JP5355839B2 - Psma抗体およびタンパク質マルチマー - Google Patents
Psma抗体およびタンパク質マルチマー Download PDFInfo
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- JP5355839B2 JP5355839B2 JP2003537481A JP2003537481A JP5355839B2 JP 5355839 B2 JP5355839 B2 JP 5355839B2 JP 2003537481 A JP2003537481 A JP 2003537481A JP 2003537481 A JP2003537481 A JP 2003537481A JP 5355839 B2 JP5355839 B2 JP 5355839B2
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- Prior art keywords
- psma
- antibody
- antigen
- binding fragment
- cells
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- Medicines That Contain Protein Lipid Enzymes And Other Medicines (AREA)
Description
本出願は、米国特許法119条下において、米国仮特許出願第60/335,215号(2001年10月23日出願)、米国仮特許出願第60/362,747号(2002年3月7日出願)、および米国仮特許出願第60/______号(2002年9月20日出願)の利益を主張し、これらの各々は本明細書中に参考として援用される。
本発明は、一般に、癌に関連するポリペプチドおよびポリペプチド上のネイティブなエピトープを認識する抗体の分野に関する。特に、本発明は、PSMAの細胞外ドメイン上の構造的エピトープに特異的に結合する抗体またはその抗原結合性フラグメント、マルチマー型のPSMAタンパク質、マルチマーに選択的に結合する抗体、およびこのような抗体またはマルチマーを含む組成物に一部関する。
前立腺癌は、最も有病率の高い癌の型で、そして米国人男性における癌による死の二番目に主要な原因である(1999年における179,000件の症例と37,000件の死亡(Landis,S.H.ら CA Cancer J.Clin.48:6−29(1998))と見積もられる)。前立腺癌と診断された男性の数は、老人人口の増加そしてより高い疾速の認識が早期診断を導いた結果として、着実に増加している(Parkerら(1997)CA Cancer J.Clin.47:5−280)。男性にとって前立腺癌を発症する生涯罹患率(life time risk)は、白人で約5人に1人、アフリカ系米国人で6人に1人である。危険性の高い群は、前立腺癌に陽性の家族歴を持つ集団、またはアフリカ系米国人に代表される。
本発明は、前立腺特異的膜抗原(PSMA)の細胞外ドメインを特異的に結合する抗体およびその抗原結合性フラグメント、このような抗体またはその抗原結合性フラグメントの1つまたは組み合わせを含む組成物、この抗体を産生するハイブリドーマ細胞株、およびこの抗体またはその抗原結合性フラグメントを癌の診断および処置に使用する方法に関する。
本発明は、PSMAの細胞外ドメイン上のコンフォメーショナルエピトープに特異的に結合する抗体またはその抗原結合性フラグメント、このような1つの抗体もしくはその抗原結合性フラグメントまたはこれらの組み合わせを含む組成物、抗体を産生するハイブリドーマ細胞株、および癌の診断または処置のために抗体またはその抗原結合性フラグメントを使用する方法を提供する。
1)PSMAを発現している生細胞への結合;
2)PSMAへの高い結合親和性;
3)PSMA上の独特なエピトープへの結合(組み合わせにおいて使用した場合に、相補的な活性を有する抗体が同じエピトープへの結合に競合する可能性を排除する);
4)PSMA発現細胞のオプソニン作用;
5)効果細胞存在下での増殖阻害の媒介、PSMA発現細胞の食作用および/または細胞殺傷;
6)NAALADase、フォレートヒドロラーゼ、ジペプチジルペプチダーゼIVおよび/またはγ−グルタミルヒドロラーゼの活性の調節(阻害または増大);
7)効果細胞非存在下での増殖阻害、細胞周期阻止、および/または細胞傷害性;
8)PSMAのインターナリゼーション;
9)PSMA上のコンフォメーショナルエピトープへの結合;
10)PSMAを発現しない細胞または組織に対する最小限の交叉反応性;および
11)単量体形態のPSMAよりダイマー形態のPSMAへの優先的な結合。
DNA構造物。全ての選択されたPSMA構造物を、Dr.W.D.W.Hestonにより提供されたヒトPSMAクローンp55A(Israeliら,Cancer Res.53:227−230(1993))から得た。この構成物を、哺乳類細胞においての高レベル発現および分泌のため、発現ベクターPPI4(Trkolaら,Nature 384:184−187(1996))へサブクローニングした。組換え可溶性PSMA(rsPSMA)は、PSMAの細胞外ドメイン全体と一致する(配列番号1(GenBank protein加入番号AAA60209)のアミノ酸44〜750)。
(PSMA上のコンフォメーショナルエピトープに対する一群のモノクローナル抗体(mAbs)の生成)
