JP5397408B2 - 内燃機関の排気還流制御装置 - Google Patents
内燃機関の排気還流制御装置 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP5397408B2 JP5397408B2 JP2011108394A JP2011108394A JP5397408B2 JP 5397408 B2 JP5397408 B2 JP 5397408B2 JP 2011108394 A JP2011108394 A JP 2011108394A JP 2011108394 A JP2011108394 A JP 2011108394A JP 5397408 B2 JP5397408 B2 JP 5397408B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- egr
- pressure egr
- passage
- pressure
- low
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/0025—Controlling engines characterised by use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures
- F02D41/0047—Controlling exhaust gas recirculation [EGR]
- F02D41/0065—Specific aspects of external EGR control
- F02D41/0072—Estimating, calculating or determining the EGR rate, amount or flow
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
- F02M26/02—EGR systems specially adapted for supercharged engines
- F02M26/04—EGR systems specially adapted for supercharged engines with a single turbocharger
- F02M26/05—High pressure loops, i.e. wherein recirculated exhaust gas is taken out from the exhaust system upstream of the turbine and reintroduced into the intake system downstream of the compressor
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
- F02M26/02—EGR systems specially adapted for supercharged engines
- F02M26/04—EGR systems specially adapted for supercharged engines with a single turbocharger
- F02M26/06—Low pressure loops, i.e. wherein recirculated exhaust gas is taken out from the exhaust downstream of the turbocharger turbine and reintroduced into the intake system upstream of the compressor
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
- F02M26/13—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories
- F02M26/38—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories with two or more EGR valves disposed in parallel
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
- F02M26/45—Sensors specially adapted for EGR systems
- F02M26/46—Sensors specially adapted for EGR systems for determining the characteristics of gases, e.g. composition
- F02M26/47—Sensors specially adapted for EGR systems for determining the characteristics of gases, e.g. composition the characteristics being temperatures, pressures or flow rates
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/02—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
- F02D41/14—Introducing closed-loop corrections
- F02D41/1401—Introducing closed-loop corrections characterised by the control or regulation method
- F02D2041/1413—Controller structures or design
- F02D2041/1418—Several control loops, either as alternatives or simultaneous
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/02—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
- F02D41/14—Introducing closed-loop corrections
- F02D41/1401—Introducing closed-loop corrections characterised by the control or regulation method
- F02D2041/1413—Controller structures or design
- F02D2041/1431—Controller structures or design the system including an input-output delay
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D2200/00—Input parameters for engine control
