JP5393114B2 - 乳化組成物 - Google Patents
乳化組成物 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP5393114B2 JP5393114B2 JP2008295104A JP2008295104A JP5393114B2 JP 5393114 B2 JP5393114 B2 JP 5393114B2 JP 2008295104 A JP2008295104 A JP 2008295104A JP 2008295104 A JP2008295104 A JP 2008295104A JP 5393114 B2 JP5393114 B2 JP 5393114B2
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- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- ascorbyl
- ascorbate
- acid
- emulsified
- emulsified composition
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims description 114
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 claims description 58
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 57
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 claims description 48
- -1 fatty acid ester Chemical class 0.000 claims description 44
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 35
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 claims description 31
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 claims description 31
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 claims description 31
- 239000008346 aqueous phase Substances 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 230000003078 antioxidant effect Effects 0.000 claims description 24
- 235000006708 antioxidants Nutrition 0.000 claims description 24
- 229940123973 Oxygen scavenger Drugs 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- IIZPXYDJLKNOIY-JXPKJXOSSA-N 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@H](COP([O-])(=O)OCC[N+](C)(C)C)OC(=O)CCC\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/C\C=C/CCCCC IIZPXYDJLKNOIY-JXPKJXOSSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 229930006000 Sucrose Natural products 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000000787 lecithin Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 235000010445 lecithin Nutrition 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000005720 sucrose Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 229940067606 lecithin Drugs 0.000 claims description 12
- JEBFVOLFMLUKLF-IFPLVEIFSA-N Astaxanthin Natural products CC(=C/C=C/C(=C/C=C/C1=C(C)C(=O)C(O)CC1(C)C)/C)C=CC=C(/C)C=CC=C(/C)C=CC2=C(C)C(=O)C(O)CC2(C)C JEBFVOLFMLUKLF-IFPLVEIFSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 235000013793 astaxanthin Nutrition 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000001168 astaxanthin Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- MQZIGYBFDRPAKN-ZWAPEEGVSA-N astaxanthin Chemical compound C([C@H](O)C(=O)C=1C)C(C)(C)C=1/C=C/C(/C)=C/C=C/C(/C)=C/C=C/C=C(C)C=CC=C(C)C=CC1=C(C)C(=O)[C@@H](O)CC1(C)C MQZIGYBFDRPAKN-ZWAPEEGVSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 229940022405 astaxanthin Drugs 0.000 claims description 11
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 10
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N Ascorbic acid Chemical group OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1O CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000011627 DL-alpha-tocopherol Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 235000021466 carotenoid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 8
- 229960000984 tocofersolan Drugs 0.000 claims description 8
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000006097 ultraviolet radiation absorber Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229960005070 ascorbic acid Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