治療のための有力な候補を代表する一群の抗PSMA mAbを、作製した。簡潔には、mAbを以下のように生成した:BALB/cマウスを、およそ3週間の間隔で、組換えPSMAで皮下的に免疫した。計4回の注射の後マウスを屠殺し、そして脾臓細胞を、ハイブリドーマを作製するための標準的技術を使用して、骨髄腫細胞株と融合させた。個々のハイブリドーマ上清を、ELISAにより、LNCaPヒト前立腺腫瘍細胞または全長ヒトPSMAを発現するように操作された3T3細胞(3T3−PSMA細胞)のいずれかに由来のPSMAとの反応性について、スクリーニングした。陽性クローンを、完全な3T3−PSMA細胞およびLNCaP細胞との特異的反応性について、フローサイトメトリーにより、二次的にスクリーニングし、これにより、ネイティブの細胞表面PSMAを認識し、従って、最大の治療可能性を有する抗体を選択した。
(抗PSMA mAbの産生)
これらのmAbの治療能力を正確かつ量的に査定するため、mAbを、広範囲のインビトロおよびインビボでの特徴付けに適する量および質で、産生させる。簡潔には、mAb分泌ハイブリドーマを、ローラー瓶(roller bottle)内で、ウシIgGを除去した10% FBS(Life Technologies)を加えたDMEM/F12培地中で培養する。培養の産生期の間、週に2回の培地交換により、細胞を、約5×106細胞/mlに保つ。回収した培地を0.22ミクロンフィルターを通した濾過により浄化し、そして精製まで−95℃で保存した。約25mg/Lの平均抗体発現レベルを与えるには、精製における損失を許容するため、抗体それぞれにおよそ3Lのローラー瓶上清が必要である。
(インビトロにおける非標識mAbの治療能力の評価)
精製mAbを、治療学的に関連した特徴(親和性、特異性、酵素阻害活性およびエフェクター機能を含む)について、一連のアッセイにおいて試験する。理想的な産物候補は、ナノモル濃度以下の濃度で、PSMAに結合してPSMA活性を阻害し、そしてFc関連エフェクター機能を通して、強力な細胞殺傷を媒介する。
(mAb交叉競合結合アッセイ)
与えられた群のmAbが、PSMA上の別個のエピトープを認識するか、あるいは重複したエピトープを認識するかを同定するため、交叉競合結合アッセイを行う(Liu,H.ら Cancer Res 57:3629−3634(1997))。このフローサイトメトリアッセイにおいて、ビオチン化試験mAbを、種々の濃度の非標識競合mAbの存在下および非存在下で、上に記載したように、3T3−PSMA細胞と共にインキュベートする。洗浄工程に続き、結合ビオチン化mAbの量を決定するために、フィコエリトリン結合ストレプトアビジンを加える。阻害の百分率は、非関連特異性のアイソタイプ適合mAb存在下で観察される阻害に対して(0%阻害)および過剰の非標識試験mAbを使用して観察される阻害に対して(100%阻害)、規定される。
(PSMA酵素活性におけるmAbの効果)
PSMAは、フォレートヒドロラーゼおよびN−アセチル化α結合酸性ジペプチダーゼ(NAALADase)の両方の酵素活性(腫瘍細胞の増殖と悪性化に影響し得る)を保有することが示されている(Heston,W.D.W.Prostate:Basic and Clinical Aspects(R.K.Naz,ed.).CRC Press,New York:219−243(1997))。上で記載したmAbの幾つか(mAb 3.9、mAb 5.4およびmAb 7.3)およびmAb J591(ATCC#HB−12126)を、PSMA酵素活性を測定するための以前記載したアッセイを使用して、フォレートヒドロラーゼ調節活性について試験した(Pinto,J.T.ら Clinical Cancer Res 2:1445−1451(1996))。
(免疫組織化学による正常ヒト組織および悪性のヒト組織との反応性)
抗PSMA mAbを、免疫組織化学により、アビジン−ビオチンペルオキシダーゼ方法(Silver,D.A.ら,Clin Cancer Res 3:81−85(1997))を使用して、正常ヒト組織および悪性のヒト組織との反応性について、試験する。凍結組織またはパラフィン包埋組織を、使用し得る。パラフィン包埋組織切片を、脱パラフィンし、そして1% H2O2との15分間のインキュベーションにより、内在性ペルオキシダーゼ活性を、ブロックする。切片を、2% PBS−BSA(Sigma Chemical,St Louis,MO)中の1:10希釈ウマ血清で、30分ブロックし、その後、2% PBS−BSA中の2μg/ml抗PSMA mAbと一晩インキュベーションする。洗浄後、切片をビオチン化二次抗体と共にインキュベートし、洗浄し、そしてアビジン:ビオチンペルオキシダーゼ複合体(Vector Laboratories,Burlingame,CA)(PBS中1:25希釈)と共に30分間インキュベートする。洗浄後、切片を、0.05% ジアミノベンジジンテトラクロライド、0.01% H2O2、および0.5% Triton X−100を含有するPBSにおける液浸により可視化する。ネガティブコントロール切片を、非関連特異性のアイソタイプ適合mAbと共にインキュベートする。ポジティブコントロールとして、7E11(Cytogen、Princeton,NJ)(よく特徴付けられた抗PSMA mAb)を使用する。
(抗体依存性細胞性細胞傷害性(ADCC))
ADCCアッセイにおいて、mAbを、連続希釈し、51Cr標識3T3−PSMA細胞またはヒトPSMAを発現するように操作されたヒト前立腺PC−3細胞(PC−3−PSMA細胞)と合わせる。NKエフェクター細胞を、NK微小ビーズ(Miltenyi Biotec)を使用して、リンパ節または脾臓から精製する。血清、NKエフェクター細胞、および51Cr荷標的細胞(51Cr−loaded target cell)を、エフェクター細胞:標的細胞が10:1、20:1、および40:1であるような比率で、共インキュベーションする。これをそれぞれの条件について、3連で行う。細胞を4〜5時間、37℃でインキュベートし、その後、上清を回収し、γ計数により51Cr放出の測定を行う。特異的溶解の百分率は、アイソタイプ適合非特異的mAbの存在下で観察される阻害に対して(0%溶解)および10%のドデシル硫酸ナトリウムを使用して観察される阻害に対して(100%溶解)、決定される。
