JP5666225B2 - リチウムイオン二次電池用負極及びリチウムイオン二次電池 - Google Patents
リチウムイオン二次電池用負極及びリチウムイオン二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5666225B2 JP5666225B2 JP2010208084A JP2010208084A JP5666225B2 JP 5666225 B2 JP5666225 B2 JP 5666225B2 JP 2010208084 A JP2010208084 A JP 2010208084A JP 2010208084 A JP2010208084 A JP 2010208084A JP 5666225 B2 JP5666225 B2 JP 5666225B2
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- negative electrode
- secondary battery
- ion secondary
- lithium ion
- carbon atoms
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- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 51
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 55
- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 claims description 30
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 17
- 150000002500 ions Chemical group 0.000 claims description 14
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 13
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 13
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
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- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 claims description 11
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- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000001502 aryl halides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
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- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 4
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- 238000004833 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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Description
負極活物質としての人造黒鉛を95重量%と、結着材としてのポリフッ化ビニリデンを5重量%とを混合し混合物を得た。この混合物を90重量部と、一般式(1)で表される化合物(添加剤)としてのカリウムビスオキサラトボレート(KBOB)を10重量部とを混合し、ペレット成型し負極合材とした。これを、対極にリチウム金属を用い、非水系電解液として、EC、DMC及びEMCのカーボネート類混合溶媒にLiPF6を1mol/Lとなるように溶解させたものを用いて二極式セルを作製した。これを実施例1とした。
一般式(1)で表される化合物としてリチウムビスオキサラトボレート(LiBOB)を10重量部用いた以外は、実施例1と同様の工程を経て得られた二極式セルを実施例2とした。また、一般式(1)で表される化合物としてナトリウムビスオキサラトボレート(NaBOB)を10重量部用いた以外は、実施例1と同様の工程を経て得られた二極式セルを実施例3とした。また、一般式(1)で表される化合物としてリチウムジフルオロビスオキサラトホスフェート(LPFO)を10重量部用いた以外は、実施例1と同様の工程を経て得られた二極式セルを実施例4とした。
一般式(1)で表される化合物を添加しない以外は、実施例1と同様の工程を経て得られた二極式セルを比較例1とした。また、負極合材に一般式(1)で表される化合物を添加せず、実施例1の負極に添加したのと同量のKBOBを非水系電解液に添加した以外は、実施例1と同様の工程を経て得られた二極式セルを比較例2とした。なお、比較例2においては、KBOBはほとんど非水系電解液に溶解せず、添加したKBOBは固体状態で非水系電解液の底に沈んだ状態であった。また、負極合材に一般式(1)で表される化合物を添加せず、実施例2の負極に添加したのと同量のLiBOBを非水系電解液に溶解させた以外は、実施例2と同様の工程を経て得られた二極式セルを比較例3とした。
