JP5424559B2 - 神経変性状態を治療するためのヒト神経細胞の移植 - Google Patents
神経変性状態を治療するためのヒト神経細胞の移植 Download PDFInfo
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Description
在胎齢およそ7〜8.5週の少なくとも1つのドナーからの脊髄を得る。機械的粉砕を用いて、Ca++およびMg++を含まないリン酸緩衝生理食塩水中、該脊髄の単一の近接組織を解離させる。次いで、得られた細胞懸濁液を、ポリ-L-オルニチンまたはポリ-D-リシンおよびヒトフィブロネクチンまたは他の細胞外基質タンパク質によって予備コーティングした組織培養プレートに播種する。組織培養処理したプレートまたはフラスコを、100μg/mlのポリ-D-リシンと共に、室温で1時間インキュベートした。次いでそれらを水で3回洗浄し、乾燥した。次にそれらを25mg/mlと共に、室温で5分間インキュベートした。時には、10mg/mlのフィブロネクチンを、室温で1時間用いた。時には、1mg/mlのフィブロネクチンを、37℃で18時間用いた。N2(DMEM/F12 + インスリン、トランスフェリン、セレニウム、プトレシン、およびプロゲステロン)からなる培養培地に、1種のヒト組換え塩基性線維芽細胞成長因子(bFGF)を添加した。一実施形態において、0.1ng/ml〜100ng/mlの範囲を使用することができる。一実施形態において、最適には、10ng/mlのbFGFが使用される。
NSCの増殖中、任意の時点で、培養物中のbFGFなどのマイトジェンを取り出すことによって、培養物を分化させることができる。マイトジェン除去後、約1〜3日以内に、引き続きNSCの分化が起こり、別な異種細胞形態が明らかである。分化のおよそ4〜7日までに、MAP2c、タウ、およびタイプIIIベータチューブリンなどのニューロン特異的抗原を免疫染色によって可視化することができる。およそ12〜14日までに、細胞内タンパク質輸送の明らかな局在化と共に、培養物全体にわたる、長形、索状の軸索性過程が明らかになる。およそ28日までに、シナプシンおよびシナプトフィジンなどのシナプスタンパク質は軸索終末内へ局在化し、斑点状の染色として現れる。該ニューロンの長期成熟をさらに促進するために、星状膠細胞のフィーダー層をさらに供給することができる。図3に示されるように、ヒト脊髄NSCの分化によって、ニューロンと神経膠との混合培養物が生成され、混合物中、ニューロンはタウ、MAP2ab(A)およびタイプ3ベータチューブリン(B)などのニューロン特異的抗原を強く発現し、該培養物のおよそ50%を含む。図3Bに示されるように、該培養物は、数センチメートル伸長する長く束ねられた軸索ケーブルを自然に生成させる。図3Cに示されるように、ニューロンのかなりの部分がGABA作動性である。コリン作動性運動ニューロンもまた該培養物中に存在する(図3D)。培養物中かなりのGABAニューロンが存在することにより、一定の回路におけるGABA産生の減少に起因する種々の神経学的状態の治療に対するヒト脊髄NSCの有用性が予想される。同様に、コリン作動性ニューロンの存在により、ヒト脊髄NSCが運動ニューロン分化の能力を有することが実証され、運動ニューロンの漸進的変性に起因する種々の運動ニューロン疾患の治療に対する有用性が予想される。治療のためには、NSCをさらなる表現型増強条件の有無で増殖させ、採収し、欠損神経領域に注射する。
在胎齢7〜8.5週胎児の1つの中脳組織を得る。実施例1に記載したとおり、中脳組織からNSCを得る。該細胞を、160日の正味培養期間にわたって連続的に継代し、得られた増殖を図4に示す。増殖期間を通して、NSCはそれらの多分化能および神経形成能、ならびに、ドーパミン作動性ニューロンをもたらす分化能を安定して保持する。ドーパミン作動性ニューロンは、チロシンヒドロキシラーゼ(TH)およびドーパミントランスポーター(DAT)のニューロン発現によって評価される。
ヒト中脳NSC/前駆体は、実施例2に記載されるとおり分化させることができる。NSCの有糸分裂期の間、またはそれらの分化の間、種々の外来因子によって該培養物を処置することによって、所望の表現型の割合を高くすることができる。ヒト中脳NSCからドーパミン作動性表現型を増加させることができるこのような因子の例は、図6Aおよび6Bに示されるとおり、セルトリ細胞からの馴化培地によって実証される。
一過性脊髄虚血を誘導するために、先にTaira(1996)に記載された方法を用いる。Sprague Dawley(SD)ラットをハロタン(1.5%)で麻酔する。2 Fr Fogarty(登録商標)カテーテルを左大腿動脈を通して、左鎖骨下動脈のレベルまで下行胸椎大動脈に通す。大動脈閉塞のレベル下の遠位動脈圧(DBP)を測定するために、ポリエチレン(PE-50)カテーテルによって、尾動脈にカニューレ挿入する。