(補体媒介溶解(CML))
CMLのために、51Cr荷3T3−PSMA細胞またはPC−3−PSMA細胞を、標的細胞として供する。mAbの連続希釈を、ウサギ補体および標的細胞と、4〜5時間37℃で共インキュベートし、それぞれの条件を3連で行う。次に、上清を、回収し、そしてγカウンターで計数する。特異的溶解を、以前にASCCアッセイデータについて行ったように、電算処理する。
(抗増殖効果)
これらの抗体の抗増殖効果を試験するため、抗PSMA mAbを、連続希釈し、LNCaP、PC−3−PSMAおよび親PC−3細胞と共に、対数増殖期において、インキュベートする。4時間、24時間、および72時間の間隔で、細胞を、除去し、そして密度および生存率(トリパンブルー染色およびWST−1アッセイ(Roche Biochemicals)により)について、分析する。
(キレート化および放射性標識手順の最適化)
上の実施例において記載した手順を使用して同定した最も有望なmAbを、動物における評価の前の標識後に、生化学的および生物学的な安定性および活性について最適化する。インビトロ実験における成功は、非標識のまたは同様に標識したアイソタイプコントロールmAbよりも>10倍低い濃度で、PSMA発現腫瘍細胞を特異的に殺傷する、放射性標識mAbの同定として、定義される。
いったん放射性標識した構築物を得、精製し、そして生化学的純度および放射化学的純度をアッセイするならば、生物学的活性が決定される。放射性構築物(radioconstruct)の結合活性を、以前に記載されたような(Scheinberg,D.A.ら Leukemia 3:440〜445(1991))全LNCaPおよび3T3−PSMA細胞および/または膜分画を使用して得られた結合データのスキャッチャード分析によって実行する。
放射性標識したmAbの活性を、その内在率によって有意に調節し得る。細胞表面抗体抗原複合体の内在化を、111In放射性標識した抗体構築物(Caron,P.C.ら、Cancer Res 52:6761〜6767,1992)を使用して測定する。簡単には、5×105の3T3−PSMA細胞を様々な時間で37°Cで111In放射性標識した抗体と共に培養する。細胞をPBSで洗浄し、そして細胞表面に結合した放射性標識構築物を1mlの50mMグリシン/150mM NaCl(pH=2.8)で除去する。総細胞関連放射能および酸耐性(内在化した)放射能を、内在化の速度を確認するためにγ計数によって決定する。PSMAを発現しない親の3T3細胞を、非特異的な結合を決定するためのコントロールとして使用する。他の群(Smith−Jones P.M.ら Cancer Res 60:5237〜5243,2000)による以前の結果を基にして、1つ以上のmAb構築物との結合後のPSMAの有意な内在化を予想する。
いったん放射性免疫結合体の免疫反応性が確立されたならば、α標識したmAbのインビトロ細胞傷害性の評価にとりかかった。およそ50,000の標的細胞(LNCaPまたは3T3−PSMA細胞のいずれか)を96ウェルプレート中で処理し、そして24〜96時間後に分析した。225Ac標識した構築物(または213Bi)に起因する細胞死の定量化は、生存細胞による3H−チミジンの取り込みを決定(Nikula,T.K.ら J.Nucl.Med.40:166〜176,1999)によって達成した。特異性を、コントロール細胞(PSMA陰性ヒト前立腺細胞株PC−3およびDU−145、ならびにコントロール3T3細胞)、過剰な非標識抗体でのブロッキング、およびコントロール放射性結合体の使用によって決定した。
前述のアッセイにおいて試験に成功した抗体は、それらが治療用途に関して有用であることを示唆する有意な特異性および機能的特性を証明する。これらの放射性標識したmAb構築物および「裸の」mAb構築物のうちで最も有望なものを、前立腺癌の最も利用可能なマウスモデルにおいて評価する。この研究では、確立された異種移植片モデルを使用し、LNCaPヒト前立腺腫瘍細胞株を免疫無防備状態にあるヌードマウスに注射し、そして固形腫瘍を形成させ(Ellis,W.J.ら Clin Cancer Res 2:1039〜1048(1996))、次いでこの固形腫瘍を、放射性標識および非標識の抗PSMA mAb構築物の両方で処置する。フォローオン研究でもまた、マウス異種移植片モデル、CWR22(ヒト前立腺癌の多くの重要な生物学的特徴を再産生する)を利用する。
高親和性および高特異性を示す構築物を、生体分布分析および薬物動態分析のために、LNCaP腫瘍細胞異種移植片インビボモデル内へ取り込む。その好都合なキレート化学、放射能の半減期および追跡可能なγ放出に起因して、111In標識された抗PSMA抗体をこれらの研究のために使用する。213Bi、225Ac、177Luおよび90Y(治療的に関心のある核種である)の半減期に適切なように、時間点を評価する。標識された放射性構築物(1〜5μg)をヌードマウス(正常および腫瘍を有する)に静脈注射し、そしてこのマウスを、注射から5分後、15分後、30分後、60分後、2時間後、4時間後、18時間後、および24時間後に屠殺する。血液および主要な器官を動物から取り出し、重量を測定し、そして組織1グラムあたりに注射されたパーセント放射能を決定する(Nikula,T.K.ら,J.Nucl.Med.40:166〜176,1999)。過剰な非標識構築物の前注射によって、特異性を扱う。肉眼で見える腫瘍の容量および動物の生存率を実験の間中記録する。
