JP6601449B2 - 内燃機関の排気浄化装置 - Google Patents
内燃機関の排気浄化装置 Download PDFInfo
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Description
最初に図1〜図9を参照して、本発明の第一実施形態について説明する。
図1は、本発明の第一実施形態に係る内燃機関の排気浄化装置が設けられた内燃機関100を概略的に示す図である。図1に示される内燃機関100は火花点火式内燃機関(ガソリンエンジン)である。内燃機関100は車両に搭載される。
排気通路に配置された上流側触媒20及び下流側触媒24は同様な構成を有する。触媒20、24は酸素吸蔵能力を有する。触媒20、24は例えば三元触媒である。具体的には、触媒20、24は、セラミックから成る基材に、触媒作用を有する貴金属(例えば、白金(Pt))及び酸素吸蔵能力を有する物質(例えば、セリア(CeO2))を担持させたものである。触媒20、24は、所定の活性温度に達すると、未燃ガス(HC、CO等)と窒素酸化物(NOx)とを同時に浄化することができる。
次に、図3及び図4を参照して、上流側空燃比センサ40の出力特性について説明する。図3は、上流側空燃比センサ40の電圧−電流(V−I)特性を示す図である。図4は、印加電圧を一定に維持したときの、上流側空燃比センサ40に供給される排気ガスの空燃比(以下、「排気空燃比」という)と、上流側空燃比センサ40の出力電流Iとの関係を示すグラフである。
以下、リッチ空燃比の排気ガスが上流側触媒20に流入したときに上流側触媒20において排気ガスが浄化されるメカニズムについて詳細に説明する。図5は、酸素吸蔵量が少ない状態の上流側触媒20を概略的に示す図である。図5には、排気流れ方向が矢印で示されている。この例では、リッチ空燃比の排気ガスが上流側触媒20に流入し続けている。リッチ空燃比の排気ガスが上流側触媒20に流入すると、未燃ガスを浄化するために、上流側触媒20に吸蔵された酸素が放出される。上流側触媒20に吸蔵された酸素は上流側触媒20の排気流れ方向上流側から順に放出される。このため、図5の例では、上流側触媒20の下流側にのみ、酸素が吸蔵された酸素吸蔵領域20cが残されている。
O2+HC+CO+H2→H2O+CO2…(1)
CO+H2O→H2+CO2…(2)
HC+H2O→CO+H2…(3)
NO+CO+H2→N2+H2O+CO2+NH3…(4)
また、リッチ領域20bにも、酸素が僅かに残されている。また、水素はアンモニアよりも酸素との反応性が高い。このため、リッチ領域20bにおいて、下記の水素酸化反応(5)が生じて、上記の水性ガスシフト反応(2)及び水蒸気改質反応(3)によって生成された水素の一部が酸化される。
H2+O→H2O…(5)
NH3+O→H2O+N2…(6)
以下、本発明の第一実施形態に係る内燃機関100の排気浄化装置(以下、単に「排気浄化装置」という)について説明する。排気浄化装置は、上流側触媒20と、下流側触媒24と、排気通路において上流側触媒20の排気流れ方向下流側に配置されたアンモニア検出装置と、流入排気ガスの空燃比を目標空燃比に制御する空燃比制御部とを備える。本実施形態では、排気ガス中の有害物質は基本的に上流側触媒20において浄化され、下流側触媒24は補助的に用いられる。したがって、排気浄化装置は下流側触媒24を備えていなくてもよい。
以下、図8のタイムチャートを参照して、本実施形態における空燃比制御について具体的に説明する。図8は、リッチ制御が実行されるときの流入排気ガスの目標空燃比、上流側触媒20の酸素吸蔵量及びアンモニアセンサ46の出力値のタイムチャートである。
以下、図9のフローチャートを参照して、本実施形態においてリッチ制御が実行されるときの空燃比制御について説明する。図9は、本発明の第一実施形態における目標空燃比設定処理の制御ルーチンを示すフローチャートである。本制御ルーチンは、内燃機関100の始動後、ECU31によって所定の時間間隔で繰り返し実行される。
第二実施形態に係る排気浄化装置は、以下に説明する点を除いて、基本的に第一実施形態に係る排気浄化装置の構成及び制御と同様である。このため、以下、本発明の第二実施形態について、第一実施形態と異なる部分を中心に説明する。
以下、図11のタイムチャートを参照して、第二実施形態における空燃比制御について具体的に説明する。図11は、第二実施形態における空燃比制御が実行されるときの流入排気ガスの目標空燃比、上流側触媒20の酸素吸蔵量、下流側空燃比センサ41によって検出された空燃比(下流側空燃比センサ41の出力空燃比)及びアンモニアセンサ46の出力値のタイムチャートである。
第三実施形態に係る排気浄化装置は、以下に説明する点を除いて、基本的に第一実施形態に係る排気浄化装置の構成及び制御と同様である。このため、以下、本発明の第三実施形態について、第一実施形態と異なる部分を中心に説明する。
