JP6054629B2 - 平板表示装置用バックプレーン、これを備える平板表示装置、及びその製造方法 - Google Patents
平板表示装置用バックプレーン、これを備える平板表示装置、及びその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- 239000011241 protective layer Substances 0.000 claims description 106
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 71
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- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 claims description 29
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- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- JAONJTDQXUSBGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N dialuminum;dizinc;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3].[Zn+2].[Zn+2] JAONJTDQXUSBGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium atom Chemical compound [In] APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Gallium Chemical compound [Ga] GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- AJNVQOSZGJRYEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N digallium;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Ga+3].[Ga+3] AJNVQOSZGJRYEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001195 gallium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052735 hafnium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N hafnium atom Chemical compound [Hf] VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910003437 indium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- PJXISJQVUVHSOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium(iii) oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[In+3].[In+3] PJXISJQVUVHSOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium;oxotin Chemical compound [In].[Sn]=O AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- JBQYATWDVHIOAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N tellanylidenegermanium Chemical compound [Te]=[Ge] JBQYATWDVHIOAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- YVTHLONGBIQYBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc indium(3+) oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O--].[Zn++].[In+3] YVTHLONGBIQYBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
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- 101100489584 Solanum lycopersicum TFT1 gene Proteins 0.000 description 2
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- 238000000206 photolithography Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920000767 polyaniline Polymers 0.000 description 2
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- 229910052814 silicon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- YOZHUJDVYMRYDM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(4-anilinophenyl)-3-naphthalen-1-yl-n-phenylaniline Chemical compound C=1C=C(C=2C(=CC(NC=3C=CC=CC=3)=CC=2)C=2C3=CC=CC=C3C=CC=2)C=CC=1NC1=CC=CC=C1 YOZHUJDVYMRYDM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MBPCKEZNJVJYTC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-[4-(n-phenylanilino)phenyl]aniline Chemical compound C1=CC(N)=CC=C1C1=CC=C(N(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C=2C=CC=CC=2)C=C1 MBPCKEZNJVJYTC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 102100027241 Adenylyl cyclase-associated protein 1 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108010077333 CAP1-6D Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229910004298 SiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910007717 ZnSnO Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004380 ashing Methods 0.000 description 1
- XCJYREBRNVKWGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper(II) phthalocyanine Chemical compound [Cu+2].C12=CC=CC=C2C(N=C2[N-]C(C3=CC=CC=C32)=N2)=NC1=NC([C]1C=CC=CC1=1)=NC=1N=C1[C]3C=CC=CC3=C2[N-]1 XCJYREBRNVKWGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RBTKNAXYKSUFRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N heliogen blue Chemical compound [Cu].[N-]1C2=C(C=CC=C3)C3=C1N=C([N-]1)C3=CC=CC=C3C1=NC([N-]1)=C(C=CC=C3)C3=C1N=C([N-]1)C3=CC=CC=C3C1=N2 RBTKNAXYKSUFRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 1
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- TVIVIEFSHFOWTE-UHFFFAOYSA-K tri(quinolin-8-yloxy)alumane Chemical compound [Al+3].C1=CN=C2C([O-])=CC=CC2=C1.C1=CN=C2C([O-])=CC=CC2=C1.C1=CN=C2C([O-])=CC=CC2=C1 TVIVIEFSHFOWTE-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- YSRUGFMGLKANGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc hafnium(4+) indium(3+) oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Zn+2].[In+3].[Hf+4] YSRUGFMGLKANGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/136—Liquid crystal cells structurally associated with a semi-conducting layer or substrate, e.g. cells forming part of an integrated circuit
- G02F1/1362—Active matrix addressed cells
- G02F1/136213—Storage capacitors associated with the pixel electrode
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L27/00—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate
- H01L27/02—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including semiconductor components specially adapted for rectifying, oscillating, amplifying or switching and having potential barriers; including integrated passive circuit elements having potential barriers
- H01L27/12—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including semiconductor components specially adapted for rectifying, oscillating, amplifying or switching and having potential barriers; including integrated passive circuit elements having potential barriers the substrate being other than a semiconductor body, e.g. an insulating body
- H01L27/1214—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including semiconductor components specially adapted for rectifying, oscillating, amplifying or switching and having potential barriers; including integrated passive circuit elements having potential barriers the substrate being other than a semiconductor body, e.g. an insulating body comprising a plurality of TFTs formed on a non-semiconducting substrate, e.g. driving circuits for AMLCDs
- H01L27/1222—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including semiconductor components specially adapted for rectifying, oscillating, amplifying or switching and having potential barriers; including integrated passive circuit elements having potential barriers the substrate being other than a semiconductor body, e.g. an insulating body comprising a plurality of TFTs formed on a non-semiconducting substrate, e.g. driving circuits for AMLCDs with a particular composition, shape or crystalline structure of the active layer
- H01L27/1225—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including semiconductor components specially adapted for rectifying, oscillating, amplifying or switching and having potential barriers; including integrated passive circuit elements having potential barriers the substrate being other than a semiconductor body, e.g. an insulating body comprising a plurality of TFTs formed on a non-semiconducting substrate, e.g. driving circuits for AMLCDs with a particular composition, shape or crystalline structure of the active layer with semiconductor materials not belonging to the group IV of the periodic table, e.g. InGaZnO
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- H01L29/66409—Unipolar field-effect transistors
- H01L29/66477—Unipolar field-effect transistors with an insulated gate, i.e. MISFET
- H01L29/66742—Thin film unipolar transistors