非標識形態、毒素標識した形態および/または放射性同位元素標識した形態において最も有望な抗PSMAmAbsを、CWR22ヒト前立腺癌異種移植片マウスモデルにおいて試験する(Wainstein,M.A.ら,Cancer Res 54:6049〜6052(1994);Nagabhushan,M.ら Cancer Res 56:3042〜3046(1996);Pretlow,T.G.ら J Natl Cancer Inst 85:394〜398(1993))。このモデルは、アンドロゲン依存性、血清中のPSAの測定レベルと腫瘍サイズとの間の関係、およびPSMAの高レベル発現を含むヒトの状態における多くの特徴を有する。アンドロゲンの中止に引き続いて、PSAレベルは、検出限界レベル近くまで減少し、そして腫瘍容量が減少する。後に、腫瘍は、アンドロゲン非依存性の新生物として再成長し、初期にはPSA中での上昇によって、そして後には測定可能な腫瘍成長によって顕在化する。アンドロゲン中止後、腫瘍は、種々の時間で再成長する。
(LNCaPおよび3T3細胞の細胞表面からのPSMAの抽出)
LNCaPおよび3T3細胞を、コンフルエントまでT150細胞培養フラスコにおいて増殖させ、細胞解離液(Mediatech,Herndon,VA)を使用して剥離し、そして15mlの円錐形チューブに移した。この細胞を、PBSで2回洗浄し、そして2mlのM−PerTM哺乳動物タンパク質抽出試薬(Pierce,Rockford,IL)で再懸濁した。10分間4°Cでインキュベートした後、細胞破片および不溶性の凝集塊を15,000rpmで30分間4°Cでの遠心分離によって除去した。上清を低温バイアルに移し、そしてさらなる使用まで−80°Cで保存した。
PSMAの細胞外ドメイン(全長タンパク質(配列番号1)のアミノ酸44〜750))を、DXB11チャイニーズハムスター卵巣(CHO)細胞株(rsPSMA発現ベクターで安定にトランスフェクトした)から分泌されたタンパク質として回収した。この細胞を、タンパク質を含まない培地中でCelligen Plus 2.2L Packed Bed Bioreactor(New Brunswick Scientific,Edison,NJ)において増殖させた。Bioreactorを、灌流モードで運転し、そして上清を、4°Cに維持された回収バック内に無菌的に回収した。プロテアーゼインヒビター、アプロチニンを回収した上清(−90°Cでの保存前に25倍に濃縮した)に添加した。精製のために、この濃縮物を解凍し、そしてコンカナバリンAレクチンアフィニティクロマトグラフィーおよびブチルセファロース疎水的相互作用クロマトグラフィーの引き続く工程を使用して精製した。精製したタンパク質を、10mMリン酸カリウム(pH7.0)に対して透析した。精製したrsPSMAタンパク質はダイマーであり、そして公開された手順(Pintoら,Clinical Cancer Research 2:1445,1996)に従って試験される場合、フォレートヒドロラーゼ活性を有し、そしてコンフォメーション特異的モノクローナル抗体のパネルの各々と反応し、これはrsPSMAがネイティブコンフォメーションを採用することを示す。
各個々のPAGE分析のために、15μlの各細胞溶解物および5μlの精製したrsPSMAを使用した。
全長PSMAおよび組み換えの可溶性PSMA(rsPSMA)の両方が、約100kDaの分子量を有して還元性SDS−PAGEおよび非還元性SDS−PAGE上を移動する(図5)。全長PSMAについての結果は、以前の観察(Israeliら,米国特許第5,538,866号;Murphyら,米国特許第6,158,508号;Israeli,ら,Cancer Research 54:1807,1994;Troyerら,Int.J.Cancer 62:552,1995;Troyerら,The Prostate 30:233,1997:Grauerら,Cancer Research 58:4787,1998)と一致する。これらの報告の各々において、全長のPSMAは、報告(米国特許第6,158,508号;Troyerら,1995;Troyerら,1997)のサブセットにおいて観察される重要でない180〜200kDaのバンド(代表的には総PSMAタンパク質の5%未満)を伴って、100〜120kDaの主要なバンドとして移動した。Troyerら(1995)は、SDS界面活性剤の濃度の増加で粉砕され得るPSMAダイマーと非共有結合的に関連するとして、180〜200kDaの種について記載する。
PSMAは、推定の亜鉛メタロプロテアーゼ(metalloprotease)であり、そして亜鉛結合に関係するアミノ酸の部位特異的変異誘発は、酵素活性の著しい消失を生じる(Spenoら,Molecular Pharmacology,55:179,1999)。これらのアミノ酸としては、His−377、Asp−387、Glu−425、Asp−453およびHis−553が挙げられる。エチレンジアミン四酢酸(EDTA)は、Zn2+および他の2価陽イオンに対する強キレート剤であり、従ってPSMAからZn2+または他の同等な2価陽イオンを除去する可能性を有する。本発明者らは、EDTA処理がPSMAホモダイマーにモノマーサブユニットへの解離を引き起こさせることを決定づける。類似の結果が、エチレングリコールビス(β−アミノエチルエーテル)(EGTA)のような類似のキレート特性を有する他の薬剤について予測され得る。
以下の工程を包含する方法を使用してPSMAダイマーの解離を促進する能力について、化合物をスクリーニングする:
(a)PSMAダイマーと化合物とを、この化合物の非存在下でPSMAダイマーの解離を促進させない条件下で、接触させる工程;
(b)PSMAモノマーの量を測定する工程;および
(c)この化合物の存在下で測定したPSMAモノマーの量とこの化合物の非存在下で観察したPSMAモノマーの量とを比較する工程。
(a)PSMAダイマーと化合物とを、この化合物の非存在下で、PSMAダイマーの解離を促進させない条件下で、接触させる工程;
