実証した(表10)。
ペプチドMHC複合体(pMHC)および抗CD28抗体を負荷した、人工抗原提示細胞による生体外刺激を実施するために、本発明者らは、最初に、告知に基づく同意後に、University clinics Mannheim,Germanyから得られた健常ドナーのCD8ミクロビーズ(Miltenyi Biotec,Bergisch-Gladbach,Germany)を使用した正の選択を通じて、新鮮HLA-A*02白血球除去生成物からCD8+T細胞を単離した。
HLAクラスIペプチドを試験するために、ペプチド特異的T細胞株の生成によって生体外免疫原性が実証され得た。本発明の2種のペプチドの、TUMAP特異的多量体染色後の例示的フローサイトメトリー結果は、対応する陰性対照と共に図3に示される。本発明からの4種のペプチドの結果は、表10に要約される。
出願人によって実施された、本発明のHLA-A*02拘束性ペプチドについての生体外免疫原性実験の代表的結果である。生体外免疫原性実験の結果が示される。陽性ウェルおよびドナーの百分率(評価可能内の)は、示されるように要約される<20% = +; 20% - 49%= ++; 50% - 69%= +++; >= 70%= ++++
ペプチドの合成
Fmocストラテジーを使用した標準的な十分に確立された固相ペプチド合成を使用して、全てのペプチドを合成した。個々のペプチドのアイデンティティーおよび純度は、質量分析および分析用RP-HPLCによって判定された。ペプチドは、純度>50%の白色から灰白色の凍結乾燥物(トリフルオロ酢酸塩)として得られた。全てのTUMAPは、好ましくはトリフルオロ酢酸塩または酢酸塩として投与され、その他の塩形態もまた可能である。
MHC結合アッセイ
本発明によるT細胞ベースの治療法のための候補ペプチドを、それらのMHC結合能力(親和性)についてさらに試験した。個々のペプチド-MHC複合体は、UVリガンド交換によって生成され、UV感受性ペプチドはUV照射に際して切断されて、分析される目的ペプチドで交換された。ペプチド受容性MHC分子と効果的に結合して安定化し得るペプチド候補のみが、MHC複合体の分離を防止する。交換反応の収率を判定するために、安定化MHC複合体の軽鎖(β2m)の検出に基づくELISAを実施した。アッセイは、Rodenko et al.(Rodenko et al.,2006)に一般的に記載されるようにして実施した。
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Claims (24)
- 配列番号37のアミノ酸配列からなるペプチド、又はその薬学的に許容可能な塩。
- MHCクラスIまたはII分子に結合する能力を有し、前記MHCクラスIまたはII分子に結合すると、CD4および/またはCD8T細胞によって認識されることができる、請求項1に記載のペプチド。
- 請求項1又は2に記載のペプチドとHLA-DR抗原関連不変鎖(Ii)の80個のN末端アミノ酸を含んでなる融合タンパク質。
- 請求項1又は2に記載のペプチドまたは請求項3に記載の融合タンパク質をエンコードする核酸、または、該核酸が異種プロモーター配列と結合する、核酸。
- 請求項4に記載の核酸を発現する能力がある、発現ベクター。
- 請求項1又は2に記載のペプチドまたは請求項3に記載の融合タンパク質、請求項4に記載の核酸または請求項5に記載の発現ベクターを含んでなる組換え宿主細胞、または該組換え宿主細胞が樹状細胞もしくは抗原提示細胞である、組換え宿主細胞。
- 医療において使用するための、請求項1又は2に記載のペプチドまたは請求項3に記載の融合タンパク質、請求項4に記載の核酸、請求項5に記載の発現ベクター、または請求項6に記載の組換え宿主細胞。
- 請求項1又は2に記載のペプチドまたは請求項3に記載の融合タンパク質または請求項4に記載の核酸を発現する、または請求項5に記載の発現ベクターを含んでなる、請求項6に記載の組換え宿主細胞を培養するステップと、前記ペプチドまたは前記融合タンパク質を前記組換え宿主細胞またはその培養液から単離するステップとを含んでなる、請求項1又は2に記載のペプチドまたは請求項3に記載の融合タンパク質を製造する方法。
- T細胞を、適切な抗原提示細胞の表面または抗原提示細胞を模倣する人工コンストラクトの表面に発現される抗原負荷ヒトMHCクラスIまたはII分子に、前記T細胞を抗原特異的様式で活性化するのに十分な時間にわたり、生体外で接触させるステップを含んでなり、前記抗原が、請求項1又は2に記載のペプチドである、活性化Tリンパ球を製造するインビトロ法。