- F02D2200/02—Input parameters for engine control the parameters being related to the engine
- F02D2200/04—Engine intake system parameters
- F02D2200/0406—Intake manifold pressure
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D2200/00—Input parameters for engine control
- F02D2200/02—Input parameters for engine control the parameters being related to the engine
- F02D2200/04—Engine intake system parameters
- F02D2200/0411—Volumetric efficiency
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/02—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
- F02D41/14—Introducing closed-loop corrections
- F02D41/1438—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor
- F02D41/1444—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor characterised by the characteristics of the combustion gases
- F02D41/1448—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor characterised by the characteristics of the combustion gases the characteristics being an exhaust gas pressure
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
- F02M26/02—EGR systems specially adapted for supercharged engines
- F02M26/09—Constructional details, e.g. structural combinations of EGR systems and supercharger systems; Arrangement of the EGR and supercharger systems with respect to the engine
- F02M26/10—Constructional details, e.g. structural combinations of EGR systems and supercharger systems; Arrangement of the EGR and supercharger systems with respect to the engine having means to increase the pressure difference between the exhaust and intake system, e.g. venturis, variable geometry turbines, check valves using pressure pulsations or throttles in the air intake or exhaust system
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
- F02M26/13—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories
- F02M26/22—Arrangement or layout of EGR passages, e.g. in relation to specific engine parts or for incorporation of accessories with coolers in the recirculation passage
- F02M26/23—Layout, e.g. schematics
- F02M26/24—Layout, e.g. schematics with two or more coolers
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M26/00—Engine-pertinent apparatus for adding exhaust gases to combustion-air, main fuel or fuel-air mixture, e.g. by exhaust gas recirculation [EGR] systems
- F02M26/52—Systems for actuating EGR valves
- F02M26/53—Systems for actuating EGR valves using electric actuators, e.g. solenoids
- F02M26/54—Rotary actuators, e.g. step motors
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
- Y02T10/40—Engine management systems
Description
以下、本発明にかかる車載制御装置を具体化した第1の実施形態について、図面を参照しつつ説明する。
EGR率=(Megrlp+Megrhp)
/(Mair+Megrlp+Megrhp)×100 …(c1)
また、低圧EGR率とは、新気量及び低圧EGR量の加算値に対する低圧EGR量の割合(百分率)であり、詳しくは、下式(c2)で定義される。
低圧EGR率=Megrlp/(Mair+Megrlp)×100 …(c2)
そして、高圧合流後制御値としてのEGR率の都度の値(実EGR率)を目標EGR率にフィードバック制御すべく高圧EGRアクチュエータ48aを通電操作するとともに、低圧合流後制御値としての低圧EGR率の都度の値(実低圧EGR率)を目標低圧EGR率にフィードバック制御すべく低圧EGRアクチュエータ52aを通電操作する。高低圧協調EGR制御として、こうした制御手法を採用するのは、低圧EGRの応答遅れに起因した外部EGR量の調節精度の低下を回避するためである。
目標総EGR量=(目標EGR率/100)×Mcld …(c3)
続くステップS16では、エンジン回転速度NE及び燃料噴射弁28からの燃料噴射量Qに基づき、高圧EGR量Megrhpの目標値(目標高圧EGR量)を可変設定する。ここで目標高圧EGR量は、目標総EGR量の一部が割り振られたものであり、エンジン回転速度NE及び燃料噴射量Qと関係づけられた目標高圧EGR量が規定されるマップを用いて設定する。なお、目標高圧EGR量は、例えばエンジン要求トルクTrqが大きくなるほど少なく設定すればよい。