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- BIHGMNAEAOIWJW-ZMUFBLIFSA-K (2R)-3-[bis[[(2R)-2-[(1S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-4-hydroxy-5-oxo-2H-furan-3-yl]oxy]alumanyloxy]-2-[(1S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-4-hydroxy-2H-furan-5-one Chemical compound [Al+3].OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1[O-].OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1[O-].OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1[O-] BIHGMNAEAOIWJW-ZMUFBLIFSA-K 0.000 claims description 3
- QAQJMLQRFWZOBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(3,4-dihydroxy-5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-2-yl)-2-hydroxyethyl hexadecanoate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OCC(O)C1OC(=O)C(O)=C1O QAQJMLQRFWZOBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- ZAKOWWREFLAJOT-CEFNRUSXSA-N D-alpha-tocopherylacetate Chemical compound CC(=O)OC1=C(C)C(C)=C2O[C@@](CCC[C@H](C)CCC[C@H](C)CCCC(C)C)(C)CCC2=C1C ZAKOWWREFLAJOT-CEFNRUSXSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000001809 DL-alpha-tocopherylacetate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011626 DL-alpha-tocopherylacetate Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002211 L-ascorbic acid Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000000069 L-ascorbic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011786 L-ascorbyl-6-palmitate Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000000072 L-ascorbyl-6-palmitate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000021355 Stearic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- LWBWCLYUBVXIKL-PQYRJTSOSA-K [Al+3].S(=O)(=O)([O-])[O-].O=C1C(O)=C([O-])[C@H](O1)[C@@H](O)CO Chemical compound [Al+3].S(=O)(=O)([O-])[O-].O=C1C(O)=C([O-])[C@H](O1)[C@@H](O)CO LWBWCLYUBVXIKL-PQYRJTSOSA-K 0.000 claims description 3
- BMJSKPYTALISOP-PQYRJTSOSA-M [K+].OP(O)(O)=O.OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1[O-] Chemical compound [K+].OP(O)(O)=O.OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1[O-] BMJSKPYTALISOP-PQYRJTSOSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- BLORRZQTHNGFTI-ZZMNMWMASA-L calcium-L-ascorbate Chemical compound [Ca+2].OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1[O-].OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1[O-] BLORRZQTHNGFTI-ZZMNMWMASA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002967 calcium-L-ascorbate Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000005937 calcium-L-ascorbate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- SHZIWNPUGXLXDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N caproic acid ethyl ester Natural products CCCCCC(=O)OCC SHZIWNPUGXLXDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- CVNIWQIEKVYHHB-PQYRJTSOSA-L magnesium;(2r)-2-[(1s)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-3,4-dihydroxy-2h-furan-5-one;sulfate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1O CVNIWQIEKVYHHB-PQYRJTSOSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- AIOKQVJVNPDJKA-ZZMNMWMASA-L magnesium;(2r)-2-[(1s)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-4-hydroxy-5-oxo-2h-furan-3-olate Chemical compound [Mg+2].OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1[O-].OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1[O-] AIOKQVJVNPDJKA-ZZMNMWMASA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC(C)CCCCCCCCC(O)=O OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000019275 potassium ascorbate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- CONVKSGEGAVTMB-RXSVEWSESA-M potassium-L-ascorbate Chemical compound [K+].OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1[O-] CONVKSGEGAVTMB-RXSVEWSESA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000019153 potassium-L-ascorbate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011725 potassium-L-ascorbate Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000008117 stearic acid Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229940042585 tocopherol acetate Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- RQRFNZVSMUYSNQ-PQYRJTSOSA-L [Ca+2].P([O-])([O-])(O)=O.O=C1C(O)=C(O)[C@H](O1)[C@@H](O)CO Chemical compound [Ca+2].P([O-])([O-])(O)=O.O=C1C(O)=C(O)[C@H](O1)[C@@H](O)CO RQRFNZVSMUYSNQ-PQYRJTSOSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- ZWIQIGYBLJPELX-PQYRJTSOSA-M [K+].OS(O)(=O)=O.OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1[O-] Chemical compound [K+].OS(O)(=O)=O.OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1[O-] ZWIQIGYBLJPELX-PQYRJTSOSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- RCDVZFPVEDSBIY-PQYRJTSOSA-M [Na+].OP(O)(O)=O.OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1[O-] Chemical compound [Na+].OP(O)(O)=O.OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1[O-] RCDVZFPVEDSBIY-PQYRJTSOSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- FAEQSFFZBRTQTH-PQYRJTSOSA-K aluminum;(2r)-2-[(1s)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-3,4-dihydroxy-2h-furan-5-one;phosphate Chemical compound [Al+3].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1O FAEQSFFZBRTQTH-PQYRJTSOSA-K 0.000 claims description 2
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- 239000011692 calcium ascorbate Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- VALFEXDPQFOFCZ-PQYRJTSOSA-M sodium (2R)-2-[(1S)-1,2-dihydroxyethyl]-4-hydroxy-5-oxo-2H-furan-3-olate sulfuric acid Chemical compound [Na+].OS(O)(=O)=O.OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1[O-] VALFEXDPQFOFCZ-PQYRJTSOSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- PPASLZSBLFJQEF-RXSVEWSESA-M sodium-L-ascorbate Chemical compound [Na+].OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1[O-] PPASLZSBLFJQEF-RXSVEWSESA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011755 sodium-L-ascorbate Substances 0.000 claims description 2
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- IELOKBJPULMYRW-IKTKBOKFSA-N 4-oxo-4-[[(2S)-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-[(4S,8S)-4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl]-3,4-dihydrochromen-6-yl]oxy]butanoic acid Chemical compound CC(C)CCC[C@H](C)CCC[C@H](C)CCC[C@@](C)(CC1)Oc(c(C)c2C)c1c(C)c2OC(CCC(O)=O)=O IELOKBJPULMYRW-IKTKBOKFSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 125000003289 ascorbyl group Chemical group [H]O[C@@]([H])(C([H])([H])O*)[C@@]1([H])OC(=O)C(O*)=C1O* 0.000 claims 1
- 125000001895 carotenoid group Chemical group 0.000 claims 1
- QQFLQYOOQVLGTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium;dihydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [Mg+2].OP(O)([O-])=O.OP(O)([O-])=O QQFLQYOOQVLGTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims 1