作製した二極式セルを、20℃の温度条件下で、電流密度70μA/cm2の定電流で下限電圧0.01Vまで放電を行い、次いで電流密度70μA/cm2の定電流で上限電圧1.2Vまで充電を行った。単位活物質あたりの初期放電容量を単位活物質あたりの初期充電容量で除算し100を乗算した値を充放電効率とした。また、再度放電後の負極と上記非水系電解液との発熱反応を、示差走査熱量測定(Differential scanning calorimetry:DSC)により見積もった。評価は、100℃〜170℃付近における発熱の有無で行った。
実施例1〜4及び比較例1〜3の添加した化合物、充放電効率及びDSCの発熱の有無についてまとめたものを表1に示す。図2〜8は、それぞれ実施例1〜4及び比較例1〜3の充放電曲線及びDSC測定結果である。 表1及び図2〜8に示すように、負極合材中に化合物が添加されていない比較例1,2においては、100℃〜170℃付近で発熱が観測された。これに対して、負極合材中に化合物が添加された実施例1〜4においては、100℃〜170℃付近で発熱は観測されず、負極と電解液との発熱反応が抑制されていることがわかった。この温度範囲での発熱を抑制すると、発熱反応の連鎖などを防止することができ、より好ましい。また、電解液に易溶なLiBOBを溶解させた比較例3では、LiBOBの分解による電気容量について実施例2と比較すると、実施例2の負極材に含まれる量と同量のLiBOBが含まれているにもかかわらず、実施例2の場合の半分程度しか分解されておらず、負極合材中に存在した方が効率よく分解反応(被膜の生成)が進むといえ、少量の添加でも有効に作用することがわかった。このように、負極合材中に化合物が添加された負極では、充放電過程において、化合物の分解・被膜の形成が効率よく進み、負極と電解液との発熱反応を抑制することがわかった。
正極活物質としてLiNi0.75Co0.15Al0.05Mg0.05O2を85重量%、導電材としてのカーボンブラックを10重量%および結着材としてのポリフッ化ビニリデンを5重量%混合し、分散材としてN−メチル−2−ピロリドンを適量添加し、分散してスラリー状正極合材とした。これをアルミニウム箔集電体の両面に塗布し、乾燥させたあと、ロールプレスで高密度化し、短冊状に切り出したものを正極シートとした。負極活物質として人造黒鉛を95重量%と、結着材としてポリフッ化ビニリデンを5重量%とを混合した。この混合物を90重量部、一般式(1)で表される化合物としてのKBOBを10重量部混合し、正極と同様にスラリー状負極合材とした。これを銅箔集電体の両面に塗布し、乾燥させたあと、ロールプレスで高密度化し、短冊状に切り出したものを負極シートとした。非水系電解液には、EC、DMCおよびEMCを混合したカーボネート類溶媒にLiPF6を1mol/Lとなるように溶解させたものを用いた。上記の正極シートと負極シートとを、ポリエチレン製セパレータを挟んで捲回し、ロール状電極体とし、この電極体を18650型円筒ケースに挿入し、上記非水系電解液を含侵させたあと、密閉して円筒型リチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。作製したリチウムイオン二次電池を実施例5とした。
一般式(1)で表される化合物としてリチウムビスオキサラトボレート(LiBOB)を10重量部用いた以外は、実施例5と同様の工程を経て得られたリチウムイオン二次電池を実施例6とした。また、一般式(1)で表される化合物としてナトリウムビスオキサラトボレート(NaBOB)を10重量部用いた以外は、実施例5と同様の工程を経て得られたリチウムイオン二次電池を実施例7とした。
一般式(1)で表される化合物を添加しない以外は、実施例5と同様の工程を経て得られたリチウムイオン二次電池を比較例4とした。
作製した電池を、20℃の温度条件下で、電流密度2mA/cm2の定電流で充電上限電圧4.1Vまで充電を行い、次いで電流密度2mA/cm2の定電流で放電下限電圧3.0Vまで放電を行う充放電を5回行った。充電電流値と充電に要した時間とを乗じて得られた値を正極活物質の重量で除したものを充電容量、同様に放電電流値と放電に要した時間を乗じて得られた値を正極活物質の重量で除したものを放電容量とし、放電容量を充電容量で除して100を乗算した値を充放電効率%とした。再度充電後の電池を解体し、負極と上記非水系電解液との発熱反応を、DSCにより見積もった。
実施例5〜7および比較例4の化合物の有無、充放電効率およびDSCにおける100℃〜170℃付近の発熱の有無を表2に示す。表2に示すように、化合物を添加しない比較例4では、99%の高い充放電効率で電池が動作しているものの、100℃〜170℃の範囲に発熱が確認された。これに対して、負極合材中に化合物を添加した実施例5〜7では、ほぼ100%の充放電効率で電池が動作すると共に、DSCでの100℃〜170℃付近に現れる、負極と電解液との発熱が抑制されていることが確認された。このように、負極材中に一般式(1)で表される化合物が添加された電池では、充放電効率に悪影響を与えることなく、電解液に難溶な添加剤でも効率よく良好な被膜が形成するため、負極と電解液との発熱反応を抑制することができることが明らかとなった。
Claims (5)
- リチウムを吸蔵・放出可能な炭素材料を含む負極活物質と、一般式(3)で表される化合物を混合して含有している、リチウムイオン二次電池用負極。
- 正極活物質を有する正極と、
請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極と、
前記正極と前記負極との間に介在し、リチウムイオンを伝導するイオン伝導媒体と、
を備えたリチウムイオン二次電池。 - 前記イオン伝導媒体は、環状カーボネート類及び鎖状カーボネート類を含むカーボネート類の非水系電解液である、請求項4に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池。
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