JP6828022B2 - 固定床反応器中の熱放散性希釈剤 - Google Patents
固定床反応器中の熱放散性希釈剤 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6828022B2 JP6828022B2 JP2018513484A JP2018513484A JP6828022B2 JP 6828022 B2 JP6828022 B2 JP 6828022B2 JP 2018513484 A JP2018513484 A JP 2018513484A JP 2018513484 A JP2018513484 A JP 2018513484A JP 6828022 B2 JP6828022 B2 JP 6828022B2
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- B01J8/025—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds the fluid flow within the bed being predominantly vertical in a cylindrical shaped bed
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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Description
式中、
Meは、Ta、Ti、W、Hf、Zr、Sbおよびこれらの混合物からなる群から選択される金属であり;
xは0.1〜3であり、但し、Meが存在しない場合、xは0.5より大きく;
yは0.5〜1.5であり;
zは0.001〜3であり;
mは0.001〜5であり;
nは0〜2であり;
pは混合酸化物触媒の価数状態(valence state)を満足する数である。
実施例または他に指示される場合を除き、明細書および特許請求の範囲で使用される成分の量、反応条件などを指す全ての数または表現は、全ての場合において「約」という用語によって修飾されると理解されるべきである。従って、反対に示されない限り、以下の明細書および添付の特許請求の範囲に記載される数値パラメータは、本発明が得ることを望む特性に応じて変化し得る近似値である。最低限、特許請求の範囲の範囲に対する均等論の適用を制限する試みとしてではなく、各数値パラメータは少なくとも、報告された有効数字の数に鑑み、かつ通常の丸め技術を適用して解釈されるべきである。
本発明は、固定床内の熱流に対するより良好な制御と、床への又は床からの熱伝達に対するより良好な制御とが望まれる任意の固定床反応器での使用に適している。床内に存在する不活性な非触媒熱放散性粒子は、反応温度制御限界内で50W/mK(ワット/メートルケルビン)より大きい、いくつかの実施形態では100W/mKより大きい、さらなる実施形態では150W/mKより大きい、さらに別の実施形態では200W/mKより大きい熱伝導率を有するから、この不活性な非触媒熱放散性粒子は、冷却均質性(または壁が加熱される場合の加熱)および固定床中のホットスポットの減少を改善して、反応器の壁に直接熱を伝達することができる。
MoaVvTaxTeyOz
を有し、
式中、aは1.0であり、vは約0.01〜約1.0であり、xは約0.01〜約1.0であり、yは約0.01〜約1.0であり、zは触媒を電子的に中性にするのに必要な酸素原子の数である。
触媒は、多孔質二酸化ケイ素、発火された二酸化ケイ素(ignited silicon dioxide)、珪藻土、シリカゲル、多孔質または非多孔質の酸化アルミニウム、二酸化チタン、二酸化ジルコニウム、二酸化トリウム、酸化ランタン、酸化マグネシウム、酸化カルシウム、酸化バリウム、酸化錫、二酸化セリウム、酸化亜鉛、酸化ホウ素、窒化ホウ素、炭化ホウ素、リン酸ホウ素、リン酸ジルコニウム、ケイ酸アルミニウム、窒化ケイ素、または炭化ケイ素の他、ガラス金属酸化物または金属ネットワークを含む、典型的な担体上に担持されていてよい。いくつかの実施形態では、酸化チタンが用いられる。
VxMoyNbzTemMenOp
を有していてよく、
式中、
Meは、Ta、Ti、W、Hf、Zr、Sbおよびこれらの混合物からなる群から選択される金属であり;そして
xは、0.1〜3であり、但し、Meが存在しない場合、xは0.5より大きく、
yは、0.5〜1.5であり;
zは、0.001〜3であり;
mは、0.001〜5であり;
nは、0〜2であり;
pは、混合酸化物触媒の価数状態を満たす数である。
Mo1.0V0.22−033Te0.10−0.16Nb0.15−0.18Od
を有していてよく、式中、dは酸化物の価数状態を満足する数である。
MoaVbNbcTeeOd
を有し、
式中:
aは、0.75〜1.25、好ましくは0.90〜1.10であり、
bは、0.1〜0.5、好ましくは0.25〜0.4であり、
cは、0.1〜0.5、好ましくは0.1〜0.35であり、
eは、0.1〜0.35、好ましくは0.1〜0.3であり、そして
dは、混合酸化物触媒の価数状態を満たす数である。
Mo1.0V0.25−035Te0.10−0.20Nb0.15−0.19Od
ここで、dは酸化物の価数を満たす数である。