以下、第2の実施形態について、先の第1の実施形態との相違点を中心に図面を参照しつつ説明する。
なお、上記各実施形態は、以下のように変更して実施してもよい。
Claims (6)
- 内燃機関に接続された吸気通路及び排気通路の間に設けられて且つ、前記内燃機関に供給される吸気を過給する過給機と、前記排気通路のうち前記過給機の排気タービンよりも上流側と前記吸気通路のうち前記過給機のコンプレッサよりも下流側とを接続する高圧EGR通路と、前記排気通路のうち前記排気タービンよりも下流側と前記吸気通路のうち前記コンプレッサよりも上流側とを接続する低圧EGR通路と、前記高圧EGR通路を介して前記吸気通路に還流される高圧EGRの流量を調節すべく通電操作される高圧EGR手段と、前記低圧EGR通路を介して前記吸気通路に還流される低圧EGRの流量を調節すべく通電操作される低圧EGR手段とを備える内燃機関の燃焼制御システムに適用され、
前記吸気通路のうち前記高圧EGR通路との接続部よりも下流側を高圧合流後通路と定義し、前記吸気通路のうち前記低圧EGR通路との接続部よりも下流側であって且つ前記高圧EGR通路との接続部よりも上流側を低圧合流後通路と定義し、吸気中の酸素濃度又はEGR率を吸気パラメータと定義したときに、前記内燃機関の運転状態に基づき、前記高圧合流後通路及び前記低圧合流後通路のそれぞれにおける前記吸気パラメータの目標値として、高圧合流後目標値及び低圧合流後目標値のそれぞれを設定する目標値設定手段と、
前記高圧合流後通路及び前記低圧合流後通路のそれぞれにおける前記吸気パラメータの都度の値として、高圧合流後制御値及び低圧合流後制御値のそれぞれを算出する都度制御値算出手段と、
前記高圧合流後制御値を前記高圧合流後目標値にフィードバック制御すべく前記高圧EGR手段を通電操作するとともに、前記低圧合流後制御値を前記低圧合流後目標値にフィードバック制御すべく前記低圧EGR手段を通電操作することで、前記吸気通路に前記高圧EGR及び前記低圧EGRの双方を還流させる制御手段とを備えることを特徴とする内燃機関の排気還流制御装置。 - 前記高圧合流後制御値を前記高圧合流後目標値とするために要求されるEGRの流量を、前記高圧EGR及び前記低圧EGRのそれぞれに割り振る割振手段を更に備え、
前記目標値設定手段は、前記割振手段によって割り振られた高圧EGRの流量及び低圧EGRの流量に基づき、前記高圧合流後目標値及び前記低圧合流後目標値のそれぞれを設定することを特徴とする請求項1記載の内燃機関の排気還流制御装置。 - 前記内燃機関の運転状態に基づき、前記高圧EGRの流量の上限値である高圧上限値を可変設定する高圧上限値設定手段を更に備え、
前記割振手段は、前記設定された高圧上限値以下の値として前記高圧EGRの流量を割り振るとともに、前記高圧合流後制御値を前記高圧合流後目標値とするために要求されるEGRの流量から前記割り振られる高圧EGRの流量を差し引いた値に基づき、前記低圧EGRの流量を設定することを特徴とする請求項2記載の内燃機関の排気還流制御装置。 - 前記内燃機関の運転状態に基づき、前記低圧EGRの流量の上限値である低圧上限値を可変設定する低圧上限値設定手段を更に備え、
前記割振手段によって割り振られる高圧EGRの流量及び低圧EGRの流量の和が前記高圧上限値及び前記低圧上限値の和となって且つ、前記高圧合流後制御値を前記高圧合流後目標値とするために要求されるEGRの流量が前記高圧上限値及び前記低圧上限値の和を上回ると判断された場合、前記高圧合流後目標値を、前記高圧上限値及び前記低圧上限値の和によって実現可能な前記高圧合流後制御値として再設定する再設定手段を更に備えることを特徴とする請求項3記載の内燃機関の排気還流制御装置。 - 前記高圧上限値設定手段は、前記内燃機関の要求トルクが急増すると判断された場合、前記高圧上限値を低く設定することを特徴とする請求項3又は4記載の内燃機関の排気還流制御装置。
- 前記高圧EGR手段は、前記高圧EGR通路に設けられて且つこの通路の面積を調節する電子制御式の弁体であり、
前記低圧EGR手段は、前記低圧EGR通路に設けられて且つこの通路の面積を調節する電子制御式の弁体であることを特徴とする請求項1〜5のいずれか1項に記載の内燃機関の排気還流制御装置。
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2011108394A JP5397408B2 (ja) | 2011-05-13 | 2011-05-13 | 内燃機関の排気還流制御装置 |
DE102012103998.4A DE102012103998B4 (de) | 2011-05-13 | 2012-05-07 | Abgasrückführ-Regelvorrichtung für eine interne Verbrennungsmaschine |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2011108394A JP5397408B2 (ja) | 2011-05-13 | 2011-05-13 | 内燃機関の排気還流制御装置 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JP2012237290A JP2012237290A (ja) | 2012-12-06 |
JP5397408B2 true JP5397408B2 (ja) | 2014-01-22 |
Family
ID=47070673
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP2011108394A Expired - Fee Related JP5397408B2 (ja) | 2011-05-13 | 2011-05-13 | 内燃機関の排気還流制御装置 |
Country Status (2)
Country | Link |
---|---|
JP (1) | JP5397408B2 (ja) |
DE (1) | DE102012103998B4 (ja) |
Families Citing this family (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP6056822B2 (ja) * | 2014-09-11 | 2017-01-11 | マツダ株式会社 | エンジンの排気還流制御装置 |
JP6489610B2 (ja) * | 2015-03-17 | 2019-03-27 | 株式会社Subaru | 内燃機関のegr制御装置及びegr制御方法並びにegr率推定方法 |
JP2017008814A (ja) * | 2015-06-23 | 2017-01-12 | いすゞ自動車株式会社 | 内燃機関のegrシステム及び内燃機関のegr方法 |
WO2017163397A1 (ja) * | 2016-03-25 | 2017-09-28 | 本田技研工業株式会社 | 内燃機関のegr制御装置及びegr制御方法 |