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- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/1343—Electrodes
- G02F1/13439—Electrodes characterised by their electrical, optical, physical properties; materials therefor; method of making
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- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L27/00—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate
- H01L27/02—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including semiconductor components specially adapted for rectifying, oscillating, amplifying or switching and having potential barriers; including integrated passive circuit elements having potential barriers
- H01L27/12—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including semiconductor components specially adapted for rectifying, oscillating, amplifying or switching and having potential barriers; including integrated passive circuit elements having potential barriers the substrate being other than a semiconductor body, e.g. an insulating body
- H01L27/1214—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including semiconductor components specially adapted for rectifying, oscillating, amplifying or switching and having potential barriers; including integrated passive circuit elements having potential barriers the substrate being other than a semiconductor body, e.g. an insulating body comprising a plurality of TFTs formed on a non-semiconducting substrate, e.g. driving circuits for AMLCDs
- H01L27/1255—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including semiconductor components specially adapted for rectifying, oscillating, amplifying or switching and having potential barriers; including integrated passive circuit elements having potential barriers the substrate being other than a semiconductor body, e.g. an insulating body comprising a plurality of TFTs formed on a non-semiconducting substrate, e.g. driving circuits for AMLCDs integrated with passive devices, e.g. auxiliary capacitors
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- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L27/00—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate
- H01L27/02—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including semiconductor components specially adapted for rectifying, oscillating, amplifying or switching and having potential barriers; including integrated passive circuit elements having potential barriers
- H01L27/12—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including semiconductor components specially adapted for rectifying, oscillating, amplifying or switching and having potential barriers; including integrated passive circuit elements having potential barriers the substrate being other than a semiconductor body, e.g. an insulating body
- H01L27/1214—Devices consisting of a plurality of semiconductor or other solid-state components formed in or on a common substrate including semiconductor components specially adapted for rectifying, oscillating, amplifying or switching and having potential barriers; including integrated passive circuit elements having potential barriers the substrate being other than a semiconductor body, e.g. an insulating body comprising a plurality of TFTs formed on a non-semiconducting substrate, e.g. driving circuits for AMLCDs
- H01L27/1259—Multistep manufacturing methods
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- H10K59/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one organic light-emitting element covered by group H10K50/00
- H10K59/10—OLED displays
- H10K59/12—Active-matrix OLED [AMOLED] displays
- H10K59/1201—Manufacture or treatment
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- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K59/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one organic light-emitting element covered by group H10K50/00