開示された方法のNSCは、強力で顕著な臨床的利益と生物学的利益の双方を与える。そのため、開示された方法により、ALSなどの中枢神経系全体に散在した状態、ならびに上記の脊髄虚血などの特定の領域に局在化した状態の双方の処置が可能になる。ALSにおいて、腰髄における移植では、セグメントの運動器官の他の重要な部分、すなわち、呼吸運動を担っている頚髄運動ニューロンカラムが除外され得るが、脊髄にNSCを移植する開示された方法は、髄全体にわたって宿主の運動ニューロンに広範囲の作用が生じ得るCSF内への、移植した細胞からのBDNFおよびGDNFならびに他の因子の放出を促進する。
増殖させたヒト脊髄幹細胞を、免疫抑制した成体メスSprague-Dawleyまたは免疫不全胸腺欠損ヌードマウスのいずれかに注射する。移植の1カ月前に、両群にC4-5挫傷損傷を作製する。移植片レシピエント(n=24)は、移植後60〜150日生存した。ヒト由来のNSCは、ニューロン、星状膠細胞および希突起膠細胞からなる大型の細胞凝集体を形成した。これらの移植片は、各損傷をいつも完全に満たした。未熟な外観のNeuN+/ヒト核+ニューロンは、50%のドナー細胞集団を含むことが多かった。これらのニューロンは、移植部位から少なくとも2cm距離で、灰質と白質の双方を介してヒト神経フィラメント+処理を送達した。宿主ニューロンと移植片ニューロンの双方の近位に、強いヒト特異的シナプトフィジン免疫反応性が認められ、非反応性と思われるGFAP+細胞はドナーニューロンと並列した。さらに、これらの移植片は、宿主源から生じると思われるTH+および5HT+線維の増殖を支持した。したがって、このNSC系は、脊髄内灰白質の修復に有利である主要な胎児CNS様性質を有していると思われる。
Claims (13)
- a)増殖集団の少なくとも20%が、レシピエントの脊髄でニューロンを発生させることができるように、細胞接着を促進することができる、0.1μg/mlから1mg/mlの一種以上のポリマーで被覆した培養皿中において、少なくとも1種の哺乳動物から分離した神経幹細胞を増殖集団へ増殖させること、および
b)前記増殖集団を濃縮すること
を含む、前記レシピエントの脊髄でニューロンを発生させることができる神経幹細胞の増殖集団を調製するin vitroにおける方法であって、前記一種以上のポリマーは、ポリ-L/D-オルニチン、ポリ-L/D-リシン、フィブロネクチンおよびそれらの組合せから選択され、前記神経幹細胞を増殖することが、血清の不存在下で前記神経幹細胞を培養することを含み、かつ前記細胞の増殖が、分化することなしに、細胞の倍増が30回を上回る方法。 - 前記神経幹細胞が、中枢神経系、末梢神経系、骨髄、末梢血、臍帯血および少なくとも1つの胚からなる群から選択される供給源から分離されたものである、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記哺乳動物が、発育中の哺乳動物である、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 前記発育中の哺乳動物の在胎齢が、6.5週から20週までの間である、請求項3に記載の方法。
- 前記神経幹細胞が、ヒトの胎児の脊髄から分離されたものである、請求項3に記載の方法。
- 前記神経幹細胞を増殖することが、前記神経幹細胞を少なくとも1種の増殖因子に曝露させることを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記増殖因子が、bFGF、EGF、TGF-α、aFGFおよびその組合せからなる群から選択される、請求項6に記載の方法。
- 前記増殖集団が、in vivoで少なくとも1,000のGABAを産生するニューロンを発生させることができる、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記増殖集団が、in vivoで少なくとも1,000のグリシンを産生するニューロンを発生させることができる、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記増殖集団の少なくとも40%が、脊髄でニューロンを発生させることができる、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記増殖集団の少なくとも30%が、in vitroでニューロンに分化することができる、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記増殖集団が、治療有効量の少なくとも1種の増殖因子を分泌するために十分なニューロンに分化することができる量の神経幹細胞を含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記増殖集団が、脊髄において少なくとも1,000のニューロンを発生させることができる、請求項1に記載の方法。
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