- PHYFQTYBJUILEZ-IUPFWZBJSA-N triolein Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(=O)OCC(OC(=O)CCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC)COC(=O)CCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC PHYFQTYBJUILEZ-IUPFWZBJSA-N 0.000 claims 1
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- SZCBXWMUOPQSOX-PSXNNQPNSA-N violaxanthin Chemical compound C(\[C@@]12[C@](O1)(C)C[C@H](O)CC2(C)C)=C/C(/C)=C/C=C/C(/C)=C/C=C/C=C(\C)/C=C/C=C(\C)/C=C/[C@]1(C(C[C@@H](O)C2)(C)C)[C@]2(C)O1 SZCBXWMUOPQSOX-PSXNNQPNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019155 vitamin A Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011719 vitamin A Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000001892 vitamin D2 Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011653 vitamin D2 Substances 0.000 description 1
- MECHNRXZTMCUDQ-RKHKHRCZSA-N vitamin D2 Chemical compound C1(/[C@@H]2CC[C@@H]([C@]2(CCC1)C)[C@H](C)/C=C/[C@H](C)C(C)C)=C\C=C1\C[C@@H](O)CCC1=C MECHNRXZTMCUDQ-RKHKHRCZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000005282 vitamin D3 Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011647 vitamin D3 Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940046009 vitamin E Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000019165 vitamin E Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011709 vitamin E Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940045997 vitamin a Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940021056 vitamin d3 Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000000341 volatile oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003169 water-soluble polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000002087 whitening effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000037303 wrinkles Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000230 xanthan gum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001285 xanthan gum Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 235000010493 xanthan gum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940082509 xanthan gum Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940075420 xanthine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940012185 zinc palmitate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- GJAPSKMAVXDBIU-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc;hexadecanoate Chemical compound [Zn+2].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O GJAPSKMAVXDBIU-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- RNWHGQJWIACOKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Zn+2] RNWHGQJWIACOKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001928 zirconium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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Description
例えば、カロテノイドの一種であるアスタキサンチンは、その活性が注目されている素材であるが、安定性が低い。これらを改善するために、安定性においては、例えば、酸素非透過性の包装材料に密封するという物理的な方法(例えば、特許文献1)、フラバノール及びコウジ酸を併用する方法(例えば、特許文献2)、有機酸又は有機酸塩と没食子酸とを併用する方法(例えば、特許文献3)などの化学的な方法などで安定化されることが知られている。
また一般的に慢性的な紫外線曝露によって肌荒れやシワの発生、たるみ、色素沈着などの皮膚防止するために、酸化チタン、酸化亜鉛などの紫外線遮蔽剤を含有することも行われている(例えば、特許文献4)。
しかしながら、これらの紫外線遮蔽剤(紫外線散乱剤)は、触媒効果も備わっているため、天然成分由来の活性酸素除去剤及び抗酸化剤を添加と共に用いて組成物を形成すると、有効成分としての活性酸素除去剤もしくは抗酸化剤の安定性が低下する。
本発明の目的は、紫外線散乱剤を併用しても活性酸素除去剤及び/又は抗酸化剤を安定性よく保持することができる乳化組成物を提供することである。
<1> 油相及び水相から構成される乳化組成物であって、活性酸素除去剤及び抗酸化剤が、水相に分散されるO/W型乳化粒子である油相に含まれ、当該油相とは異なる油相に紫外線散乱剤が含まれる乳化組成物であり、且つ、前記活性酸素除去剤がカロテノイドである乳化組成物。
<2> 前記O/W乳化粒子が、更にレシチンを含む、<1>の乳化組成物。
