JP6029579B2 - 複数の異なる熱エネルギー源及び熱シンクの最適使用を決定するための方法 - Google Patents
複数の異なる熱エネルギー源及び熱シンクの最適使用を決定するための方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6029579B2 JP6029579B2 JP2013509273A JP2013509273A JP6029579B2 JP 6029579 B2 JP6029579 B2 JP 6029579B2 JP 2013509273 A JP2013509273 A JP 2013509273A JP 2013509273 A JP2013509273 A JP 2013509273A JP 6029579 B2 JP6029579 B2 JP 6029579B2
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Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
- F24D12/00—Other central heating systems
- F24D12/02—Other central heating systems having more than one heat source
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24T—GEOTHERMAL COLLECTORS; GEOTHERMAL SYSTEMS
- F24T10/00—Geothermal collectors
- F24T10/10—Geothermal collectors with circulation of working fluids through underground channels, the working fluids not coming into direct contact with the ground
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D20/00—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00
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- H02J3/12—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks for adjusting voltage in ac networks by changing a characteristic of the network load
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- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
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- F24F11/30—Control or safety arrangements for purposes related to the operation of the system, e.g. for safety or monitoring
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- F24F5/0046—Air-conditioning systems or apparatus not covered by F24F1/00 or F24F3/00, e.g. using solar heat or combined with household units such as an oven or water heater using natural energy, e.g. solar energy, energy from the ground
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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- H02J2310/00—The network for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by its spatial reach or by the load
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- H02J2310/14—The load or loads being home appliances
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- Y02B70/30—Systems integrating technologies related to power network operation and communication or information technologies for improving the carbon footprint of the management of residential or tertiary loads, i.e. smart grids as climate change mitigation technology in the buildings sector, including also the last stages of power distribution and the control, monitoring or operating management systems at local level
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
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- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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- Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Entrepreneurship & Innovation (AREA)
- Primary Health Care (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Air Conditioning Control Device (AREA)