- H10K59/10—OLED displays
- H10K59/12—Active-matrix OLED [AMOLED] displays
- H10K59/121—Active-matrix OLED [AMOLED] displays characterised by the geometry or disposition of pixel elements
- H10K59/1216—Active-matrix OLED [AMOLED] displays characterised by the geometry or disposition of pixel elements the pixel elements being capacitors
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
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Description
10 基板、
12 第1保護層、
14 第1絶縁層、
16 第2絶縁層、
18 第3絶縁層、
111 画素電極、
113 第2保護層、
119 発光層、
120 対向電極、
213 ゲート電極、
215 半導体層、
217 ソース及びドレイン電極、
311 キャパシタ第1電極、
313 キャパシタ第2電極、
317 キャパシタ第3電極、
C1 コンタクトホール、
C2 ビアホール、
C3、C4 開口。
Claims (25)
- 基板上に透明導電物を含む画素電極と、前記画素電極と同一層に形成されたキャパシタ第1電極と、
前記画素電極の上部エッジ及びキャパシタ第1電極を覆う第1保護層と、
前記第1保護層上に形成された薄膜トランジスタのゲート電極と、前記ゲート電極と同一層に形成されたキャパシタ第2電極と、
前記ゲート電極及び前記キャパシタ第2電極を覆う第1絶縁層と、
前記第1絶縁層上に形成され、かつ透明導電性酸化物を含む半導体層と、
前記半導体層を覆う第2絶縁層と、
前記第2絶縁層上に形成され、かつ前記第2絶縁層を貫通して前記半導体層に連結され、少なくとも一つは前記画素電極に連結される薄膜トランジスタのソース及びドレイン電極と、
前記ソース及びドレイン電極を覆って前記画素電極を露出させる第3絶縁層と、を備える平板表示装置用バックプレーン。 - 前記キャパシタ第1電極は、前記画素電極と同一物質で形成された請求項1に記載の平板表示装置用バックプレーン。
- 前記透明導電物は、酸化インジウムスズ(ITO)、酸化インジウム亜鉛(IZO)、酸化亜鉛(ZnO)、酸化インジウム(In2O3)、酸化インジウムガリウム(IGO)、及びアルミニウム酸化亜鉛(AZO)を含む群から選択された少なくとも一つ以上を含む請求項1または2に記載の平板表示装置用バックプレーン。
- 前記画素電極は、半透過金属層をさらに含む請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載の平板表示装置用バックプレーン。
- 前記半透過金属層は、銀(Ag)を含む請求項4に記載の平板表示装置用バックプレーン。
- 前記第1保護層は、絶縁層である請求項1〜5のいずれか1項に記載の平板表示装置用バックプレーン。
- 前記キャパシタ第2電極は、前記ゲート電極と同一物質で形成された請求項1〜6のいずれか1項に記載の平板表示装置用バックプレーン。
- 前記半導体層は、ガリウム(Ga)、インジウム(In)、亜鉛(Zn)、ハフニウム(Hf)、チタン(Ti)及びスズ(Sn)よりなる群から選択された一つ以上の元素、及び酸素(O)を含む請求項1〜7のいずれか1項に記載の平板表示装置用バックプレーン。
- 前記ソース及びドレイン電極のうち一つは、前記第1保護層、第1絶縁層、及び第2絶縁層を貫通するビアホールを通じて前記画素電極に連結された請求項1〜8のいずれか1項に記載の平板表示装置用バックプレーン。
- 前記第1保護層、第1絶縁層、及び第2絶縁層は、前記画素電極の上部を露出させる開口を形成し、前記第1保護層が形成する開口のエッチング面と、前記第1絶縁層及び第2絶縁層が形成する開口のエッチング面とはギャップを形成する請求項1〜9のいずれか1項に記載の平板表示装置用バックプレーン。
- 前記第1保護層と第1絶縁層との間に前記ゲート電極と同一物質で形成された第2保護層が備えられ、前記第2保護層、第1絶縁層及び第2絶縁層が形成する開口のエッチング面が面一となって同一面になっている請求項10に記載の平板表示装置用バックプレーン。
- 前記第1保護層、第1絶縁層、及び第2絶縁層は、前記画素電極の上部を露出させる開口を形成し、前記第1保護層、第1絶縁層及び第2絶縁層が形成する開口のエッチング面が面一となって同一面になっている請求項1〜11のいずれか1項に記載の平板表示装置用バックプレーン。
- 前記第1保護層と第1絶縁層との間に前記ゲート電極と同一物質で形成された第2保護層が備えられ、前記第1保護層、第2保護層、第1絶縁層及び第2絶縁層が形成する開口のエッチング面が面一となって同一面になっている請求項12に記載の平板表示装置用バックプレーン。
- 前記第2絶縁層上にキャパシタ第3電極がさらに備えられた請求項1〜13のいずれか1項に記載の平板表示装置用バックプレーン。
- 請求項1〜14のいずれかに記載の平板表示装置用バックプレーンと、
前記平板表示装置用バックプレーンの画素電極に対向する対向電極と、
前記画素電極と対向電極との間に備えられた発光部と、をさらに備える平板表示装置。 - 前記対向電極は、前記発光部から放出された光を反射する反射電極である請求項15に記載の平板表示装置。
- 前記発光部は、有機発光層を含む請求項15または16に記載の平板表示装置。
- 基板上に画素電極及びキャパシタ第1電極を形成する第1マスク工程と、
前記画素電極及びキャパシタ第1電極を覆う第1保護層を形成し、前記第1保護層上に薄膜トランジスタのゲート電極、及びキャパシタ第2電極を形成する第2マスク工程と、
前記ゲート電極及びキャパシタ第2電極を覆う第1絶縁層を形成し、前記ゲート電極に対応する位置に、透明導電性酸化物を含む半導体層を形成する第3マスク工程と、
前記半導体層を覆う第2絶縁層を形成し、第2絶縁層を貫通して前記半導体層の一部を露出させるコンタクトホールを形成し、前記第1保護層、第1絶縁層及び第2絶縁層を貫通して前記画素電極の一部を露出させるビアホールを形成する第4マスク工程と、
前記コンタクトホール及びビアホールを覆うソース及びドレイン電極を形成する第5マスク工程と、
前記ソース及びドレイン電極を覆う第3絶縁層を形成し、第3絶縁層に前記画素電極の上部を露出させる開口を形成する第6マスク工程と、を含む平板表示装置用バックプレーンの製造方法。 - 前記画素電極及びキャパシタ第1電極は、同一物質で同一層に形成される請求項18に記載の平板表示装置用バックプレーンの製造方法。
- 前記薄膜トランジスタのゲート電極、及びキャパシタ第2電極は同一物質で同一層に形成される請求項18または19に記載の平板表示装置用バックプレーンの製造方法。
- 前記第2マスク工程で、前記第1保護層上に画素電極より小さな面積の第2保護層をさらに形成する請求項18〜20のいずれか1項に記載の平板表示装置用バックプレーンの製造方法。
- 前記第2保護層は、前記ゲート電極及びキャパシタ第2電極と同一物質で形成される請求項21に記載の平板表示装置用バックプレーンの製造方法。
- 前記第4マスク工程で、前記第1絶縁層及び第2絶縁層を除去して前記第2保護層を露出させる開口を形成し、前記第5マスク工程で前記第2保護層を除去し、前記第6マスク工程で前記第1保護層を除去する請求項21または22に記載の平板表示装置用バックプレーンの製造方法。
- 前記第4マスク工程で、前記第1絶縁層及び第2絶縁層を除去して前記第2保護層を露出させる開口を形成し、前記第5マスク工程で、前記第1保護層及び第2保護層を同時に除去する請求項21または22に記載の平板表示装置用バックプレーンの製造方法。
- 前記第5マスク工程で、前記ソース及びドレイン電極と同一層にキャパシタ第3電極をさらに形成する請求項18〜24のいずれか1項に記載の平板表示装置用バックプレーンの製造方法。
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