<3> 前記O/W乳化粒子が、更にポリグリセリン脂肪酸エステル、ソルビタン脂肪酸エステル及びショ糖脂肪酸エステルからなる群より選択される少なくとも1つを含む、<1>又は<2>の乳化組成物。
<4> 前記紫外線散乱剤が、酸化チタン及び酸化亜鉛からなる群より選択された少なくとも1つである<1>〜<3>のいずれかの乳化組成物。
<5> 紫外線吸収剤を更に含む<1>〜<4>のいずれかの乳化組成物。
<6> 前記活性酸素除去剤が、アスタキサンチンである<1>〜<5>のいずれかの乳化組成物。
<7> 前記抗酸化剤が、L−アスコルビン酸、パルミチン酸L−アスコルビル、ジパルミチン酸L−アスコルビル、イソパルミチン酸L−アスコルビル、ジイソパルミチン酸L−アスコルビル、テトライソパルミチン酸L−アスコルビル、ステアリン酸L−アスコルビル、ジステアリン酸L−アスコルビル、イソステアリン酸L−アスコルビル、ジイソステアリン酸L−アスコルビル、ミリスチン酸L−アスコルビル、ジミリスチン酸L−アスコルビル、イソミリスチン酸L−アスコルビル、ジイソミリスチン酸L−アスコルビル、オレイン酸L−アスコルビル、ジオレイン酸L−アスコルビル、2−エチルヘキサン酸L−アスコルビル、L−アスコルビン酸リン酸エステルナトリウム、L−アスコルビン酸リン酸エステルカリウム、L−アスコルビン酸リン酸エステルマグネシウム、L−アスコルビン酸リン酸エステルカルシウム、L−アスコルビン酸リン酸エステルアルミニウム、L−アスコルビン酸硫酸エステルナトリウム、L−アスコルビン酸硫酸エステルカリウム、L−アスコルビン酸硫酸エステルマグネシウム、L−アスコルビン酸硫酸エステルカルシウム、L−アスコルビン酸硫酸エステルアルミニウム、L−アスコルビン酸ナトリウム、L−アスコルビン酸カリウム、L−アスコルビン酸マグネシウム、L−アスコルビン酸カルシウム、及びL−アスコルビン酸アルミニウム、並びにそれらの塩と、dl−α(β、γ)−トコフェロール、酢酸dl−α−トコフェロール、ニコチン酸−dl−α−トコフェロール、リノール酸−dl−α−トコフェロール、及びコハク酸dl−α−トコフェロール並びにそれらの塩と、からなる群より選択された少なくとも1種である<1>〜<6>のいずれかの乳化組成物。
本発明の乳化組成物では、紫外線散乱剤(本発明において、成分(A)ということがある。)と、活性酸素除去剤及び抗酸化剤から選択された少なくとも1種(本発明において、成分(B)ということがある。)とが、乳化組成物を構成する油相及び水相の異なる相にそれぞれ別個に添加されている。これにより、触媒効果等がある紫外線散乱剤を、活性酸素除去剤及び/又は抗酸化剤を含有する乳化組成物に用いても、活性酸素除去剤及び/又は抗酸化剤とは別の相に添加されているので、活性酸素除去剤及び/又は抗酸化剤の安定性を損なうことがなく、良好に保持することができる。この結果、活性酸素除去剤及び/又は抗酸化剤が有する機能性を長期にわたって発揮可能な乳化組成物を提供することができる。
なお、乳化組成物中の水相及び油相のそれぞれに各成分が添加されることを、本明細書では「別相添加」と称することがある。
成分(B)を、水相に分散するO/W型乳化粒子として本発明の乳化組成物に配合する場合には、後述するように、成分(B)を含有するO/W型乳化粒子が分散した別の乳化組成物(以下、適宜、水分散物と称する)を、乳化組成物の水相に添加することが、微細なO/W型乳化粒子が水相に分散した乳化組成物を簡便に得ることができ、好ましい。この場合に、以下の各成分は、本発明の乳化組成物の構成と矛盾しない限り、乳化組成物を構成する各相に含まれていてよく、成分(B)を含有するO/W型乳化粒子を得るために予め作製する水分散物を構成する各相に含まれていてもよい。
本発明における成分(A)としての紫外線散乱剤は、「紫外線遮蔽剤」と称させることもある化合物であり、これには、紫外線を反射又は遮蔽する機能を有する無機粉末及び有機化合物を挙げることができる。
無機粉末としては、例えば、酸化チタン、酸化ジルコニウム、酸化セリウム、酸化亜鉛、タルクの粉末を挙げることができる。無機粉末のうち、紫外線防御能の観点から、酸化チタン、酸化亜鉛が好ましい。
また、乳化組成物の油相又は水相に対する無機粉末の親和性を向上させるために、無機粉末が親水化表面処理又は疎水化表面処理したものであってもよい。このような表面処理された無機粉末としては、例えば、シリコーン油やフッ素系油などの油剤、無水ケイ酸(シリカ)、アルミニウムステアレート、ジンクパルミテート等の脂肪酸石けん、ステアリン酸、ミリスチン酸、パルミチン酸等の脂肪酸、パルミチン酸デキストリン等の脂肪酸エステル等によって表面が被覆された表面被覆無機粉末を挙げることができる。このような表面処理としては、対象となる無機粉末の種類及び添加する乳化組成物の相によって異なるが、油相に添加する場合には、油相との相溶性の観点から、シリコーン処理、アルキル脂肪酸処理等が好ましく用いられ、水相に添加する場合には、水分散性の観点からシリカ処理が好ましく用いられる。
これらの無機粉末の紫外線散乱剤は、添加される相への親和性などを考慮して、単独で又は2種以上を適宜選択して使用することができる。
本発明における成分(B)としての活性酸素除去剤には、例えば、スーパーオキシドディスムターゼ、マンニトール、カロテノイド類、ルチン及びその誘導体、ビリルビン、コレステロール、トリプトファン、ヒスチジン、クエルセチン、クエルシトリン、カテキン、カテキン誘導体、没食子酸及びその誘導体、グルタチオン及びその誘導体並びにそれらの塩、オウゴン抽出物、イチョウ抽出物、ケイケットウ抽出物、サンザシ抽出物、マイカイカ抽出物、ユキノシタ抽出物、メリッサ抽出物、ゲンノショウコ抽出物、エイジツ抽出物、ボタンピ抽出物、パセリ抽出物、トルメンチラ抽出物、羅漢果抽出物、ヤシャジツ抽出物及びジコッピ抽出物等のフラボノイドを含む植物抽出物等が挙げられる。
中でも、β−カロテン、アスタキサンチン、ルテイン、ゼアキサンチン、β―クリプトキサンチンが好ましく、特に酸化防止効果、抗炎症効果、皮膚老化防止効果、美白効果が認められているアスタキサンチンが好ましい。
本発明の乳化組成物には、紫外線防御能向上のために紫外線吸収剤を含むものであってもよい。本発明の乳化組成物に添加可能な紫外線吸収剤としては、320nm〜400nmのUV−A領域及び290nm〜320nmのUV−B領域の少なくとも一方に吸収極大を有する化合物が該当し、例えば、パラメトキシケイ皮酸−2−エチルヘキシル、パラメトキシケイ皮酸イソプロピル、パラメトキシハイドロケイ皮酸ジエタノールアミン塩、ジパラメトキシケイ皮酸−モノ−2−エチルヘキサン酸グリセリル、メトキシケイ皮酸オクチル、ジイソプロピルケイ皮酸メチル等のケイ皮酸系紫外線吸収剤;2−ヒドロキシ−4−メトキシベンゾフェノン、2−ヒドロキシ−4−メトキシベンゾフェノン−5−硫酸、2−ヒドロキシ−4−メトキシベンゾフェノン−5−硫酸ナトリウム、2,4−ジヒドロキシベンゾフェノン、2,2’−ジヒドロキシ−4,4’−ジメトキシベンゾフェノン、2,2’−ジヒドロキシ−4−メトキシベンゾフェノン、2,2’,4,4’−テトラヒドロキシベンゾフェノン、2−ヒドロキシ−4−n−オクトキシベンゾフェノン等のベンゾフェノン系紫外線吸収剤;ジエチルアミノヒドロキシベンゾイル安息香酸ヘキシル、パラアミノ安息香酸、パラアミノ安息香酸エチル、パラアミノ安息香酸ブチル、パラジメチルアミノ安息香酸−2−エチルヘキシル、パラアミノ安息香酸グリセリル、パラアミノ安息香酸アミル等の安息香酸系紫外線吸収剤;サリチル酸−2−エチルヘキシル、サリチル酸トリエタノールアミン、サリチル酸ホモメンチル、サリチル酸ジプロピレングリコール、サリチル酸メチル、サリチル酸エチレングリコール、サリチル酸フェニル、サリチル酸アミル、サリチル酸ベンジル、サリチル酸イソプロピルベンジル、サリチル酸カリウム等のサリチル酸系紫外線吸収剤;4−t−ブチル−4’−メトキシジベンゾイルメタン、4−イソプロピルジベンゾイルメタン、4−メトキシジベンゾイルメタン、4−t−ブチル−4’−ヒドロキシジベンゾイルメタン等のジベンゾイルメタン系紫外線吸収剤;ウロカニン酸エチル等のウロカニン酸系紫外線吸収剤;メンチル−o−アミノベンゾエート、2−フェニル−ベンズイミダゾール−5−硫酸、2−フェニル−5−メチルベンゾキサゾール、3−(4−メチルベンジリデン)カンフル、2−エチルヘキシル−2−シアノ−3,3−ジフェニルアクリレート、2−エチル−2−シアノ−3,3’−ジフェニルアクリレート、2−(2’−ヒドロキシ−5−メチルフェニル)ベンゾトリアゾール、アントラニル酸メンチル、オクトクリレン等が挙げられることができる。