- Engine Equipment That Uses Special Cycles (AREA)
- Other Air-Conditioning Systems (AREA)
- Selective Calling Equipment (AREA)
Description
・建造コストに対する圧力が、所有者が、安価な無駄の多いHVACシステムを購入することによって前支出を低く抑えるようにさせている
・必要とされる場所へと移動して後に使用するために貯蔵するのではなく、冷却機などを通じて廃棄される過剰なエネルギーを無駄にすること
・断熱が不十分であるために壁を通じて高いエネルギーが移動している−従来のシステムにおいては天井はソリューションの一部ではないが、本発明においてはエネルギー貯蔵デバイスになる可能性がある
・建造物質量を一定の温度に保持するのではなく、絶えず再加熱及び再冷却している
・建造物の建て過ぎにより、非効率なシステムがさらに小さくされている可能性がある
・局所エネルギー(例えば、太陽光、体熱など)を使用することができない
・暖房システムが最も効率が低いときに建造物を暖房しており、同様に冷房システムが最も効率が低いときに冷房している−エネルギーを貯蔵することによって、これを逆に効率を増大させるようにすることができる
・地熱システムは、一般的により建造コストがかかり、それらの機能は効率を最大化するように設計されておらず、これにより、これらのシステムの使用を縮小している
一般的な地熱ヒート・ポンプ熱交換器は、垂直閉ループ、水平閉ループ、「地中」ループ、貯水池ループ、熱パイルなどを含むさまざまな構成として提供されているが、一般的にシステムに適用されるとき、これらの構成は以下の特性を有する:
1.単一の流体回路が適用される(例えば、垂直ループは水平ループと組み合わされない)
2.単一の流体回路内の流体は混合されて一定の温度ですべての加熱/冷却デバイスに送達される。これは、Rossによる仮出願を優先権主張して発行された特許文献2及び特許文献3の事例に当たり、流体をともに混合する両方のデバイスマニホルドすべての地熱ボアを開示しています。この温度の混合が、流体と末端の熱伝達デバイスとの間の温度差の低減の結果として、その熱を伝達する能力を弱めてしまう。温度差が大きいほど、熱伝達も大きくなり、逆に温度差が小さいことは、熱伝達が小さいことを意味する。
冷涼度(Coolth):「冷たい(cool)」の名詞形、温暖度の対義語。
エネルギー需要:温度、湿度、空気質、及び電気に関する建造物設定点を変更するためのユーザによって動かされる要件。
エネルギーシンク、別称シンク:熱的に接触している物体からエネルギーを吸収することが可能な環境。シンクは熱を蓄積、又は消散させるために使用されることができる。シンクは、特定の条件下で、熱又は冷涼度エネルギーの貯蔵のための貯留層になることができ、エネルギーはその後要求に応じて使用するために抽出されることができる。
損益分岐期日:エネルギー節約、税制上の優遇措置などによって装置が償却されるまでの年数
冷涼度エネルギーは時として、熱のようなエネルギーの形態としての冷却を説明するために言語上の便宜として使用される(これは一般的に使用されているが、冷たいということは熱エネルギーを欠いているということであるため、技術的には正確でない)。
エネルギー・シャーシ・デバイス:コンピュータ、ソフトウェア、ヒート・ポンプ、循環ポンプ及び可変速度駆動部のような冷媒ベースの熱伝達デバイス、相互接続配管、センサ及び制御デバイス、それらに加えて、電気及びHVACシステムを管理及び制御するのに必要とされる電気接続、インバータ、スイッチ、ヒューズ及び配線などを含む、集中暖房、冷房及びエネルギー管理システム全体。
エネルギー交換デバイス:検知、独立したルーティング、エネルギー源及び使用の選択を管理するシステムであって、システムを管理及び操作するためのコンピュータ、ソフトウェア、循環ポンプ及び可変速度駆動部、相互接続配管、電気接続、インバータ、スイッチ、ヒューズ、配線、センサ及び制御デバイスなどを含む、システム。
エネルギー源:デバイス、又はエネルギーを抽出することができる物質。エネルギーは冷涼度、熱エネルギー、又は電気を含む任意のタイプのものであることができる。
設備仕様:応答時間、BTU又は/TON能力、精度差、効率、制御可能性、流量、エネルギー流量、電力使用量(用力)、残差生成、冷却メカニズム及び有効性など。
ハイブリッド供給源/シンク:同じシステム内の複数のタイプの供給源/シンクの組合せ、例えば、地中ループ水平地熱ボア地帯としての同じシステム内の垂直ボア地熱地帯、又は閉ループ垂直地熱ボア地帯と組み合わされる太陽熱パネルと組み合わされる冷却塔など。
HVAC:暖房、換気、及び空調。
インターネット/LAN:有線又は無線であることができるインターネットへのアクセス。
独立接続:システム内の各供給源からの、又は各シンクからの流体は独立して使用されるか、又は混合されることができるが、現行の技術がそうであるように混合される必要はない。
負荷:なされるべき作業(すなわち、暖房、冷房、照明、デバイスのプラグの操作)。建造物負荷は、建造物が、温度、湿度、空気質を管理するのに必要とされるエネルギーの量、又は、電気デバイス(すなわち、「プラグ負荷」)の需要を満足するために必要とされるエネルギーを指す。
モジュール式組立品:他のものと組み合わされ、ユニットを追加又は交換することによってサイズを拡大又は縮小することができ、輸送されることができる。
操業費:エネルギー・コスト、維持費、部品交換費用、サービス費用など。
最適化された:1つ又は複数の最適化特性に基づく、最も有利なもの。
最適化目標パラメータは、初期費用、操業費、ライフ・サイクル・コスト、損益分岐期日、エネルギー使用量、環境影響、熱的快適性、室内空気質などを含む。
最適システム・パフォーマンス:ユーザ加重パラメータが画定され、エネルギー・システムが実質的に、標準誤差の最小マージンでこれらのパラメータに対して操作に成功したとき。
最適選択:ユーザ加重パラメータと標準誤差の最小マージンとの一致。
パフォーマンス特性:種々のエネルギータイプの各々に関するエネルギー容量、エネルギー減衰及び利得、エネルギー散逸率、効率、環境影響など。
プレハブ:事前に完成され、輸送可能であり、設置可能なユニットとしてオフサイト設備内で製造されているということ。
システム・データ:設備識別情報及び仕様、配管仕様、放射仕様、ダクト仕様など。
熱貯蔵部:熱又は冷涼度エネルギーの貯蔵に使用するための材料、デバイス、物質、例えば、地熱、相変化、建造物基礎構造など。
ユーザ入力:1つ又は複数の暖房及び冷房ゾーンに関する、所望の温度、所望の湿度、予測される、又は計画される占有状態、設備操作スケジュール、換気などを含む。
システム・パフォーマンス及び記載概要:
