JP6682401B2 - 逆浸透膜を用いる水処理方法 - Google Patents
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- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 340
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 title claims description 168
- 238000001223 reverse osmosis Methods 0.000 title claims description 166
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 57
- -1 sulfamic acid compound Chemical class 0.000 claims description 63
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 62
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 claims description 59
- 230000001954 sterilising effect Effects 0.000 claims description 57
- 238000004659 sterilization and disinfection Methods 0.000 claims description 57
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 47
- GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromine Substances BrBr GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 45
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 45
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 44
- WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bromine atom Chemical compound [Br] WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 41
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 31
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 claims description 25
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000002455 scale inhibitor Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- CUILPNURFADTPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N hypobromous acid Chemical compound BrO CUILPNURFADTPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- JGJLWPGRMCADHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N hypobromite Chemical compound Br[O-] JGJLWPGRMCADHB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 32
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 18
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 18
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 15
- QWPPOHNGKGFGJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N hypochlorous acid Chemical compound ClO QWPPOHNGKGFGJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
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- 230000000844 anti-bacterial effect Effects 0.000 description 10
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- CODNYICXDISAEA-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromine monochloride Chemical compound BrCl CODNYICXDISAEA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 4
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 4
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- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 3
- XTEGARKTQYYJKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N chloric acid Chemical compound OCl(=O)=O XTEGARKTQYYJKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229940005991 chloric acid Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 description 3
- WQYVRQLZKVEZGA-UHFFFAOYSA-N hypochlorite Inorganic materials Cl[O-] WQYVRQLZKVEZGA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000012466 permeate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)ethanamine Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(C)C=C1CCN SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920000536 2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid Polymers 0.000 description 2
- XHZPRMZZQOIPDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Methyl-2-[(1-oxo-2-propenyl)amino]-1-propanesulfonic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)CC(C)(C)NC(=O)C=C XHZPRMZZQOIPDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Propenoic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000005708 Sodium hypochlorite Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- QBWCMBCROVPCKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorous acid Chemical compound OCl=O QBWCMBCROVPCKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- OSVXSBDYLRYLIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxidochlorine(.) Chemical compound O=Cl=O OSVXSBDYLRYLIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 2
- AMXOYNBUYSYVKV-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium bromide Chemical compound [Li+].[Br-] AMXOYNBUYSYVKV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 239000011259 mixed solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- LNOPIUAQISRISI-UHFFFAOYSA-N n'-hydroxy-2-propan-2-ylsulfonylethanimidamide Chemical compound CC(C)S(=O)(=O)CC(N)=NO LNOPIUAQISRISI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N perchloric acid Chemical compound OCl(=O)(=O)=O VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920006254 polymer film Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920005597 polymer membrane Polymers 0.000 description 2