本発明の乳化組成物における紫外線吸収剤の含有量は、紫外線防御の観点から、乳化組成物全体の質量に対して0.01質量%〜20質量%、好ましくは0.1質量%〜15質量%とすることができる。
本発明の乳化組成物では、乳化剤として、リン脂質及び/又は界面活性剤を含むことができる。
本発明の乳化組成物に使用可能なリン脂質としては、具体的には、レシチン、ホスファチジン酸、ビスホスファチジン酸、レシチン、ホスファチジルエタノールアミン、ホスファチジルメチルエタノールアミン、ホスファチジルセリン、ホスファチジルイノシトール、ホスファチジルグリセロール、ジホスファチジルグリセロール、スフィンゴミエリン等を例示でき、これらの成分を含む大豆、トウモロコシ、落花生、ナタネ、麦等の植物由来のものや、卵黄、牛等の動物由来のもの及び大腸菌等の微生物等由来の各種レシチンも挙げることができる。これらの混合物であるレシチンや水素添加レシチンを用いることもできる。またこれらリン脂質の由来は特に限定されず、例えばダイズ油等の植物油、卵黄等の動物由来のもの等が用いられ、特に精製したものが好適である。
また、本発明においては、グリセロリン脂質として、酵素分解した結果、1分子内に1つの脂肪酸残基を有するグリセロリン脂質、即ちリゾレシチンも含まれる。
市販品のレシチンとしては、理研ビタミン(株)製レシオンシリーズや、レシマールELなどを挙げることができる。
前記レシチンの純度60質量%以上のものが産業的にはレシチンとして利用されているが、本発明においては、一般に「高純度レシチン」と称されるレシチン純度80質量%以上のものが好ましく、より好ましくは90質量%以上のものである。
本発明で用いるリン脂質は、単独又は複数種の混合物の形態で用いることができる。
L DGMO-90V,NIKKOL DGDO,NIKKOL DGMIS,NIKK
OL DGTIS,NIKKOL Tetraglyn 1−SV,NIKKOL Tetraglyn 1−O,NIKKOL Tetraglyn 3−S,NIKKOL Tetraglyn 5−S,NIKKOL Tetraglyn 5−O,NIKKOL Hexaglyn 1−L,NIKKOL Hexaglyn 1−M,NIKKOL Hexaglyn 1−SV,NIKKOL Hexaglyn 1−O,NIKKOL Hexaglyn 3−S,NIKKOL Hexaglyn 4−B,NIKKOL Hexaglyn 5−S,NIKKOL Hexaglyn 5−O,NIKKOL Hexaglyn PR−15,NIKKOL Decaglyn 1−L,NIKKOL Decaglyn 1−M,NIKKOL Decaglyn 1−SV,NIKKOL Decaglyn 1−50SV,NIKKOL Decaglyn 1−ISV,NIKKOL Decaglyn 1−O,NIKKOL Decaglyn 1−OV,NIKKOL Decaglyn 1−LN,NIKKOL Decaglyn 2−SV,NIKKOL Decaglyn 2−ISV,NIKKOL Decaglyn 3−SV,NIKKOL Decaglyn 3−OV,NIKKOL Decaglyn 5−SV,NIKKOL Decaglyn 5−HS,NIKKOL Decaglyn 5−IS,NIKKOL Decaglyn 5−OV,NIKKOL Decaglyn 5−O−R,NIKKOL Decaglyn 7−S,NIKKOL Decaglyn 7−O,NIKKOL Decaglyn 10−SV,NIKKOL Decaglyn 10−IS,NIKKOL Decaglyn 10−OV,NIKKOL Decaglyn 10−MAC,NIKKOL Decaglyn PR−20,三菱化学フーズ(株)社製リョートーポリグリエステル L−10D、L−7D、M−10D、M−7D、P−8D、S−28D、S−24D、SWA−20D、SWA−15D、SWA−10D、O−50D、O−15D、B−100D、B−70D、ER−60D、太陽化学(株)社製サンソフトQ−17UL、サンソフトQ−14S、サンソフトA−141C、理研ビタミン(株)社製ポエムDO−100、ポエムJ−0021などが挙げられる。
本発明において微細なO/W型乳化粒子が分散する水分散物を得るには、グリセリンを含有することが、水分散物におけるエマルジョン粒子の平均粒子径をより小さくし、かつ該粒子径を小さいまま長期に亘り安定して保持できるため、好ましい。
この場合、グリセリンの含有量は、本水分散物の全質量に対して、分散安定性、防腐性の観点から10質量%〜60質量%が好ましく、好ましくは20質量%〜55質量%、さらに好ましくは30質量%〜50質量%とすることができる。
本発明の乳化組成物には、上記成分の他、通常の皮膚外用剤もしくは化粧料に使用される成分、すなわち、油剤(天然動植物油脂、半合成油脂、炭化水素油、高級脂肪酸、エステル油、シリコーン油、フッ素系油剤等)、ゲル化剤、金属セッケン、界面活性剤(アニオン性、カチオン性、両性)、上記以外の粉体(無機粉体、有機粉体、顔料等)、アルコール類(高級アルコール、多価アルコール、ステロール等)、水溶性高分子(動植物系、微生物系、合成系)、皮膜形成剤、樹脂、防腐剤、抗菌剤、香料、精油、塩類、水(精製水、温泉水及び深層水)、pH調整剤、清涼剤、保湿剤、抗炎症剤、美白剤、細胞賦活剤、肌あれ改善剤、血行促進剤、皮膚収斂剤、抗脂漏剤、アミノ酸類、核酸関連物質、酵素、ホルモン類、包接化合物、植物抽出物、動物及び微生物由来の抽出物等を添加することができる。
本発明の乳化組成物の形態は、油相及び水相を明瞭に区分されている乳化組成物であれば特に限定されず、例えば、水分散液状、乳液状、多層状、ペースト状、ゲル状等種々のものを選択することができるが、使用感の観点から、乳液状、多層状、ペースト状、ゲル状のものが好ましい。
本発明の乳化組成物は、その形態に応じて、通常用いられる方法に従って、上記各成分を、乳化組成物の形態に応じて通常適用される基剤に通常用いられる配合条件で配合して調製することができる。
本発明における体積平均粒径範囲および測定の容易さから、本発明におけるエマルジョンの体積平均粒径測定では動的光散乱法が好ましい。動的光散乱を用いた市販の測定装置としては、ナノトラックUPA(日機装(株))、動的光散乱式粒径分布測定装置LB−550((株)堀場製作所)、濃厚系粒径アナライザーFPAR−1000(大塚電子(株))等が挙げられる。
本発明において、O/W型エマルジョンの体積平均粒径は、濃厚系粒径アナライザーFPAR−1000(大塚電子(株)製)を用いて25℃で測定した値を採用する。
前記体積平均粒径の測定方法は、油相成分の濃度が0.1〜1質量%の範囲内になるように純水で希釈を行い、測定用ガラス管を用いて測定を行う。体積平均粒径は、分散媒屈折率として1.3313(純水)、分散媒の粘度として0.8846cp(純水)に設定して測定した時の累積(50%)値として求めることができる。
前記エマルション組成物の粒子径は、エマルション組成物の成分以外に、製造方法における攪拌条件(せん断力・温度・圧力)や、油相と水相比率、などの要因によって調整することができる。