以下は、フィンドレー大学のために続いて設計されており、現在建造中である研究所建造物のシミュレーションである。本発明者らは、標準的な設計及び構造と比較してよりエネルギー効率的な、ライフ・サイクル・コストがより低い施設を提供するための、建物外面、HVAC、ドラフト制御部及び照明構成を含むシステムシミュレーションを準備した。このシステムのシミュレーションは本特許出願において記載された技法を使用する。これらの取り組みの結果が、従来の建造物及びHVACの慣例と比較したときに、フィンドレー大学に相当の利益を提供する、統合建造物エネルギー・システム設計である:
・占有者の健康及び安全を向上させるための100%の外気(再循環なし)
・最大68%のエネルギー・コスト低減及び35%の維持費低減
・最大76%のピーク時電気需要低減
・最大68%の建造物エネルギー利用(footprint)低減
・最大68%のCO2放出低減
・床面積1m2当たり約1031円(約12.92ドル)(1平方フィート当たり約1.20ドル)の年間エネルギー及び維持管理節約
・15,960,000円(200,000ドル)の初期追加投資に対して4.3年の単純回収期間
本発明者らは、この用途において一般的であるが、研究所のドラフトの重大な追加要件に対処するようにサイジングされた標準HVACシステムに関するコスト推定値及びエネルギー・シミュレーションを準備した。HVAC構成は、可変風量空気処理ユニットを含んでいる(屋上はこのより大きなユニットに適応するためにサイズが74.32m2(800SF)増大した)。空気処理システムには、新規のボイラからの温水、及び、新規の空冷式冷却機からの冷水が供給された。同じく温水システムに接続されている可変風量再加熱ボックスへの配管を介して調整空気が供給された。なお、この従来のシステムは部屋から部屋へと空気を再循環させる一方で、本発明者のシステムはそうしない。コンピュータベースの建造物オートメーションシステムが推定に含まれている。
このプロジェクトは、オハイオ州フィンドレー所在のフィンドレー大学キャンパスにあるDavis Street Facilityに対する、約3,716m2(約40,000平方フィート)の2階層の追加を含む。計画される建造物使用は、ドラフトを有する複数のラボ、教室、教員事務室及びさまざまなサポート・スペースを含む。
本発明者らは、壁式構造、窓、屋根断熱、照明などを含む建造物内のさまざまな構成要素を考慮して複数のエネルギー・シミュレーションを完了し、本発明のさまざまな構成を試験し、エネルギー使用全体に対していずれの領域が最良の肯定的影響を提供していたかを決定した。建造物運営スケジュール及び計画されるドラフト使用が大学職員によって提供された。使用料金体系は、平均5.985円(0.075ドル)/kWH及び798.0円(10.00ドル)/百万BTU天然ガスであると仮定された。
建造物エネルギー・システムは、本発明、すなわち、図5に示されているようなエネルギー交換ユニットを含むエネルギー・シャーシ・デバイスを含む。このシステムは各システム構成要素のパフォーマンスをリアルタイムで監視し、次に、温水又は冷水を最も効率的な供給源から建造物に提供する。
2 高温流体源
3 エネルギー・シャーシ
4 低温流体戻り
5 低温流体源
6 温度計及びセンサ
7 流量計
8 三方向制御バルブ
9 遮断弁
10 可変容量循環ポンプ
11 流体−流体冷却ベースのヒート・ポンプ
12 エネルギー交換デバイスの「温」側からの供給
13 エネルギー交換デバイスの「温」側への戻り接続
14 コンピュータベースの制御システム
15 エネルギー交換デバイスの「冷」側からの供給接続
16 エネルギー交換デバイスの「冷」側への戻り接続
17 可変容量循環ポンプ
20 地熱地面熱交換器戻り
21 地熱地面熱交換器供給
22 垂直閉ループ地熱交換器
27 交換コンピュータ
23 水平「地中」閉ループ地熱交換器
29 熱交換器
31 エネルギー・システム管理コンピュータ
32 リアルタイム負荷/需要
33 負荷の履歴による追跡
34 負荷予測に対するユーザ入力
35 インターネット/LANインタフェース
36 建造物及びシステムセンサ
37 建造物及びシステム制御
38 データベース、履歴、リアルタイム及び予測
39 データベース、システム更新
41 エネルギー交換ユニット
42 コントローラ
43 流体制御バルブ
44 流体ミキサ
46 熱貯蔵ユニット
Claims (8)
- 暖房及び冷房システム内の貯蔵部を含む、複数の異なる熱エネルギー源及び熱シンクの最適使用を決定するための方法であって、
前記システムによって使用可能な前記熱エネルギー源のうちの1つ又は複数の中に貯蔵される熱エネルギーを決定するステップと、
前記システムによって使用可能な1つ又は複数の前記熱シンクの熱エネルギー貯蔵容量を決定するステップと、
前記1つ又は複数の熱エネルギー源、及び前記1つ又は複数の熱シンクに関する熱エネルギー貯蔵及び散逸率を決定するステップと、
予め選択された期間にわたる熱エネルギー損失及び利得並びに熱保持率を予測するステップと、
前記予測された熱エネルギー損失及び利得並びに熱保持率を目標パラメータと比較するステップと、
前記熱エネルギー源又は熱シンクのうちの少なくとも1つを前記比較に基づき選択するステップと、
前記選択された少なくとも1つの熱エネルギー源又は熱シンクの使用を開始するステップとを含む、方法。 - 前記熱エネルギー源及び熱シンクは、ハイブリッド熱エネルギー源及びハイブリッド熱シンクを備える、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記熱エネルギー源及び熱シンクの各々は、地熱エネルギー源及び熱シンクを備える、請求項1に記載の方法。
- リアルタイムデータに基づく熱エネルギー源需要を決定するステップをさらに含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記熱エネルギー源需要は、予測される将来の熱エネルギー源需要である、請求項4に記載の方法。
- 前記将来の熱エネルギー源需要を満足する際に使用可能な、熱を補足及び貯蔵するステップをさらに含む、請求項5に記載の方法。
- 気象トレンド及び履歴データに基づき、将来の熱エネルギー源需要を予測するステップをさらに含む、請求項5に記載の方法。
- 前記予測される将来の熱エネルギー源需要を満足するために前記熱エネルギー源または熱シンクの少なくとも1つを充填するステップをさらに含む、請求項5に記載の方法。
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EP2567293A1 (en) | 2013-03-13 |
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WO2011140369A1 (en) | 2011-11-10 |
US9080789B2 (en) | 2015-07-14 |
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