図14は、本発明の第三実施形態における基準値設定処理の制御ルーチンを示すフローチャートである。本制御ルーチンは、内燃機関100bの始動後、ECU31によって所定の時間間隔で繰り返し実行される。
第四実施形態に係る排気浄化装置は、以下に説明する点を除いて、基本的に第一実施形態に係る排気浄化装置の構成及び制御と同様である。このため、以下、本発明の第四実施形態について、第一実施形態と異なる部分を中心に説明する。
図16は、本発明の第四実施形態におけるリッチ設定空燃比設定処理の制御ルーチンを示すフローチャートである。本制御ルーチンは、内燃機関100bの始動後、ECU31によって所定の時間間隔で繰り返し実行される。
第五実施形態に係る排気浄化装置は、以下に説明する点を除いて、基本的に第一実施形態に係る排気浄化装置の構成及び制御と同様である。このため、以下、本発明の第五実施形態について、第一実施形態と異なる部分を中心に説明する。
図17は、本発明の第五実施形態における目標空燃比設定処理の制御ルーチンを示すフローチャートである。本制御ルーチンは、内燃機関100の始動後、ECU31によって所定の時間間隔で繰り返し実行される。
第六実施形態に係る排気浄化装置は、以下に説明する点を除いて、基本的に第一実施形態に係る排気浄化装置の構成及び制御と同様である。このため、以下、本発明の第六実施形態について、第一実施形態と異なる部分を中心に説明する。
本発明の第六実施形態に係る内燃機関100cの排気浄化装置は、第一実施形態と同様に、上流側触媒20と、下流側触媒24と、排気通路において上流側触媒20の排気流れ方向下流側に配置されたアンモニア検出装置と、流入排気ガスの空燃比を目標空燃比に制御する空燃比制御部とを備える。なお、排気浄化装置は下流側触媒24を備えていなくてもよい。
以上、本発明に係る好適な実施形態を説明したが、本発明はこれら実施形態に限定されるものではなく、特許請求の範囲の記載内で様々な修正及び変更を施すことができる。例えば、上流側空燃比センサ40は、上流側触媒20の排気流れ方向上流側に配置されると共に流入排気ガスの空燃比がリッチ又はリーンであることを検出する酸素センサであってもよい。同様に、下流側空燃比センサ41(空燃比検出装置)は、上流側触媒20の排気流れ方向下流側に配置されると共に流出排気ガスの空燃比がリッチ又はリーンであることを検出する酸素センサであってもよい。
22 排気管
31 電子制御ユニット(ECU)
41 下流側空燃比センサ
46 アンモニアセンサ
48 NOxセンサ
71 センサセル
72 ポンプセル
100、100a、100b、100c 内燃機関
Claims (6)
- 内燃機関の排気通路に配置されると共に酸素を吸蔵可能な触媒と、
前記排気通路において前記触媒の排気流れ方向下流側に配置されたアンモニア検出装置と、
前記触媒に流入する流入排気ガスの空燃比を目標空燃比に制御する空燃比制御部と
を備え、
前記空燃比制御部は、前記目標空燃比を理論空燃比よりもリッチにするリッチ制御を実行し、該リッチ制御において、前記アンモニア検出装置の出力値が基準値まで上昇したときに前記目標空燃比を理論空燃比よりもリーンにする、内燃機関の排気浄化装置。 - 前記排気通路において前記触媒の排気流れ方向下流側に配置された空燃比検出装置を更に備え、
前記空燃比制御部は、前記リッチ制御において、前記アンモニア検出装置の出力値が前記基準値まで上昇する前に前記空燃比検出装置によって検出された空燃比が理論空燃比よりもリッチなリッチ判定空燃比まで低下した場合には、該空燃比検出装置によって検出された空燃比が該リッチ判定空燃比まで低下したときに前記目標空燃比を理論空燃比よりもリーンにする、請求項1に記載の内燃機関の排気浄化装置。 - 前記空燃比制御部は、前記目標空燃比を理論空燃比よりもリーンにするリーン制御と、前記リッチ制御とを交互に実行する、請求項1又は2に記載の内燃機関の排気浄化装置。
- 前記触媒の温度又は該触媒から流出する排気ガスの温度を検出又は推定する温度検出部を更に備え、
前記空燃比制御部は、前記温度検出部によって検出又は推定された温度が高いほど、前記基準値を小さくする、請求項1から3のいずれか1項に記載の内燃機関の排気浄化装置。 - 前記触媒の温度又は該触媒から流出する排気ガスの温度を検出又は推定する温度検出部を更に備え、
前記空燃比制御部は、前記温度検出部によって検出又は推定された温度が高いほど、前記リッチ制御における前記目標空燃比のリッチ度合を小さくする、請求項1から3のいずれか1項に記載の内燃機関の排気浄化装置。 - 前記アンモニア検出装置はNOxセンサのセンサセルである、請求項1から5のいずれか1項に記載の内燃機関の排気浄化装置。
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