乳化組成物の製造方法は、特に限定されないが、たとえば、I)水性媒体(水等)に、水溶性乳化剤を溶解させて、水相を得る工程、II)油溶性成分及びリン脂質等を混合・溶解して、油相を得る工程、III)攪拌下で水相と油相を混合して、乳化分散を行い、乳化組成物を得る工程を含む製造方法が好ましい。
乳化分散における油相と水相との比率(質量)は、目的とする乳化組成物の形態に応じて、適宜選択される。
以上の観点から、O/W型乳化組成物の油相/水相比率(質量%)は0.1/99.9〜50/50が好ましく、0.5/99.5〜30/70が好ましく、1/99〜20/80が更に好ましい。
このとき、O/W型乳化組成物における水の割合は、乳化粒子の微細化の観点から80質量%以上であることが好ましく、85質量%以上であることが更に好ましい。
具体的には、剪断作用を利用する通常の乳化装置(例えば、スターラーやインペラー攪拌、ホモミキサー、連続流通式剪断装置等)を用いて乳化するという1ステップの乳化操作に加えて、高圧ホモジナイザー等を通して乳化する等の方法で2種以上の乳化装置を併用するのが特に好ましい。高圧ホモジナイザーを使用することで、乳化物を更に均一な微粒子の液滴に揃えることができる。また、更に均一な粒子径の液滴とする目的で複数回行ってもよい。
また、操作の自由度は低いが、圧力を高める機構が作りやすいため、超高圧を必要とする場合、チャンバー型高圧ホモジナイザーも好適に用いることができる。
前記均質バルブ型高圧ホモジナイザーとしては、ゴーリンタイプホモジナイザー(APV社製)、ラニエタイプホモジナイザー(ラニエ社製)、高圧ホモジナイザー(ニロ・ソアビ社製)、ホモゲナイザー(三和機械(株)製)、高圧ホモゲナイザー(イズミフードマシナリ(株)製)、超高圧ホモジナイザー(イカ社製)等が挙げられる。
また、乳化分散された組成物である乳化液はチャンバー通過直後30秒以内、好ましくは3秒以内に何らかの冷却器を通して冷却することが、分散粒子の粒子径保持の観点から好ましい。
このような工程によって、油性成分を含有する乳化粒子が水性媒体中に分散しているO/W型乳化組成物が得られる。
水分散物を、本発明にかかる乳化組成物の水相に配合する場合には、水分散物中のO/W型乳化粒子に含まれる油溶性成分の機能を効果的に発揮させる観点から、水分散物の配合量は、乳化組成物の水相成分の全質量に対して0.0001質量%〜20質量%であることが好ましく、0.001質量%〜10質量%であることが更に好ましい。
この結果、乳化組成物を構成する油相(乳化粒子)とは別に、水分散物中のO/W型乳化粒子が水相に分散した乳化組成物を得ることができる。
(1)水分散物(i)−a、(i)−bの作製
下記表1記載の各成分を、70℃で加熱しながら1時間溶解して、水性組成物を得た。
また、下記表2記載の各成分を、70℃で加熱しながら1時間溶解して、油相組成物を得た。
その後、平均孔径1μmのミクロフィルターでろ過して、アスタキサンチン類含有水分散物(i)−aを調製した。
下記の組成物A及び組成物Bの各成分を、70〜80℃に加温し、ホモミキサーで5000rpm,5分間、均一に溶解して、分散させた。組成物Aを組成物Bに添加し、80℃に保ちながらホモミキサーで6,000rpm、10分間撹拌後、パドル撹拌しながら冷却し、35〜30℃で撹拌を止め、10分間放置して、乳化組成物(ii)−a〜(ii)−lを得た。なお、組成物Aと、組成物B中のアスタキサンチン類含有水分散物における上記油相組成物は、水性組成物(ii)−a〜(ii)−lにおいて互いに異なる油相を構成する。乳化組成物(ii)−e及び(ii)−fは、本発明の参考例である。
ポリグリセリン/ステアロイル乳酸ナトリウム混合物 2.5
トリ(カプリル酸/カプリン酸)グリセリル 3.0
ベヘニルアルコール 2.5
スクワラン 4.0
トリ2−エチルヘキサン酸グリセリル 3.0
パラメトキシケイ皮酸2−エチルヘキシル 4.0
オクトクリレン 2.6
ジエチルアミノヒドロキシベンゾイル安息香酸ヘキシル 0.5
デカメチルシクロペンタシロキサン 1.0
ヘマトコッカス藻抽出物 (表3に記載)
紫外線散乱剤(表3に記載) (表3に記載)
防腐剤 適量
1,3−ブチレングリコール 5.0
キサンタンガム 0.3
ヘマトコッカス藻抽出物含有水分散物(表3に記載) (表3に記載)
紫外線散乱剤(表3に記載) (表3に記載)
精製水 全量で100.0
(1)40℃経時
サンプルを遮光容器に充填し、蓋を閉めた後、40℃の恒温槽に入れて経時60日間保管した。
結果を表3に示す。
◎:吸光度残存率70%以上(手のひらの上に乳化組成物を塗った際に変化が判別できず問題ないレベル)
○:吸光度残存率50%以上70%未満(手のひらの上に乳化組成物を塗った際に変化が判別できるが、商品価値上問題ないレベル)
×:吸光度残存率50%未満(NGレベル)
乳化組成物中のアスタキサンチン類含有水分散物(i)−a及び(i)−bの体積平均粒子径は、動的光散乱粒径分散測定装置LB−550(株式会社堀場製作所社製)を使用して20℃にて測定したところ、それぞれ70nmと350nmであった。
Claims (7)
- 油相及び水相から構成される乳化組成物であって、活性酸素除去剤及び抗酸化剤が、水相に分散されるO/W型乳化粒子である油相に含まれ、当該油相とは異なる油相に紫外線散乱剤が含まれる乳化組成物であり、且つ、前記活性酸素除去剤がカロテノイドである乳化組成物。
- 前記O/W乳化粒子が、更にレシチンを含む、請求項1に記載の乳化組成物。
- 前記O/W乳化粒子が、更にポリグリセリン脂肪酸エステル、ソルビタン脂肪酸エステル及びショ糖脂肪酸エステルからなる群より選択される少なくとも1つを含む、請求項1又は請求項2記載の乳化組成物。
- 前記紫外線散乱剤が、酸化チタン及び酸化亜鉛からなる群より選択される少なくとも1つである請求項1〜請求項3のいずれか1項記載の乳化組成物。
- 紫外線吸収剤を更に含む請求項1〜請求項4のいずれか1項記載の乳化組成物。
- 前記活性酸素除去剤が、アスタキサンチンである、請求項1〜請求項5のいずれか1項記載の乳化組成物。
- 前記抗酸化剤が、L−アスコルビン酸、パルミチン酸L−アスコルビル、ジパルミチン酸L−アスコルビル、イソパルミチン酸L−アスコルビル、ジイソパルミチン酸L−アスコルビル、テトライソパルミチン酸L−アスコルビル、ステアリン酸L−アスコルビル、ジステアリン酸L−アスコルビル、イソステアリン酸L−アスコルビル、ジイソステアリン酸L−アスコルビル、ミリスチン酸L−アスコルビル、ジミリスチン酸L−アスコルビル、イソミリスチン酸L−アスコルビル、ジイソミリスチン酸L−アスコルビル、オレイン酸L−アスコルビル、ジオレイン酸L−アスコルビル、2−エチルヘキサン酸L−アスコルビル、L−アスコルビン酸リン酸エステルナトリウム、L−アスコルビン酸リン酸エステルカリウム、L−アスコルビン酸リン酸エステルマグネシウム、L−アスコルビン酸リン酸エステルカルシウム、L−アスコルビン酸リン酸エステルアルミニウム、L−アスコルビン酸硫酸エステルナトリウム、L−アスコルビン酸硫酸エステルカリウム、L−アスコルビン酸硫酸エステルマグネシウム、L−アスコルビン酸硫酸エステルカルシウム、L−アスコルビン酸硫酸エステルアルミニウム、L−アスコルビン酸ナトリウム、L−アスコルビン酸カリウム、L−アスコルビン酸マグネシウム、L−アスコルビン酸カルシウム、及びL−アスコルビン酸アルミニウム、並びにそれらの塩と、
dl−α(β、γ)−トコフェロール、酢酸dl−α−トコフェロール、ニコチン酸−dl−α−トコフェロール、リノール酸−dl−α−トコフェロール、及びコハク酸dl−α−トコフェロール並びにそれらの塩と、
からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種である請求項1〜請求項6のいずれか1項記載の乳化組成物。
