JP5927710B2 - 負極活物質、負極、リチウム二次電池、および多孔性複合体の製造方法 - Google Patents
負極活物質、負極、リチウム二次電池、および多孔性複合体の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5927710B2 JP5927710B2 JP2015511388A JP2015511388A JP5927710B2 JP 5927710 B2 JP5927710 B2 JP 5927710B2 JP 2015511388 A JP2015511388 A JP 2015511388A JP 2015511388 A JP2015511388 A JP 2015511388A JP 5927710 B2 JP5927710 B2 JP 5927710B2
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G1/00—Methods of preparing compounds of metals not covered by subclasses C01B, C01C, C01D, or C01F, in general
- C01G1/02—Oxides
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/364—Composites as mixtures
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/386—Silicon or alloys based on silicon
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/483—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides for non-aqueous cells
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
- C01P2002/60—Compounds characterised by their crystallite size
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
- C01P2004/01—Particle morphology depicted by an image
- C01P2004/03—Particle morphology depicted by an image obtained by SEM
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/12—Surface area
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/16—Pore diameter
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/485—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of mixed oxides or hydroxides for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiTi2O4 or LiTi2OxFy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/624—Electric conductive fillers
- H01M4/625—Carbon or graphite
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Composite Materials (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
- Silicon Compounds (AREA)
Description
本明細書及び特許請求の範囲に用いられた用語や単語は、通常的且つ辞書的な意味に限定して解釈されてはならず、発明者はその自身の発明を最良の方法で説明するために用語の概念を適宜定義することができるとの原則に即して、本発明の技術的思想に符合する意味を概念として解釈されなければならない。
空隙率=単位質量当たり気孔体積/(比体積+単位質量当たり気孔体積)
前記空隙率の測定は特に限定されず、本発明の一実施例によって、例えばBET(Brunauer−Emmett−Teller)測定法または水銀浸透法(Hg porosimetry)によって測定され得る。
[実施例1]
平均粒径が約2μmから5μmであるSiと、平均粒径が約2μmから5μmであるSiO2とを70:30のモル比で混合して混合物を形成した。この混合物と直径が約5mmのステンレスボールとを1:15の重量比で、高エネルギーボールミル装置を用いて約1000rpmの回転速度で180分間機械的合金化を行ってSiOxを製造した。但し、前記混合複合体の製造はアルゴンガス雰囲気下でなされ、前記SiOxのxは0.6であった。
フルオロ化水素(HF)が10%である300ml溶液と、硝酸銀(AgNO3)が10mMである300ml溶液とを10分間混合した。前記フルオロ化水素と硝酸銀が混合された溶液にSiOx2gを添加して5分間混合した後、濾過、洗浄及び乾燥してAgが電着されたSiOxを製造した。
フルオロ化水素が5%である200ml溶液と、過酸化水素(H2O2)が1.5重量%に添加された100ml溶液とを10分間混合した。Ag粒子が電着されたSiOxを前記フルオロ化水素と過酸化水素が混合されたエッチング溶液に投入して30分間混合した後、濾過、洗浄及び乾燥して多孔性SiOxを製造した。
1−4. Ag除去