(b)PSMAダイマーの量を測定する工程;および
(c)この化合物の存在下で測定されたPSMAダイマーの量とこの化合物の非存在下で観察したPSMAダイマーの量とを比較する工程。
(a)PSMAダイマーと化合物とを、この化合物の非存在下で、PSMAダイマーの解離を促進させない条件下で、接触させる工程;
(b)PSMAモノマーおよびPSMAダイマーの量を測定する工程;
(c)PSMAモノマー 対 PSMAダイマーの比を計算する工程;および
(d)(c)で得た比とこの化合物の非存在下で得た比とを比較する工程。
(フローサイトメトリー)
親の3T3細胞またはPSMA発現3T3細胞(1条件あたり2×105細胞)を、PBS中で洗浄し、そして非特異的な結合部位をブロックするためにヤギ血清(10% v/v)を含むPBSとともに20分間氷上でインキュベートした。抗PSMAモノクローナル抗体(上清中の未精製形態または精製したmAb)を、100μl PBS中の細胞に段階希釈して添加し、そして氷上で30分間インキュベートした。コントロールの抗ヒトIgG(Caltag,Burlingame,CA)を、バックグラウンド結合を確立するために使用した。PBS中での2回の洗浄後、細胞を、抗ヒトIgG(BD Pharmingen,San Diego,CA)とともに30分間氷上でインキュベートした。細胞を、PBS中で2回洗浄し、250μlのPBSにおいて再懸濁し、そしてFACScan装置(Becton Dickinson,Franklin Lakes,NJ)およびCellQuestソフトウエアを使用するフローサイトメトリによって分析した。生存細胞を、前方散乱パラメータおよび側方散乱パラメータによってゲートし、そして結合を、平均蛍光強度(MFI)レベルのヒストグラムプロットを使用して定量化した。
フローサイトメトリデータ(平均蛍光強度 対 抗体濃度)を移し、そしてExcelソフトウエア(Microsoft,Redmond,WA)を使用してプロットした。少なくとも3回の測定の典型的な実験からの結果を、図25A〜25Cに示す。結合を、Excel中のForecast機能を使用して、50%有効濃度(EC50)の計算によって比較した。EC50値は、最大値の半分の結合に必要とされる抗体濃度を示す。
PSMA−3T3、LNCaP、および/またはC4−2細胞(ならびに、PSMAを発現しないコントロール細胞株3T3およびPC3)を、96ウエルマイクロプレート(Falcon)中で2,500細胞/100μL/ウエルでプレートし、そして一晩37℃で5%CO2存在下でインキュベートした。PSMA3T3(および3T3)ならびにLNCaP(およびC4−2およびPC3)のために使用する培地は、それぞれ2mM L−グルタミン、10% FBS、および1%ペニシリン−ストレプトマイシンを含むDMEMまたはRPMI1640であった。培地中の50ng(50μLにおける)のMab−ZapまたはHum−ZAP(Advanced Targeting Systems,San Diego,CA)を各ウェルに添加した。Mab−ZapおよびHum−Zapは、サポリン(saporin)(植物Saponaria officinalisの種子由来の植物リボソーム不活性化タンパク質(RIP)のうちで最も効力のある)に共有結合したヤギ抗マウスIgG抗体またはヤギ抗ヒトIgG抗体である。サポリンはアポトーシスによる細胞死を誘導する(Bergamaschi,G.,Perfetti,V.,Tonon,L.,Novella,A.,Lucotti,C.,Danova,M.,Glennie,M.J.,Merlini,G.,Cazzola,M. Saporin,a ribosome−inactivating protein used to prepare immunotoxins,induces cell death via apoptosis.Br J Haematol 93,789〜94.(1996))。このMab−Zapは、適切な1次抗体の非存在下で細胞と結合しなかったまたは細胞内に内在しなかった。
PSMA−3T3、LNCaPおよびC4−2を、PSMA発現細胞株として使用し、そして3T3を、PSMAを発現しないコントロール細胞株として使用した。この細胞を、本アッセイにおける非特異的な結合を減少させるために、10%ヤギ血清を用いて氷上でブロックした。
mAbの所定の群がPSMA上の異なったエピトープまたは重複エピトープを認識するか否かを同定するために、競合結合アッセイを、In−111放射性標識した抗体を用いて実行した。2×105細胞(100μL)のPSMA−3T3を96ウェルマイクロプレートでプレーティングし、そして抗体4.40,4.304およびmJ591(100μL)を異なる濃度(段階希釈)で添加した。この細胞を0°Cで30分間インキュベートした。20μLのIn−111放射性標識したCHX−A“−DTPA抗体構築物を各ウェルに添加した。競合結合のための氷上での2時間のインキュベート後、この細胞を5回冷PBSを使用して洗浄した。In−111が結合した抗体を含むこの細胞を、マイクロプレートから試験チューブに回収し、そしてγ計数器で計数した。
(実施例22:Biacore 3000を使用する結合親和性)
抗体の動態および親和性を測定するために、粗上清中の抗体、精製した形態の抗体および二官能性のキレートで変性した形態の抗体を、Biacore 3000機器(Biacore Inc.,Piscataway,NJ)を使用して分析した。Biacore 3000は、十分に自動化された表面プラスモン共鳴(surface plasmon resonance)(SPR)ベースのバイオセンサーシステム(タグまたは生物分子学的相互作用に関する化合物の標識を必要としないアッセイ形式から、リアルタイムの動態データを提供するために設計される)である。これは、粗上清をスクリーニングするための理想である。