Family Cites Families (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP4797880B2 (ja) | 2006-04-25 | 2011-10-19 | 株式会社デンソー | 内燃機関用排気ガス浄化装置 |
JP4715799B2 (ja) * | 2007-04-13 | 2011-07-06 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 内燃機関の排気還流装置 |
JP4380754B2 (ja) * | 2007-09-21 | 2009-12-09 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 内燃機関の排気還流装置 |
JP5075137B2 (ja) * | 2009-01-21 | 2012-11-14 | 本田技研工業株式会社 | 内燃機関のegr制御装置 |
DE102010056514A1 (de) | 2010-12-31 | 2012-07-05 | Fev Gmbh | NOX-Regelung mit innerer und äußerer Abgasrückführung |
-
2011
- 2011-05-13 JP JP2011108394A patent/JP5397408B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2012
- 2012-05-07 DE DE102012103998.4A patent/DE102012103998B4/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE102012103998B4 (de) | 2018-10-11 |
JP2012237290A (ja) | 2012-12-06 |
DE102012103998A1 (de) | 2012-11-15 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
JP4534514B2 (ja) | ディーゼル機関の制御装置 | |
US7000393B1 (en) | System and method for relieving engine back-pressure by selectively bypassing a stage of a two-stage turbocharger during non-use of EGR | |
US8820297B2 (en) | Control device for internal combustion engine | |
US6305167B1 (en) | Method of controlling an engine with an EGR system | |
US9885303B2 (en) | Control device for diesel engine | |
JP4631598B2 (ja) | 過給圧制御装置 | |
JP5187123B2 (ja) | 内燃機関の制御装置 | |
JP5169439B2 (ja) | 内燃機関制御装置及び内燃機関制御システム | |
JP2003201849A (ja) | 可変容量ターボチャージャの制御装置 | |
JP2004528503A (ja) | 窒素酸化物放出量低減のための電子制御エンジン排気処理システム | |
JP5590234B2 (ja) | 内燃機関の制御装置 | |
JP5434142B2 (ja) | 可変ノズルターボ過給機の制御装置 | |
JP5310709B2 (ja) | 内燃機関の制御装置 | |
EP2211044B1 (en) | EGR controller and EGR control method for internal combustion engine | |
JP5397408B2 (ja) | 内燃機関の排気還流制御装置 | |
JP2007192155A (ja) | エンジン制御システム | |
EP1550800A2 (en) | Method of controlling an internal combustion engine | |
JP6123657B2 (ja) | 排気ガス還流制御装置 | |
JP6146286B2 (ja) | 排気ガス還流制御装置 | |
JP7055700B2 (ja) | エンジンの制御装置 | |
JP4911432B2 (ja) | 内燃機関の制御装置 | |
JP2006299892A (ja) | 過給機付き内燃機関 | |
JP4877272B2 (ja) | Egr流量制御装置及びegr流量制御システム | |
JP2022116960A (ja) | 内燃機関の制御装置 | |
JP2019138154A (ja) | 内燃機関の制御装置 |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
A621 | Written request for application examination |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A621 Effective date: 20130131 |
|
TRDD | Decision of grant or rejection written | ||
A977 | Report on retrieval |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A971007 Effective date: 20130912 |
|
A01 | Written decision to grant a patent or to grant a registration (utility model) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A01 Effective date: 20130924 |
|
A61 | First payment of annual fees (during grant procedure) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A61 Effective date: 20131007 |
|
R151 | Written notification of patent or utility model registration |
Ref document number: 5397408 Country of ref document: JP Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R151 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
R250 | Receipt of annual fees |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R250 |
|
LAPS | Cancellation because of no payment of annual fees |