[実施例2]
[実施例3から4]
[実施例5から8]
前記実施例1から4で製造されたSiOxをそれぞれ負極活物質として用い、アセチレンブラックを導電材、及びポリビニリデンフルオライドをバインダとして用い、85:5:10の重量比で混合し、これらを溶媒であるN−メチル−2−ピロリドンに混合してスラリーを製造した。製造されたスラリーを銅集電体の一面に65μmの厚さでコーティングし、乾燥及び圧延した後、一定の大きさでパンチングして負極を製造した。
[比較例1]
[比較例2]
[比較例3]
[比較例4]
[実験例2]初期効率、寿命特性及び厚さ変化率の分析
−寿命特性:(49サイクル目の放電容量/1サイクル目の放電容量)×100
−厚さ変化率:(50サイクル目の充電後の電極の厚さ−サイクル前の電極の厚さ)/サイクル前の電極の厚さ×100
Claims (26)
- 前記多孔性複合体の空隙率は、20%から80%であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の負極活物質。
- 前記式(1)において、xは、前記多孔性複合体を加熱して発生するガスに含まれた酸素の量で測定されることを特徴とする請求項1または2に記載の負極活物質。
- 前記多孔性複合体の表面、または表面及び内部に気孔が形成されていることを特徴とする請求項1から3の何れか一項に記載の負極活物質。
- 前記多孔性複合体の気孔は、前記多孔性複合体の表面における直径が10nmから1000nmであることを特徴とする請求項4に記載の負極活物質。
- 前記多孔性複合体のBET比表面積は、2m2/gから100m2/gであることを特徴とする請求項1から5の何れか一項に記載の負極活物質。
- 前記金属及び半金属の少なくとも一方、並びに金属酸化物及び半金属酸化物の少なくとも一方は、ナノ結晶粒形態であることを特徴とする請求項1から6の何れか一項に記載の負極活物質。
- 前記ナノ結晶粒の大きさは、0.1nmから100nmであることを特徴とする請求項7に記載の負極活物質。
- 前記多孔性複合体上に炭素コーティング層をさらに含むことを特徴とする請求項1から8の何れか一項に記載の負極活物質。
- 多孔性複合体の製造方法であって、
金属粒子及び半金属粒子の少なくとも一方と、金属酸化物粒子及び半金属酸化物粒子の少なくとも一方とを混合した後、機械的合金化(mechanical alloying)し、
フッ素系溶液と金属前駆体溶液とを混合した後、前記合金化された混合粒子と接触させて電着金属粒子を電着させ、
前記電着金属粒子が電着された混合粒子をエッチング溶液と接触させてエッチングし、
前記エッチングされた混合粒子を金属除去溶液と接触させ、前記電着金属粒子を除去することを含み、
前記多孔性複合体は下記式(1)で表され、
- 前記金属及び半金属の少なくとも一方は、Siであることを特徴とする請求項10に記載の多孔性複合体の製造方法。
- 前記金属粒子及び半金属粒子の少なくとも一方と、金属酸化物粒子及び半金属酸化物粒子の少なくとも一方とのモル比は、80から50:20から50であることを特徴とする請求項10または11に記載の多孔性複合体の製造方法。
- 前記金属粒子及び半金属粒子の少なくとも一方と、金属酸化物粒子及び半金属酸化物粒子の少なくとも一方とを混合した後、機械的合金化は酸素が遮られた雰囲気下で行われることを特徴とする請求項10から12の何れか一項に記載の多孔性複合体の製造方法。
- 前記酸素が遮られた雰囲気は、窒素ガス、アルゴンガス、ヘリウムガス、クリプトンガスまたはキセノンガスが存在する不活性雰囲気、水素ガス雰囲気または真空雰囲気であることを特徴とする請求項13に記載の多孔性複合体の製造方法。
- 前記機械的合金化は、ボールミル、遊星ミル、撹拌ボールミル及び振動ミルからなる群より選択されることを特徴とする請求項10から14の何れか一項に記載の多孔性複合体の製造方法。
- 前記フッ素系溶液は、フルオロ化水素(HF)、フルオロ化珪酸(H2SiF6)及びフルオロ化アンモニウム(NH4F)からなる群より選択される1種以上であることを特徴とする請求項10から15の何れか一項に記載の多孔性複合体の製造方法。
- 前記金属前駆体溶液は、銀(Ag)、金(Au)、白金(Pt)及び銅(Cu)からなる群より選択される1種以上を含むことを特徴とする請求項10から16の何れか一項に記載の多孔性複合体の製造方法。
- 前記エッチング溶液は、フルオロ化水素(HF)とエタノール(C2H5OH)の混合溶液であることを特徴とする請求項10から17の何れか一項に記載の多孔性複合体の製造方法。
- 前記エッチング溶液は、過酸化水素(H2O2)をさらに含むことを特徴とする請求項18に記載の多孔性複合体の製造方法。
- 前記金属除去溶液は、硝酸(HNO3)、硫酸(H2SO4)及び塩酸(HCl)からなる群より選択される1種以上であることを特徴とする請求項10から19の何れか一項に記載の多孔性複合体の製造方法。
- 前記電着金属粒子を除去した後、多孔性複合体を炭素前駆体と混合してから熱処理し、多孔性複合体の表面を炭素でコーティングする段階をさらに含むことを特徴とする請求項10から20の何れか一項に記載の多孔性複合体の製造方法。
- 前記炭素前駆体は、黒鉛、ピッチ(pitch)または炭化水素系物質であることを特徴とする請求項21に記載の多孔性複合体の製造方法。
- 前記炭素前駆体は、多孔性複合体の総重量に対して1重量%から30重量%で用いることを特徴とする請求項21または22に記載の多孔性複合体の製造方法。
- 前記熱処理は、300℃から1400℃の温度範囲で行われることを特徴とする請求項21から23の何れか一項に記載の多孔性複合体の製造方法。
- 請求項1から9の何れか一項に記載の負極活物質を含む負極。
- 請求項25に記載の負極を含むリチウム二次電池。
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