- 請求項1又は2に記載のペプチドを提示する細胞を選択的に認識する、請求項9に記載の方法によって製造される、活性化Tリンパ球。
- 請求項10に記載の活性化Tリンパ球を含んでなる薬剤であって、請求項1又は2に記載のペプチドを提示する標的細胞を死滅させるための薬剤。
- 請求項1又は2に記載のペプチドまたは請求項3に記載の融合タンパク質を、または、MHC分子と結合する請求項1又は2に記載のペプチドを、特異的に認識する抗体、または、前記抗体が可溶性または膜結合抗体である抗体、または、前記抗体が、免疫刺激ドメインまたは毒素を含むエフェクター機能を保有する、抗体。
- がんの治療またはがんに対する薬剤の製造またはがん性細胞検出のための診断に使用するための薬剤であって、請求項1又は2に記載のペプチドまたは請求項3に記載の融合タンパク質、請求項4に記載の核酸、請求項5に記載の発現ベクター、請求項6に記載の組換え宿主細胞、請求項10に記載の活性化Tリンパ球または請求項12に記載の抗体を含む、薬剤。
- がんが、配列番号37に示されるペプチド配列を含んでなるタンパク質の過剰発現を示す、膵臓がん、肺がん、腎臓がん、脳がん、胃がん、結腸または直腸がん、肝臓がん、前 立腺がん、白血病、乳がん、メルケル細胞がん(MCC)、メラノーマ、卵巣がん、食道がん、膀胱がん、子宮内膜がん、胆嚢がん、および胆管がんの群から選択される、請求項13に記載の薬剤。
- (a)請求項1又は2に記載のペプチドまたは請求項3に記載の融合タンパク質、請求項4に記載の核酸、請求項5に記載の発現ベクター、請求項6に記載の組換え宿主細胞、請求項10に記載の活性化Tリンパ球、または請求項12に記載の抗体を含有する医薬組成物を溶液または凍結乾燥形態で含んでなる容器を含み、さらに、(b)凍結乾燥製剤のための希釈剤または再構成溶液を含有する第2の容器;(c)配列番号1~配列番号36、および配列番号38~配列番号178からなる群から選択される少なくとも1つのペプチド、並びに(d)(i)前記溶液の使用、または(ii)凍結乾燥製剤の再構成および/若しくは使用のための取扱説明書の(b)~(d)のいずれか1以上を含んでなるキット。
- (iii)緩衝液、(iv)希釈剤、(v)フィルター、(vi)針、および(vii)シリンジの1つまたは複数をさらに含んでなる、請求項15に記載のキット。
- HLAリガンドと反応性であるT細胞受容体であって、前記HLAリガンドが配列番号37に示されるアミノ酸配列からなるペプチドである、もしくは前記HLAリガンドが前記ペプチドとMHC分子との複合体の一部である、T細胞受容体、または該T細胞受容体が可溶性または膜結合性であるT細胞受容体。
- 前記T細胞受容体が可溶性分子として提供され、および/または、免疫刺激ドメインまたは毒素を含むエフェクター機能を保有する、請求項17に記載のT細胞受容体。
- 請求項17または18に記載のT細胞受容体をエンコードする核酸、または、該核酸が異種プロモーター配列と結合する、核酸。
- 請求項19に記載の核酸を発現する、発現ベクター。
- 請求項19に記載の核酸、または請求項12に記載の抗体をコードする核酸、または請求項20に記載の発現ベクターを含んでなる組換え宿主細胞、または、該組換え宿主細胞がT細胞またはNK細胞である、組換え宿主細胞。
- 請求項19に記載の核酸又は請求項20に記載の発現ベクターを含んでなる組換え宿主細胞を培養するステップと、前記T細胞受容体を前記組換え宿主細胞および/またはその培養液から単離するステップとを含んでなる、請求項17または18に記載のT細胞受容体を製造する方法。
- 請求項1又は2に記載のペプチドまたは請求項3に記載の融合タンパク質、またはMHC分子と結合する請求項1又は2に記載のペプチドを、特異的に認識するアプタマー。
- 請求項1又は2に記載のペプチドまたは請求項3に記載の融合タンパク質 、請求項17または18に記載のT細胞受容体、請求項6に記載の組換え宿主細胞、請求項10に記載の活性化Tリンパ球、請求項12に記載の抗体、請求項23に記載のアプタマーからなる群から選択される、少なくとも1つの活性成分と、薬学的に許容できる担体、薬学的に許容可能な賦形剤および/または安定剤とを含んでなる医薬組成物。
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