いくつかの実施形態では、結晶相の少なくとも75重量%が、XRDによって決定される前記の式を有する。他の実施形態では、結晶相の少なくとも85重量%が、XRDによって決定される前記式を有する。
固定床用触媒のための担体は、二酸化ケイ素、溶融二酸化ケイ素、酸化アルミニウム、二酸化チタン、二酸化ジルコニウム、二酸化トリウム、酸化ランタン、酸化マグネシウム、酸化カルシウム、酸化バリウム、酸化スズ、二酸化セリウム、酸化亜鉛、酸化ホウ素、炭化ホウ素、酸化イットリウム、ケイ酸アルミニウム、窒化ケイ素、炭化ケイ素及びこれらの混合物からなる群から選択される、酸化物、二酸化物、窒化物、炭化物から形成されるセラミック前駆体であってよい。典型的には、担体の熱伝導率は、反応温度制御限界内で50W/mk未満、好ましくは30W/mk未満である。
典型的には、固定床触媒のための担体上の触媒装填量は、前記触媒の1〜30重量%、典型的には5〜20重量%、好ましくは8〜15重量%を与え、また、前記担体の99〜70重量%、典型的には80〜95重量%、好ましくは85〜92重量%を与える。 熱放散性粒子は担体とは異なる。
固定床用の熱放散性粒子は、本反応についての制御上限温度を、少なくとも30℃上回る、いくつかの実施形態では少なくとも250℃上回る、さらなる実施形態では少なくとも500℃上回る融点を有し、0.5から75mmの範囲、いくつかの実施形態では0.5から15mmの範囲、さらなる実施形態では0.5から8mmの範囲、望ましくは0.5から5mmの範囲の粒子サイズ、および、反応温度制御限界内で30W/mK(ワット/メートルケルビン)より大きい熱伝導率を有する1種以上の非触媒不活性粒子を含む。いくつかの実施形態では、粒子は、反応温度制御限界内で50W/mK(ワット/メートルケルビン)より大きい熱伝導率を有する金属合金および化合物である。いくつかの適切な金属としては、銀、銅、金、アルミニウム、鋼、ステンレス鋼、モリブデン、およびタングステンが挙げられる。
本発明は、任意の固定床発熱反応で使用することができる。いくつかの実施形態では、固定床反応器は管状反応器であり、さらなる実施形態では、固定床反応器はシェル内の複数のチューブを含んでなる(例えばシェルおよびチューブ熱交換器タイプの構造)。さらなる実施形態では、固定床反応器は、直列および/または並列の複数のシェルを含むことができる。これらの反応は、分解、異性化、酸化的脱水素化を含む脱水素化、酸化的カップリングを含む水素転移、および炭化水素の脱硫のうちの1種以上を含み得る。
反応1:C2H6+0.5O2 ←→ C2H4+H2O(ΔH1=−105kJ/モルC2H6)
反応2:C2H6+2.5O2 ←→ 2CO+3H2O(ΔH2=−862kJ/モルC2H6)
反応3:C2H6+3.5O2 ←→ 2CO2+3H2O(ΔH3=−1430kJ/モルC2H6)
反応4:C2H6+1.5O2 ←→ C2H2O2+H2O(ΔH4=−591kJ/モルC2H6)
(Mo1.00V0.36Te0.12Nb0.12)O4.57
この例の熱放散性粒子は、568マイクロメートルの平均粒子サイズを有する石英粒子であった。反応温度(床の温度)は355℃に上昇し、次いで熱反応に暴走が起こった。
熱放散性粒子は、568マイクロメートルの平均粒子サイズを有する316ステンレス鋼粒子であった。希釈剤の重量%は例1について同じであった。鋼が石英より密度が高いので、これは床中の希釈剤の体積%をより少なくした。これらの条件は熱暴走に向かう傾向があると考えられていた。反応器を操作して全体の転化率を19%、エチレン選択率を89%に維持した。計算された全反応熱は−31.13kJ/hrであった。床の温度は372℃に上昇した。暴走反応は観察されなかった。ステンレス鋼の希釈剤は、反応を制御するために反応器の壁を介してより良好な熱の放出を可能にした。
なお、本発明に包含され得る諸態様は、以下のとおり要約される。
[態様1]
担持触媒を含む固定床の存在下で発熱反応を行う方法であって、改善が、粒子の触媒床の全重量に対して5〜90重量%の、当該反応の制御上限温度を少なくとも30℃上回る融点と、1mm〜15mmまでの粒子サイズと、反応温度制御限界内で50W/mK(ワット/メートルケルビン)より大きい熱伝導率とを有する1種以上の不活性な非触媒熱放散性粒子を、固定床に組み込むことを含む上記方法。
[態様2]
前記粒子が、反応温度制御限界内で150W/mK(ワット/メートルケルビン)より大きい熱伝導率を有する、金属合金、および化合物である、請求項1に記載の方法。
[態様3]
前記粒子が、銀、銅、金、鋼、ステンレス鋼、モリブデン、およびタングステンを含む、請求項2に記載の方法。
[態様4]
前記反応が、炭化水素の分解、異性化、脱水素化、水素転移、および脱硫、またはその他の発熱反応のうちの1種または2種以上を包含する、請求項3に記載の方法。
[態様5]
前記粒子が金属である、請求項4に記載の方法。
[態様6]
前記粒子が0.5〜0.75mmのサイズを有する、請求項5に記載の方法。
[態様7]
前記方法が、1種以上のC 1〜4 炭化水素の酸化的カップリングである、請求項6に記載の方法。
[態様8]
前記方法が、1種以上のC 2〜4 炭化水素の酸化的脱水素化である、請求項6に記載の方法。
[態様9]
エタンと酸素との体積比が70:30〜95:5の混合供給物を用いて、420℃未満の温度で、280hr −1 以上のガス時空間速度で、0.8〜102気圧(80〜1000kPa)の圧力で行われる、請求項8に記載の方法。