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US20120180695A1 (en) * | 2009-09-29 | 2012-07-19 | Akiko Itabashi | O/w type emulsion ink composition for ballpoint pens |
JP2012031125A (ja) * | 2010-08-03 | 2012-02-16 | Nikko Chemical Co Ltd | 紫外線吸収剤を含有する微細エマルション組成物並びに化粧料 |
CN103379893A (zh) * | 2011-03-30 | 2013-10-30 | 富士胶片株式会社 | 含类胡萝卜素的组合物及其制造方法 |
EP2772252B1 (en) | 2011-10-26 | 2020-03-18 | Hisamitsu Pharmaceutical Co., Inc. | Oxybutynin-containing transdermal absorption preparation |
JP6029822B2 (ja) * | 2011-11-25 | 2016-11-24 | ポーラ化成工業株式会社 | 水中油型乳化組成物 |
US9744111B2 (en) | 2014-07-11 | 2017-08-29 | Mary Kay Inc. | Sunscreen compositions and methods of their use |
JP6563181B2 (ja) * | 2014-08-18 | 2019-08-21 | ポーラ化成工業株式会社 | 日焼け止め皮膚外用剤 |
FR3037243B1 (fr) * | 2015-06-11 | 2018-11-16 | L'oreal | Composition comprenant un filtre uv, un polymere hydrophile reticule anionique, un tensioactif ayant une hlb inferieure ou egale a 5 et un copolymere silicone |
KR102644597B1 (ko) | 2017-11-20 | 2024-03-07 | (주)아모레퍼시픽 | 안정성이 향상된 항산화 조성물 |
US20220062126A1 (en) * | 2019-01-04 | 2022-03-03 | Beiersdorf Ag | Uv screening and antioxidant composition and use thereof |
JP7152344B2 (ja) * | 2019-03-27 | 2022-10-12 | 富士フイルム株式会社 | 水中油型化粧料 |
CN112402309A (zh) * | 2020-10-30 | 2021-02-26 | 广州市妆妍生物技术有限公司 | 一种多维矿物精华霜及其制备方法 |
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JPH0774145B2 (ja) * | 1986-12-15 | 1995-08-09 | 株式会社資生堂 | 結晶性薬物含有乳化組成物 |
JP3079531B2 (ja) * | 1988-12-27 | 2000-08-21 | ポーラ化成工業株式会社 | 水中油型多相エマルション及びその製造法 |
GB9204387D0 (en) * | 1992-02-29 | 1992-04-15 | Tioxide Specialties Ltd | Oil-in-water emulsions |
US5543136A (en) * | 1994-06-16 | 1996-08-06 | Nuskin International, Inc. | Sunscreen emulsions |
JPH09143063A (ja) * | 1995-11-22 | 1997-06-03 | Kose Corp | 外用に適する組成物 |
AU742369B2 (en) * | 1997-09-26 | 2002-01-03 | Shiseido Company Ltd. | Dermatologic preparation |
JPH11158025A (ja) * | 1997-09-26 | 1999-06-15 | Shiseido Co Ltd | 皮膚外用剤 |
WO1999059580A1 (fr) * | 1998-05-15 | 1999-11-25 | Showa Denko K.K. | Agents preventifs/therapeutiques pour les affections cutanees |
US6132739A (en) * | 1998-09-01 | 2000-10-17 | Amway Corporation | Makeup compositions and methods of making same |
JP3863675B2 (ja) * | 1998-10-28 | 2006-12-27 | 株式会社コーセー | 皮膚外用剤 |
WO2001093812A1 (en) * | 2000-06-05 | 2001-12-13 | Showa Denko K.K. | Cosmetic preparation |
US6500415B2 (en) * | 2000-06-05 | 2002-12-31 | Showa Denko K.K. | Cosmetic composition |
JP2002308752A (ja) * | 2001-04-06 | 2002-10-23 | Nikko Chemical Co Ltd | 皮膚外用剤 |
JP4294885B2 (ja) * | 2001-05-21 | 2009-07-15 | ポーラ化成工業株式会社 | 複合エマルション及びそれからなる皮膚外用剤 |
JP2003342151A (ja) * | 2002-05-27 | 2003-12-03 | Shiseido Co Ltd | 固形状皮膚外用剤 |
JP2004026741A (ja) * | 2002-06-27 | 2004-01-29 | Naris Cosmetics Co Ltd | 化粧料 |
JP2007270073A (ja) * | 2006-03-31 | 2007-10-18 | Fujifilm Corp | エマルジョン組成物 |
JP5053565B2 (ja) * | 2006-04-13 | 2012-10-17 | 株式会社 資生堂 | 水中油型乳化組成物 |
JP5020122B2 (ja) * | 2007-02-28 | 2012-09-05 | 株式会社コーセー | 皮膚外用剤 |
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US20100291008A1 (en) | 2010-11-18 |
TW200940099A (en) | 2009-10-01 |
CN101868219B (zh) | 2013-06-05 |
EP2214625A1 (en) | 2010-08-11 |
WO2009066799A1 (en) | 2009-05-28 |
CN101868219A (zh) | 2010-10-20 |
EP2214625A4 (en) | 2014-04-16 |
KR101567354B1 (ko) | 2015-11-09 |
JP2009143900A (ja) | 2009-07-02 |
KR20100105623A (ko) | 2010-09-29 |
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