In−111標識した抗PSMA抗体3.9を使用するスキャッチャード分析から生じる結果を、図33に示す。トランスフェクトされたマウス3T3細胞は、1細胞あたり100万個より多いPSMAのコピーを発現し、LNCAP細胞(アンドロゲン依存性ヒト前立腺癌細胞株)は、64万個のコピーを発現する一方で、C4−2細胞(アンドロゲン非依存性)は、1細胞あたり25万個のコピーを発現する。細胞表面PSMAに対する親和性3.9は、PSMA−3T3に関しては6.4nM、LNCAPに関しては4.0nM、およびC4−2に関しては3.3nM(4.6nMがこれらのデータの平均である)である。
Ac−225標識した抗PSMA抗体のインビトロでの細胞傷害性を、実施例19において使用したものと類似の方法論を使用して決定した。前立腺癌細胞(2×104細胞/mLの濃度での100μLのC4−2、LNCaP、およびPC3細胞)を、96ウェルマイクロプレートの分離ウェル中に配置した。一晩のインキュベート後、この細胞を、異なる濃度のAc−225標識したヒト抗PSMA 4.40抗体を用いて4日にわたって処理した。細胞の細胞傷害性を、Alamar Blue(Biosource International,Camarillo,CA)を使用して定量した。
国立癌センター由来の無胸腺症ヌードマウスに、経皮的に2×106PSMA−3T3細胞を移植した。測定可能な腫瘍が移植後7日目に出現した後、マウスを単一の250μCi用量のヒト抗PSMA抗体4.40またはLu−177(University of Missouri Research Reactor)で標識した4.304のいずれかの注射によって処置するか、もしくはコントロールとして緩衝剤のみを注射した。個々の動物の腫瘍サイズを、電子カリパスを使用して測定した。図35は、経時的にそれぞれの群における平均腫瘍サイズのプロットを示す。腫瘍の成長は、引き続いて、コントロール群と比較してLu−177抗体処置した群において減少した。
(免疫)
BALB/cマウスに、0日目、7日目、14日目、および42日目に5μgの臨床的rsPSMAロット番号4019−C001(75%ダイマー/25%モノマー)または5μgのrsPSMAバッチ番号TD045−003ラン(run)1/ピーク2(100%モノマー)のいずれかの皮下注射によって免疫し、そして、単回用量あたり50μgのアルヒドロゲル(alhydrogel)で補強した。血清を4回目の免疫から10日後に採取し、そして酵素結合免疫測定法(EIA)およびフローサイトメトリーによって分析した。
rsPSMAロット番号4019−C001またはrsPSMAバッチ番号TD045−003ラン1/ピーク2を、96ウエルマイクロタイタープレートに受動的に吸着させた。プレート上に残存した結合部位を、PBS/カゼイン/Tween 20緩衝液でブロックした。段階希釈したマウス血清またはコントロールを添加し、そして結合した抗体を、アルカリホスファターゼに結合体化したヤギ抗マウスIgG抗体を使用して検出した。このEIAを、結合した抗PSMA抗体の量と正比例する色素変化を産生する基質pNPPで発色させた。吸光度を、620nmの補正を有する405nmで読み込んだ。抗体価を、吸光度を0.1に補正したブランクを生じるマウス血清の最も高い希釈として定義した。公知の抗PSMA価を有する免疫マウス血清または抗PSMA反応性を有さない正常マウス血清を、コントロールとして使用した。
PSMA−3T3細胞を、200μLの免疫血清とともに0.1%アジ化ナトリウムを含むPBS中での1/50の希釈で氷上で30分間インキュベートした。公知の抗PSMA価を有する免疫マウス血清または抗PSMA反応性を有さない正常マウス血清を、コントロールとして使用した。この細胞を、0.1%アジ化ナトリウムを含むPBSで2回洗浄し、そして30分間氷上でFITC結合体化ヤギ抗マウスIgGとともにインキュベートした。細胞を1回洗浄し、0.1%アジ化ナトリウムを含むPBS中で再懸濁し、そしてFACScaliber(Becton Dickinson)でフローサイトメトリー分析に供した。
rsPSMAロット番号4019−C001を免疫した5/5マウスは、EIAによって抗PSMA抗体応答を示した。抗体価は、rsPSMAロット番号4019−C001(75%ダイマー/25%モノマー)で被膜したアッセイプレートおよびrsPSMAバッチ番号TD045−003ラン1/ピーク2(100%モノマー)で被膜したアッセイプレートについては類似していた。この群に関する中間の応答は、1/6400であった。
Claims (27)
- 前立腺特異膜抗原(PSMA)タンパク質ダイマーと選択的に結合し、かつ、PSMAタンパク質モノマーに結合しない単離された抗体またはそれらの抗原結合性フラグメントであって、ここで、該抗体またはそれらの抗原結合フラグメントは、PSMAの細胞外ドメインに特異的に結合し、ここで、該細胞外ドメインのアミノ酸配列は、配列番号1のアミノ酸44〜750に示される、抗体またはその抗原結合性フラグメント。
- 請求項1に記載の単離された抗体またはそれらの抗原結合性フラグメントであって、前記ダイマーを形成するPSMAタンパク質のうちの少なくとも1つが組み換えの可溶性PSMA(rsPSMA)ポリペプチドであり、好ましくは、ここで、該rsPSMAポリペプチドが本質的に配列番号1のアミノ酸44〜750からなる、抗体またはその抗原結合性フラグメント。
- 請求項1に記載の単離された抗体またはそれらの抗原結合性フラグメントであって、該単離された抗体またはそれらの抗原結合性フラグメントが、PSMAタンパク質ダイマーのフォレートヒドロラーゼ活性を阻害する、抗体またはその抗原結合性フラグメント。
- 請求項1〜3のいずれかに記載の単離された抗体またはその抗原結合性フラグメントを含む組成物。
