JP6120346B2 - リチウム含有ガーネット結晶体および全固体リチウムイオン二次電池 - Google Patents
リチウム含有ガーネット結晶体および全固体リチウムイオン二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6120346B2 JP6120346B2 JP2016556538A JP2016556538A JP6120346B2 JP 6120346 B2 JP6120346 B2 JP 6120346B2 JP 2016556538 A JP2016556538 A JP 2016556538A JP 2016556538 A JP2016556538 A JP 2016556538A JP 6120346 B2 JP6120346 B2 JP 6120346B2
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- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 title claims description 119
- 239000002223 garnet Substances 0.000 title claims description 61
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 55
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 55
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 26
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 26
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims description 36
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000002847 impedance measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000002003 electron diffraction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000001683 neutron diffraction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 claims 2
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 claims 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 31
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 14
- MRELNEQAGSRDBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum(3+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[La+3].[La+3] MRELNEQAGSRDBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 238000000634 powder X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 238000010298 pulverizing process Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000012916 structural analysis Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910021193 La 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000011812 mixed powder Substances 0.000 description 4
- -1 nickel metal hydride Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 238000004467 single crystal X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910003460 diamond Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010432 diamond Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium atom Chemical compound [Ir] GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L lithium carbonate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-]C([O-])=O XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 3
- 229910052808 lithium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 3
- BPUBBGLMJRNUCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);tantalum(5+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Ta+5].[Ta+5] BPUBBGLMJRNUCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen(2-);zirconium(4+) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[Zr+4] RVTZCBVAJQQJTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910001936 tantalum oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910001928 zirconium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000001805 chlorine compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum atom Chemical compound [La] FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011343 solid material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 241001580017 Jana Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910018068 Li 2 O Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910007926 ZrCl Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SLODBEHWNYQCRC-UHFFFAOYSA-N [La+3].[O-2].[Zr+4] Chemical compound [La+3].[O-2].[Zr+4] SLODBEHWNYQCRC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LFZYLAXEYRJERI-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li].[Zr] Chemical compound [Li].[Zr] LFZYLAXEYRJERI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 1
- OJIJEKBXJYRIBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium nickel Chemical compound [Ni].[Cd] OJIJEKBXJYRIBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 description 1
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000004679 hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002503 iridium Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000000462 isostatic pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002604 lanthanum compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- BCGDTXXBLLEHSL-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum(3+) oxygen(2-) tantalum(5+) Chemical compound [O--].[O--].[O--].[O--].[La+3].[Ta+5] BCGDTXXBLLEHSL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002642 lithium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- JNQQEOHHHGGZCY-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxygen(2-);tantalum(5+) Chemical compound [Li+].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Ta+5] JNQQEOHHHGGZCY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052987 metal hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004570 mortar (masonry) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NJPPVKZQTLUDBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N novaluron Chemical compound C1=C(Cl)C(OC(F)(F)C(OC(F)(F)F)F)=CC=C1NC(=O)NC(=O)C1=C(F)C=CC=C1F NJPPVKZQTLUDBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012827 research and development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003482 tantalum compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011800 void material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012982 x-ray structure analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003755 zirconium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