[態様10]
90%以上のエタン転化率を有する、請求項9に記載の方法。
[態様11]
前記ガス時空間速度が280hr −1 以上である、請求項10に記載の方法。
[態様12]
前記温度が400℃未満である、請求項11に記載の方法。
[態様13]
前記触媒が、実験式Mo g V h Te i Nb j Pd k O l を有し:式中、g、h、i、j、kおよびlはそれぞれ元素Mo、V、Te、Nb、PdおよびOの相対原子量であり、g=1の場合、hは0.01〜1.0の範囲であり、iは0.01〜1.0の範囲であり、jは0.01〜1の範囲であり、0.001<k≦0.10であり、lは他の元素の酸化状態に依存する、請求項12に記載の方法。
[態様14]
前記触媒が、実験式V x Mo y Nb z Te m Me n O p を有し:
式中、
Meは、Ta、Ti、W、Hf、Zr、Sbおよびこれらの混合物からなる群から選択される金属であり;
xは0.1〜3であり、但し、Meが存在しない場合、xは0.5より大きく;
yは0.5〜1.5であり;
zは0.001〜3であり;
mは0.001〜5であり;
nは0〜2であり;
pは混合酸化物触媒の価数状態を満足する数である、
請求項12に記載の方法。
[態様15]
前記触媒の結晶相が、式:Mo 1.0 V 0.25−035 Te 0.10−0.20 Nb 0.15−0.19 O d を有し、式中、dは前記酸化物の価数状態を満足する数である、請求項12に記載の方法。
[態様16]
前記触媒の結晶相において、式(TeO) 0.39 (Mo 3.52 V 1.06 Nb 0.42 )O 14 を有する相の量がXRDによる測定で75重量%を上回る、請求項15に記載の方法。
[態様17]
前記触媒の結晶相において、式(TeO) 0.39 (Mo 3.52 V 1.06 Nb 0.42 )O 14 を有する相の量がXRDによる測定で85重量%を上回る、請求項16に記載の方法。
Claims (15)
- 担持触媒を含む固定床の存在下で発熱反応を行う方法であって、改善が、粒子の触媒床の全重量に対して5〜90重量%の、当該反応の制御上限温度を少なくとも30℃上回る融点と、1mm〜15mmまでの粒子サイズと、反応温度制御限界内で50W/mK(ワット/メートルケルビン)より大きい熱伝導率とを有する1種以上の不活性な非触媒熱放散性粒子を、固定床に組み込むことを含み、
前記触媒が、実験式V x Mo y Nb z Te m Me n O p を有し:
式中、
Meは、Ta、Ti、W、Hf、Zr、Sbおよびこれらの混合物からなる群から選択される金属であり;
xは0.1〜3であり、但し、Meが存在しない場合、xは0.5より大きく;
yは0.5〜1.5であり;
zは0.001〜3であり;
mは0.001〜5であり;
nは0〜2であり;
pは混合酸化物触媒の価数状態を満足する数である、
上記方法。 - 前記粒子が、反応温度制御限界内で150W/mK(ワット/メートルケルビン)より大きい熱伝導率を有する、金属合金、および化合物である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記粒子が、銀、銅、金、鋼、ステンレス鋼、モリブデン、およびタングステンを含む、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 前記反応が、炭化水素の分解、異性化、脱水素化、水素転移、および脱硫、またはその他の発熱反応のうちの1種または2種以上を包含する、請求項3に記載の方法。
- 前記粒子が金属である、請求項4に記載の方法。
- 前記粒子が0.5〜0.75mmのサイズを有する、請求項5に記載の方法。
- 前記方法が、1種以上のC1〜4炭化水素の酸化的カップリングである、請求項6に記載の方法。
- 前記方法が、1種以上のC2〜4炭化水素の酸化的脱水素化である、請求項6に記載の方法。
- エタンと酸素との体積比が70:30〜95:5の混合供給物を用いて、420℃未満の温度で、280hr−1以上のガス時空間速度で、0.8〜102気圧(80〜1000kPa)の圧力で行われる、請求項8に記載の方法。
- 90%以上のエタン転化率を有する、請求項9に記載の方法。
- 前記ガス時空間速度が280hr−1以上である、請求項10に記載の方法。
- 前記温度が400℃未満である、請求項11に記載の方法。
請求項12に記載の方法。 - 前記触媒の結晶相が、式:Mo1.0V0.25−035Te0.10−0.20Nb0.15−0.19Odを有し、式中、dは前記酸化物の価数状態を満足する数である、請求項12に記載の方法。
- 前記触媒の結晶相において、式(TeO)0.39(Mo3.52V1.06Nb0.42)O14を有する相の量がXRDによる測定で75重量%を上回る、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 前記触媒の結晶相において、式(TeO)0.39(Mo3.52V1.06Nb0.42)O14を有する相の量がXRDによる測定で85重量%を上回る、請求項14に記載の方法。
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