- 請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載の単離された抗体またはその抗原結合性フラグメントであって、該単離された抗体は、非ヒト動物をPSMAタンパク質ダイマーを含む調製物で免疫することによって惹起され、ここで、該ダイマーを形成するPSMAタンパク質の各々は、配列番号1のアミノ酸44〜750を含む、抗体またはその抗原結合性フラグメント。
- 請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載の単離された抗体またはその抗原結合性フラグメントであって、該抗体またはその抗原結合性フラグメントは、生細胞に結合する能力について選択され、ここで、該細胞が好ましくは腫瘍細胞であり、より好ましくは、該腫瘍細胞が前立腺腫瘍細胞であり、最も好ましくは、該腫瘍細胞がLNCaP細胞である、抗体またはその抗原結合性フラグメント。
- 請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載の単離された抗体またはその抗原結合性フラグメントであって、ここで;
(a)該抗体が組み換え抗体であるか;および/あるいは、
(b)該抗体がポリクローナル抗体またはモノクローナル抗体である、
抗体またはその抗原結合性フラグメント。 - 請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載の単離された抗体またはその抗原結合性フラグメントであって、該抗体はヒト化された抗体である、抗体またはその抗原結合性フラグメント。
- 請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載の単離された抗体またはその抗原結合性フラグメントであって、該抗体はキメラ抗体である、抗体またはその抗原結合性フラグメント。
- 請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載の単離された抗体またはその抗原結合性フラグメントであって、該抗体はヒト抗体である、抗体またはその抗原結合性フラグメント。
- 請求項8〜10のいずれか1つに記載の単離された抗体またはその抗原結合性フラグメントであって、該抗体はモノクローナル抗体である、抗体またはその抗原結合性フラグメント。
- 請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載の単離された抗体またはその抗原結合性フラグメントであって、該単離された抗原結合性フラグメントは、Fabフラグメント、F(ab’)2フラグメント、およびFvフラグメントからなる群から選択される、抗体またはその抗原結合性フラグメント。
- 請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載の単離された抗体またはその抗原結合性フラグメントであって、該抗体またはその抗原結合性フラグメントは、コンフォメーショナルエピトープに結合する、抗体またはその抗原結合性フラグメント。
- 請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載の単離された抗体またはその抗原結合性フラグメントであって、該抗体またはその抗原結合性フラグメントが、1X10−9M以下の結合親和性で、好ましくは、
1X10−10M以下の結合親和性で、
1X10−11M以下の結合親和性で、または、
5X10−10M以下の結合親和性で、
細胞表面PSMAおよび/またはrsPSMAに特異的に結合する、抗体またはその抗原結合性フラグメント。 - 少なくとも1つの治療的部分と結合された請求項1に記載の単離された抗体またはその抗原結合性フラグメントであって:
(a)該治療的部分が薬物であり、好ましくは、細胞傷害性薬剤であり、より好ましくは、カリケアマイシン、エスペラマイシン、メトトレキサート、ドキソルビシン、メルファラン、クロラムブシル、ARA−C、ビンデシン、マイトマイシン C、シスプラチナム、エトポシド、ブレオマイシン、5−フルオラウラシル、エストラムスチン、ビンクリスチン、パクリタキセル、ドセタキセル、ドラスタチン10、アウリスタチンEおよびアウリスタチンPHE、からなる群から選択される、細胞傷害性薬剤であるか;
(b)該治療的部分が複製選択的ウイルスであるか;
(c)該治療的部分が毒素またはそのフラグメントであるか;
(d)該治療的部分が酵素またはそのフラグメントであるか;
(e)該治療的部分が免疫刺激剤または免疫調節剤であり、好ましくは、サイトカイン、ケモカインおよびアジュバントからなる群から選択されるか;ならびに/あるいは、
(f)該治療的部分が抗腫瘍剤であり、該抗腫瘍剤が、細胞傷害性薬剤、腫瘍血管新生に作用する薬剤、またはそれらの組み合わせである、抗体またはその抗原結合性フラグメント。 - 請求項15に記載の少なくとも1つの治療的部分と結合された単離された抗体またはその抗原結合性フラグメントを含む組成物であって、さらに薬学的に受容可能なキャリア、賦形剤、または安定剤を含む組成物。
- 放射性同位体に結合された請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載の単離された抗体またはその抗原結合性フラグメント。
- 請求項17に記載の放射性同位体に結合された単離された抗体またはその抗原結合性フラグメントであって:
(a)前記放射性同位体がα線、β線、および/または、γ線を放射するか;ならびに/あるいは、
(b)前記放射性同位体が225Ac、211At、212Bi、213Bi、186Rh、188Rh、177Lu、90Y、131I、67Cu、125I、123I、77Br、153Sm、166Ho、64Cu、212Pb、224Raおよび223Raからなる群から選択される、