-
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-
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- C01G35/006—Compounds containing, besides tantalum, two or more other elements, with the exception of oxygen or hydrogen
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- C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
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- C30B29/00—Single crystals or homogeneous polycrystalline material with defined structure characterised by the material or by their shape
- C30B29/10—Inorganic compounds or compositions
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- C30B29/22—Complex oxides
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- C30B29/00—Single crystals or homogeneous polycrystalline material with defined structure characterised by the material or by their shape
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- C30B29/30—Niobates; Vanadates; Tantalates
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Description
(原料の混合)
まず、炭酸リチウムLi2CO3(レアメタリック製、純度99.99%)9.7122gと、酸化ランタンLa2O3(レアメタリック製、純度99.99%)16.4710gと、酸化ジルコニウムZrO2(レアメタリック製、純度99.99%)6.2293gと、酸化タンタルTa2O5(レアメタリック製、純度99.99%)3.7234gをメノウ製乳鉢に入れて、エタノールを使用した湿式法によって均一に混合した。なお、酸化ランタンは、あらかじめ900℃で仮焼成したものを使用した。この混合物の金属のモル比Li:La:Zr:Taは、目的物であるLi6.5La3Zr1.5Ta0.5O12の化学量論比よりもリチウムが20mol%過剰である。すなわち、この混合物は、化学組成がLi7.8La3Zr1.5Ta0.5O12に相当する。
上記工程でふるいを通過した粉末を用いて、以下の手順で棒形状の原料を作製した。まず、ゴム製の型にこの粉末23.927gを充填して脱気した。つぎに、この型を密閉した状態で水中に入れて、40MPaで5分間維持した。そして、水の圧力を下げた後、成形体を型から取り出した。成形体は、直径1.2cm、高さ8.3cmの円柱形状をしていた。つぎに、箱型電気炉(デンケン製、型番KDF009)を用いて、この円柱状の成形体を1150℃で4時間焼成した。取り出した成形体は、直径0.97cm、高さ6.8cmの円柱形状をしていた。
まず、1kWのハロゲンランプを装備した四楕円型赤外線集光加熱炉(FZ炉)(Crystal System社製、FZ−T−10000H型)に、上記工程で得られた棒形状の原料を設置して、乾燥空気雰囲気にした。つぎに、棒形状の原料を長手方向と垂直な面で40rpmで回転させながら、出力30.3%で加熱した。しばらくすると、多結晶試料の一部が溶融して溶融部を形成した。そして、棒形状の原料の設置台を19mm/hの移動速度で下降させて高密度のLi6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12の結晶(以下「試料1」ということがある)を育成した。なお、試料1の化学組成はX線結晶構造解析によって分析した。試料1の外観を図1に示す。図1に示すように、長さ6cmの高密度のLi6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12の結晶が作製できた。
二次元IP検出器および検出器にシンチレーションカウンターを有する単結晶X線回折装置(リガク社製、R−AXIS RAPID−II、AFC−7S)を用いて、試料1の構造を調べた。試料1のX線回折パターンを図2に示す。図2に示すように、明瞭な回折点が測定できた。また、試料1の回折強度データを収集し、結晶構造解析プログラムJana2006によって結晶構造を調べたところ、試料1は立方晶に属することがわかった。試料1をダイヤモンドカッターで切断して厚さ0.1mmの薄片を4枚作製し、上述の方法でこれらの相対密度を算出した。その結果、これらの相対密度はそれぞれ99.2%、99.7%、99.9%、100%であった。
金属のモル比Li:La:Ta:Zrが8.16:3.0:1.8:0.2となるように、すなわち原料のLi(7−x)yLa3Zr2−xTaxO12がx=0.2、y=1.2となるように、炭酸リチウムLi2CO3と、酸化ランタンLa2O3と、酸化ジルコニウムZrO2と、酸化タンタルTa2O5を混合した点を除いて、実施例1と同様にしてリチウム含有ガーネット結晶体を製造し、評価した。得られた結晶体は、立方晶ガーネット関連型構造を有するリチウム複合酸化物であった。この結晶体の格子定数aは1.29448±0.00007nmであり、化学組成はLi6.72La3Zr1.72Ta0.28O12であった。
金属のモル比Li:La:Ta:Zrが7.2:3.0:1.0:1.0となるように、すなわち原料のLi(7−x)yLa3Zr2−xTaxO12がx=1.0、y=1.2となるように、炭酸リチウムLi2CO3と、酸化ランタンLa2O3と、酸化ジルコニウムZrO2と、酸化タンタルTa2O5を混合した点を除いて、実施例1と同様にしてリチウム含有ガーネット結晶体を製造し、評価した。得られた結晶体は、立方晶ガーネット関連型構造を有するリチウム複合酸化物であった。この結晶体の格子定数aは1.29041±0.00003nmであり、化学組成はLi5.92La3Zr0.92Ta1.08O12であった。
まず、実施例1と同様にして原料混合粉末を作製した。つぎに、内径2.6cm、深さ2.8cmの円筒状のイリジウム容器に、得られた混合粉末45gを充填した。そして、高周波誘導加熱機能を備える単結晶引き上げ炉(CZ炉)(テクノサーチ社製、TCH−3)に、このイリジウム容器を設置した。つぎに、長さ0.8mmのタングステンロッドを引き上げ部に設置して、CZ炉内を乾燥窒素雰囲気にした。そして、高周波出力を少しずつ上げていき、出力79.2%でイリジウム容器を加熱し続けた。しばらくすると、イリジウム容器に充填した原料混合粉末が溶融した。
Claims (11)
- 化学組成がLi 7−x La 3 Zr 2−x Ta x O 12 (0.2≦x≦1)で表され、相対密度が99%以上で、立方晶系に属し、格子定数aが1.28nm≦a≦1.30nmであり、ガーネット関連型構造を有し、リチウムイオンが結晶構造内の96h席のみを占有するリチウム含有ガーネット結晶体。
- 請求項1において、
長さが2cm以上であるリチウム含有ガーネット結晶体。 - 請求項1または2において、
前記相対密度が100%であるリチウム含有ガーネット結晶体。 - 請求項1から3のいずれかにおいて、
下記(1)および(2)の少なくとも一方を満たすリチウム含有ガーネット結晶体。
(1)交流インピーダンス測定によるナイキストプロットが、結晶粒界による抵抗成分を示さず、材料自体の抵抗成分のみを示す。
(2)単結晶を用いたX線回折測定、中性子回折測定、または電子回折測定において、回折パターンに回折スポットが現れる。 - 請求項1から4のいずれかにおいて、
リチウムイオン伝導率が1.0×10−3S/cm以上であるリチウム含有ガーネット結晶体。 - 化学組成がLi7−xLa3Zr2−xTaxO12(0.2≦x≦1)で表されるリチウム含有ガーネット結晶体の製造方法であって、
化学組成がLi(7−x)yLa3Zr2−xTaxO12(0.2≦x≦1、1<y≦2)で表される原料の少なくとも一部を溶融して溶融部を形成し、移動速度8mm/h以上で前記溶融部を移動する工程を有するリチウム含有ガーネット結晶体の製造方法。 - 請求項6において、
前記移動速度が8mm/h以上19mm/h以下であるリチウム含有ガーネット結晶体の製造方法。 - 請求項6または7において、
棒形状の前記原料を、回転速度30rpm以上で長手方向と垂直な面で回転させながら前記原料を溶融するリチウム含有ガーネット結晶体の製造方法。 - 請求項8において、
前記回転速度が30rpm以上60rpm以下であるリチウム含有ガーネット結晶体の製造方法。 - 請求項6から9のいずれかにおいて、
前記リチウム含有ガーネット結晶体が、相対密度が99%以上で、立方晶系に属し、ガーネット関連型構造を有するリチウム含有ガーネット結晶体の製造方法。 - 正極と、負極と、固体電解質とを有する全固体リチウムイオン二次電池であって、
前記固体電解質が請求項1から5のいずれかのリチウム含有ガーネット結晶体から構成される全固体リチウムイオン二次電池。
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