- IOLCXVTUBQKXJR-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium bromide Chemical compound [K+].[Br-] IOLCXVTUBQKXJR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- SUKJFIGYRHOWBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium hypochlorite Chemical compound [Na+].Cl[O-] SUKJFIGYRHOWBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VYECFMCAAHMRNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfamic acid Chemical compound NS(O)(=O)=O.NS(O)(=O)=O VYECFMCAAHMRNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BZSXEZOLBIJVQK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylsulfonylbenzoic acid Chemical compound CS(=O)(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O BZSXEZOLBIJVQK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BMYNFMYTOJXKLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-azaniumyl-2-hydroxypropanoate Chemical compound NCC(O)C(O)=O BMYNFMYTOJXKLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bromide Chemical compound [Br-] CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- ZKQDCIXGCQPQNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium hypochlorite Chemical compound [Ca+2].Cl[O-].Cl[O-] ZKQDCIXGCQPQNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KZBUYRJDOAKODT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine Chemical compound ClCl KZBUYRJDOAKODT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004155 Chlorine dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- ABLZXFCXXLZCGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorous acid Chemical compound OP(O)=O ABLZXFCXXLZCGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002125 Sokalan® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- WOHVONCNVLIHKY-UHFFFAOYSA-L [Ba+2].[O-]Cl=O.[O-]Cl=O Chemical compound [Ba+2].[O-]Cl=O.[O-]Cl=O WOHVONCNVLIHKY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 150000003926 acrylamides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910001854 alkali hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000008044 alkali metal hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- SWLVFNYSXGMGBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium bromide Chemical compound [NH4+].[Br-] SWLVFNYSXGMGBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KHPLPBHMTCTCHA-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium chlorate Chemical compound N.OCl(=O)=O KHPLPBHMTCTCHA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003863 ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- ISFLYIRWQDJPDR-UHFFFAOYSA-L barium chlorate Chemical compound [Ba+2].[O-]Cl(=O)=O.[O-]Cl(=O)=O ISFLYIRWQDJPDR-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- HPEWZLCIOKVLBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium hypochlorite Chemical compound [Ba+2].Cl[O-].Cl[O-] HPEWZLCIOKVLBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 159000000009 barium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- BEHLMOQXOSLGHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzenamine sulfate Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)NC1=CC=CC=C1 BEHLMOQXOSLGHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- DKSMCEUSSQTGBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromous acid Chemical compound OBr=O DKSMCEUSSQTGBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FECFIIXKXJBOSU-UHFFFAOYSA-N butylsulfamic acid Chemical group CCCCNS(O)(=O)=O FECFIIXKXJBOSU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YALMXYPQBUJUME-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium chlorate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]Cl(=O)=O.[O-]Cl(=O)=O YALMXYPQBUJUME-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 159000000007 calcium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019398 chlorine dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- OGQPUOLFKIMRMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorosulfamic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)NCl OGQPUOLFKIMRMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940077239 chlorous acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 150000001868 cobalt Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000001879 copper Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000007973 cyanuric acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010612 desalination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000645 desinfectant Substances 0.000 description 1
- BAQKWXACUNEBOT-UHFFFAOYSA-N dibutylsulfamic acid Chemical compound CCCCN(S(O)(=O)=O)CCCC BAQKWXACUNEBOT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YGNOYUCUPMACDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethylsulfamic acid Chemical compound CN(C)S(O)(=O)=O YGNOYUCUPMACDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XRVWREPFYXZOPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N dipropylsulfamic acid Chemical compound CCCN(S(O)(=O)=O)CCC XRVWREPFYXZOPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- IOISAJSHULNACL-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl(methyl)sulfamic acid Chemical compound CCN(C)S(O)(=O)=O IOISAJSHULNACL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SIVVHUQWDOGLJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethylsulfamic acid Chemical compound CCNS(O)(=O)=O SIVVHUQWDOGLJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000855 fungicidal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000417 fungicide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002357 guanidines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000008235 industrial water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005764 inhibitory process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002505 iron Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002696 manganese Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- YZVQGLCYZLGIAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl(propyl)sulfamic acid Chemical compound CCCN(C)S(O)(=O)=O YZVQGLCYZLGIAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MYMDOKBFMTVEGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylsulfamic acid Chemical compound CNS(O)(=O)=O MYMDOKBFMTVEGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002815 nickel Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- AMULHDKUJWPBKU-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel(2+);dichlorite Chemical compound [Ni+2].[O-]Cl=O.[O-]Cl=O AMULHDKUJWPBKU-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ACVYVLVWPXVTIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphinic acid Chemical compound O[PH2]=O ACVYVLVWPXVTIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004584 polyacrylic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001444 polymaleic acid Polymers 0.000 description 1
- XAEFZNCEHLXOMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium benzoate Chemical compound [K+].[O-]C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 XAEFZNCEHLXOMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- VKJKEPKFPUWCAS-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium chlorate Chemical compound [K+].[O-]Cl(=O)=O VKJKEPKFPUWCAS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- SATVIFGJTRRDQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium hypochlorite Chemical compound [K+].Cl[O-] SATVIFGJTRRDQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VISKNDGJUCDNMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium;chlorite Chemical compound [K+].[O-]Cl=O VISKNDGJUCDNMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- JWQSOOZHYMZRBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-2-ylsulfamic acid Chemical group CC(C)NS(O)(=O)=O JWQSOOZHYMZRBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HLIBNTOXKQCYMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylsulfamic acid Chemical compound CCCNS(O)(=O)=O HLIBNTOXKQCYMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000013535 sea water Substances 0.000 description 1
- UKLNMMHNWFDKNT-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium chlorite Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]Cl=O UKLNMMHNWFDKNT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229960002218 sodium chlorite Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 159000000000 sodium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003206 sterilizing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011550 stock solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 159000000008 strontium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- IIACRCGMVDHOTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M sulfamate Chemical compound NS([O-])(=O)=O IIACRCGMVDHOTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- IIACRCGMVDHOTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfamic acid Chemical class NS(O)(=O)=O IIACRCGMVDHOTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001629 suppression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920001897 terpolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002351 wastewater Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003751 zinc Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)
- Treatment Of Water By Oxidation Or Reduction (AREA)
Description
R2NSO3H (1)
(式中、Rは独立して水素原子または炭素数1〜8のアルキル基である。)
(1)逆浸透膜の濃縮水のpHを6未満に保持しつつ、逆浸透膜に被処理水を通水し、透過水と濃縮水とを得る採水工程と、
(2)逆浸透膜の回収率を採水工程よりも低下させ、被処理水のpHを6以上として、逆浸透膜に被処理水を通水する殺菌準備工程と、
(3)被処理水に酸化剤を添加し、逆浸透膜に被処理水を通水する殺菌工程と、
(4)被処理水への酸化剤の添加を停止し、逆浸透膜に被処理水を通水する採水準備工程と、
(1’)逆浸透膜の回収率を殺菌準備工程、殺菌工程および採水準備工程よりも上昇させ、逆浸透膜の濃縮水のpHを6未満に保持しつつ、逆浸透膜に被処理水を通水し、透過水と濃縮水とを得る採水工程と、
の工程を順次繰り返せばよい。
(1)逆浸透膜の濃縮水のpHを6未満に保持しつつ、逆浸透膜に被処理水を通水し、透過水と濃縮水とを得る採水工程と、
(2)逆浸透膜の回収率を、シリカ濃度が溶解度(4*温度(℃)+20(mgSiO2/L))以下になるまで低下させ、被処理水のpHを6以上として、逆浸透膜に被処理水を通水する殺菌準備工程と、
(3)被処理水に酸化剤を添加し、逆浸透膜に被処理水を通水する殺菌工程と、
(4)被処理水への酸化剤の添加を停止し、逆浸透膜に被処理水を通水する採水準備工程と、
(1’)逆浸透膜の回収率を殺菌準備工程、殺菌工程および採水準備工程よりも上昇させ、逆浸透膜の濃縮水のpHを6未満に保持しつつ、逆浸透膜に被処理水を通水し、透過水と濃縮水とを得る採水工程と、
の工程を順次繰り返せばよい。
本実施形態に係る逆浸透膜用殺菌剤は、好ましくは、「臭素系酸化剤」と「スルファミン酸化合物」との混合物を含む安定化次亜臭素酸組成物を含有するものであり、さらにアルカリを含有してもよい。
本実施形態に係る逆浸透膜用殺菌剤は、例えば、臭素系酸化剤とスルファミン酸化合物とを混合することにより得られ、さらにアルカリを混合してもよい。
Claims (5)
- シリカを含有する被処理水を逆浸透膜で処理する、逆浸透膜を用いる水処理方法であって、
(1)前記逆浸透膜の濃縮水のpHを6未満に保持しつつ、前記逆浸透膜に前記被処理水を通水し、透過水と濃縮水とを得る採水工程と、
(2)前記被処理水のpHを6以上として、前記逆浸透膜に前記被処理水を通水する殺菌準備工程と、
(3)前記被処理水に酸化剤を添加し、前記逆浸透膜に前記被処理水を通水する殺菌工程と、
(4)前記被処理水への前記酸化剤の添加を停止し、前記逆浸透膜に前記被処理水を通水する採水準備工程と、
の工程を順次繰り返すことを特徴とする、逆浸透膜を用いる水処理方法。 - シリカを含有する被処理水を逆浸透膜で処理する、逆浸透膜を用いる水処理方法であって、
(1)前記逆浸透膜の濃縮水のpHを6未満に保持しつつ、前記逆浸透膜に前記被処理水を通水し、透過水と濃縮水とを得る採水工程と、
(2)前記被処理水のpHを6以上として、前記逆浸透膜に前記被処理水を通水する殺菌準備工程と、
(3)前記被処理水に、臭素系酸化剤とスルファミン酸化合物とを含む安定化次亜臭素酸組成物を添加し、前記逆浸透膜に前記被処理水を通水する殺菌工程と、
(4)前記被処理水への前記安定化次亜臭素酸組成物の添加を停止し、前記逆浸透膜に前記被処理水を通水する採水準備工程と、
の工程を順次繰り返すことを特徴とする、逆浸透膜を用いる水処理方法。 - シリカを含有する被処理水を逆浸透膜で処理する、逆浸透膜を用いる水処理方法であって、
(1)前記逆浸透膜の濃縮水のpHを6未満に保持しつつ、前記逆浸透膜に前記被処理水を通水し、透過水と濃縮水とを得る採水工程と、
(2)前記被処理水のpHを6以上として、前記逆浸透膜に前記被処理水を通水する殺菌準備工程と、
(3)前記被処理水に、臭素とスルファミン酸化合物とを含む安定化次亜臭素酸組成物を添加し、前記逆浸透膜に前記被処理水を通水する殺菌工程と、
(4)前記被処理水への前記安定化次亜臭素酸組成物の添加を停止し、前記逆浸透膜に前記被処理水を通水する採水準備工程と、
の工程を順次繰り返すことを特徴とする、逆浸透膜を用いる水処理方法。 - 請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載の逆浸透膜を用いる水処理方法であって、
前記殺菌準備工程、前記殺菌工程および前記採水準備工程において、スケール抑制剤を添加することを特徴とする、逆浸透膜を用いる水処理方法。 - 請求項1〜4のいずれか1項に記載の逆浸透膜を用いる水処理方法であって、
前記逆浸透膜への前記被処理水の供給量に対する透過水量の割合で表される回収率を、前記殺菌準備工程、前記殺菌工程および前記採水準備工程において、前記採水工程よりも低くすることを特徴とする、逆浸透膜を用いる水処理方法。
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