抗体またはそれらの抗原結合性フラグメント。 - 請求項17に記載の放射性同位体に結合された単離された抗体またはその抗原結合性フラグメントを含む組成物であって、さらに薬学的に受容可能なキャリア、賦形剤、または安定化剤を含む組成物。
- 診断、予後またはモニタリングのために前立腺癌を検出するためのキットであって、
請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載の単離され標識された抗体またはその抗原結合性フラグメント、および該標識を検出するための1つ以上の化合物、を含む、キット。 - 請求項20に記載のキットであって、前記標識が、蛍光標識、酵素標識、放射性標識、核磁気共鳴活性標識、発光標識、および発色団標識からなる群から選択される、キット。
- 請求項1〜3、15または17のいずれかに記載の単離された抗体またはその抗原結合性フラグメントであって、ここで、該単離された抗体またはその抗原結合性フラグメントが、凍結乾燥形態でパッケージされたか、あるいは、水性媒体中にパッケージされた、抗体またはその抗原結合性フラグメント。
- サンプル中のPSMAダイマーの存在、またはPSMAダイマーを発現する細胞を検出するための方法であり、以下:
抗体またはその抗原結合性フラグメントとPSMAとの間の複合体の形成を可能にするのに十分な時間、該サンプルと、請求項1〜3または17のいずれか1項に記載の抗体またはその抗原結合性フラグメントとを接触させる工程、および
該PSMA−抗体複合体または該PSMA−抗原結合性フラグメント複合体を検出する工程、
を包含し、ここで、該サンプル中の複合体の存在が、PSMAまたはPSMAを発現する細胞のサンプル中の存在を示す、方法。 - ATCC寄託番号PTA−3268またはPTA−3258を有するハイブリドーマ細胞株。
- 請求項15に記載の単離された抗体またはその抗原結合性フラグメントであって、ここで、前記腫瘍血管新生に作用する薬剤が、チューブリン結合薬剤、または、抗脈管形成剤である、抗体またはその抗原結合性フラグメント。
- 請求項25に記載の単離された抗体またはその抗原結合性フラグメントであって、ここで、前記チューブリン結合薬剤が、コンブレスタチンA4、アンギオスタチン、エンドスタチン、または、インターフェロン誘導タンパク質10である、抗体またはその抗原結合性フラグメント。
- 請求項25に記載の単離された抗体またはその抗原結合性フラグメントであって、ここで、前記抗脈管形成剤が、2ME2、アンギオスタチン、アンギオザイム、抗VEGF RhuMAb、Apra(CT−2584)、アビシン、ベネフィン、BMS275291、カルボキシアミドトリアゾール、CC4047、CC5013、CC7085、CDC801、CGP−41251(PKC 412)、CM101、コンブレスタチンA−4プロドラッグ、EMD121974、エンドスタチン、フラボピリドール、ゲニステイン(GCP)、IM−862、ImmTher、インターロイキン12、イレッサ(ZD1839)、マリマスタット、メタスタット(Col−3)、ネオバスタット、オクトレオチド、ペニシラミン、フォトフリン、フォトポイント、PI−88、プリノマスタット(AG−3340)、PTK787(ZK22584)、RO317453、ソリマスタット、スクアラミン、SU 101、SU 5416、SU−6668、スラジスタ(FCE 26644)、スラミン(メタレート)、テトラチオモリブデート、サリドマイド、TNP−470、または、ビタキシンである、抗体またはその抗原結合性フラグメント。
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP2363404B1 (en) | 2016-09-07 |
EP2360169A2 (en) | 2011-08-24 |
US20040033229A1 (en) | 2004-02-19 |
JP2009102443A (ja) | 2009-05-14 |
EP3184539A3 (en) | 2017-09-13 |
US20080286284A1 (en) | 2008-11-20 |
EP2360169B1 (en) | 2015-10-14 |
EP2360169A3 (en) | 2012-02-15 |
CA2464239A1 (en) | 2003-05-01 |
JP2005523683A (ja) | 2005-08-11 |
AU2002356844B2 (en) | 2009-11-12 |
CA2464239C (en) | 2016-07-12 |
AU2002356844C1 (en) | 2010-03-04 |
ES2606537T3 (es) | 2017-03-24 |
EP2363404B8 (en) | 2016-12-07 |
EP2363404A2 (en) | 2011-09-07 |
ES2559002T3 (es) | 2016-02-10 |
EP2363404A3 (en) | 2012-01-25 |
US7850971B2 (en) | 2010-12-14 |
US8114965B2 (en) | 2012-02-14 |
WO2003034903A3 (en) | 2003-10-30 |
JP5703447B2 (ja) | 2015-04-22 |
WO2003034903B1 (en) | 2004-05-13 |
EP1448588A4 (en) | 2006-10-25 |
JP2012245010A (ja) | 2012-12-13 |
EP3184539A2 (en) | 2017-06-28 |
EP1448588A2 (en) | 2004-08-25 |
WO2003034903A2 (en) | 2003-05-01 |
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