JP5266048B2 - (s)−n−メチルナルトレキソン、その合成方法およびその医薬用途 - Google Patents
(s)−n−メチルナルトレキソン、その合成方法およびその医薬用途 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5266048B2 JP5266048B2 JP2008513706A JP2008513706A JP5266048B2 JP 5266048 B2 JP5266048 B2 JP 5266048B2 JP 2008513706 A JP2008513706 A JP 2008513706A JP 2008513706 A JP2008513706 A JP 2008513706A JP 5266048 B2 JP5266048 B2 JP 5266048B2
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- mntx
- acid
- methylnaltrexone
- ion
- opioid
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- DFHAXXVZCFXGOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-K trisodium phosphonoformate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]C(=O)P([O-])([O-])=O DFHAXXVZCFXGOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 229950004119 troclosene potassium Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960000281 trometamol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- HDZZVAMISRMYHH-LITAXDCLSA-N tubercidin Chemical compound C1=CC=2C(N)=NC=NC=2N1[C@@H]1O[C@@H](CO)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O HDZZVAMISRMYHH-LITAXDCLSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940046728 tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitor Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960002703 undecylenic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 210000002438 upper gastrointestinal tract Anatomy 0.000 description 1
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- 229940070710 valerate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N valeric acid Chemical compound CCCCC(O)=O NQPDZGIKBAWPEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940072690 valium Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940099259 vaseline Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000015112 vegetable and seed oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008158 vegetable oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- PNVNVHUZROJLTJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N venlafaxine Chemical compound C1=CC(OC)=CC=C1C(CN(C)C)C1(O)CCCCC1 PNVNVHUZROJLTJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960004688 venlafaxine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960003636 vidarabine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229920006163 vinyl copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- YEIGUXGHHKAURB-VAMGGRTRSA-N viridin Chemical compound O=C1C2=C3CCC(=O)C3=CC=C2[C@@]2(C)[C@H](O)[C@H](OC)C(=O)C3=COC1=C23 YEIGUXGHHKAURB-VAMGGRTRSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 108010086097 viridin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- YEIGUXGHHKAURB-UHFFFAOYSA-N viridine Natural products O=C1C2=C3CCC(=O)C3=CC=C2C2(C)C(O)C(OC)C(=O)C3=COC1=C23 YEIGUXGHHKAURB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003612 virological effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 210000001835 viscera Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000009278 visceral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012800 visualization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003039 volatile agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- SVKVWRTVTPUQBY-MORSLUCNSA-N volazocine Chemical compound C([C@@]1(C)C2=CC=CC=C2C[C@@H]2[C@@H]1C)CN2CC1CC1 SVKVWRTVTPUQBY-MORSLUCNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229950001292 volazocine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000008673 vomiting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920003169 water-soluble polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- AIIXYCDTEGICEE-HZVAOYAWSA-N win-51708 Chemical compound C1=CC=C2N(C=C3C(C[C@@H]4CC[C@@H]5[C@@H]([C@]4(C3)C)CC[C@]3([C@H]5CC[C@@]3(O)C#C)C)=N3)C3=NC2=C1 AIIXYCDTEGICEE-HZVAOYAWSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HLDCSYXMVXILQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N xenysalate Chemical compound CCN(CC)CCOC(=O)C1=CC=CC(C=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1O HLDCSYXMVXILQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960003434 xenysalate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960004175 xylazine hydrochloride Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960000833 xylometazoline Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960000523 zalcitabine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229950010749 zamifenacin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- GLJVRAXBUACXBP-FMVQVTEISA-N zenazocine mesylate Chemical compound CS(O)(=O)=O.C1C2=CC=C(O)C=C2[C@@]2(C)[C@](CCC(=O)CCC(C)C)(C)[C@@H]1N(C)CC2 GLJVRAXBUACXBP-FMVQVTEISA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940087450 zerit Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229950007096 zinviroxime Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960003516 zomepirac sodium Drugs 0.000 description 1
- YKPUWZUDDOIDPM-VURMDHGXSA-N zucapsaicin Chemical compound COC1=CC(CNC(=O)CCCC\C=C/C(C)C)=CC=C1O YKPUWZUDDOIDPM-VURMDHGXSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960002860 zucapsaicin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000002132 β-lactam antibiotic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940124586 β-lactam antibiotics Drugs 0.000 description 1
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Description
本発明は、(S)−N−メチルナルトレキソン(S−MNTX)、S−MNTXの調製のための立体選択的合成方法、S−MNTXを含む医薬組成物およびその使用のための方法に関する。
メチルナルトレキソン(MNTX)は、純粋なオピオイドアンタゴニストであるナルトレキソンの第四級誘導体である。これは塩として存在する。文献においてMNTXの臭化物塩に使用される名称としては、以下が挙げられる:臭化メチルナルトレキソン;臭化N−メチルナルトレキソン;ナルトレキソンメトブロミド;ナルトレキソンメチルブロミド;MRZ 2663BR、MNTXは、70年代半ばに、Goldbergらによって、米国特許第4,176,186号に記載されるように報告された。環の窒素へのメチル基の添加が、ナルトレキソンよりも高い極性および低い脂溶性を有する荷電化合物を形成すると考えられる。MNTXのこの特徴は、ヒトにおいて血液脳関門の通過を防ぐ。結果として、MNTXは、中枢神経系よりも末梢において、中枢神経系におけるオピオイドの鎮痛作用を妨げない利点を伴ってこの効果を発揮する。
インビボでの知見は一般的にインビトロでの知見と一致する。したがって、「N−メチルジアステレオマー」のみがモルフィン誘導性の便秘をラットにおいて阻害しアンタゴニストとして作用するが、「N−アリルジアステレオマー」は阻害しない。著者は、製造された材料が1Hおよび13C核磁気共鳴(NMR)分析によって純粋であるようにみえるとしているが、これらの方法は正確ではない。著者は、ナロルフィンの「N−メチルジアステレオマー」へのR立体配置の割当について、参考文献を引用している。レバロルファンおよびナロキソンのジアステレオマーに関しては、割当は提案されていない。これらのジアステレオマーへの立体配置を推定することは危険である(R.J. Kobylecki et al, J. Med. Chem. 25, 1278-1280, 1982)。
S−MNTXは、今や、高純度で提供され、このことにより、クロマトグラフィーにおける(R)−N−メチルナルトレキソン(R−MNTX)の保持時間に対するS−MNTXの相対的保持時間のキャラクタリゼーションが可能となる。S−MNTXは、文献において報告されたMNTXの活性と異なる活性を有することが見出された。
S−MNTXおよびその塩が提供される。S−MNTXを得るためのプロトコルは、先行技術からは予測することが出来なかった。さらに、驚くべき事に、S−MNTXがオピオイドアゴニスト活性を有することを見出した。
いくつかの態様における組成物は溶液であり、別の態様においては油であり、別の態様においてはクリームであり、さらに別の態様においては固体または半固体である。一つの重要な態様において、組成物は結晶である。
本発明の別の局面によれば、方法が提供される。方法は、患者に、上記の組成物を、心因性の摂食障害または消化障害を予防または処置するために有効な量で投与することにより、心因性の摂食障害または消化障害を予防または処置することを含む。
本発明のこれらの局面および他の局面を、以下により詳細に記載する。
本発明は、化合物であるS−MNTX、S−MNTXの立体選択的合成のための合成経路、実質的に純粋なS−MNTX、実質的に純粋なS−MNTXの結晶、S−MNTXの分析の方法、実質的に純粋なS−MNTXを含む医薬製剤、およびこれらの使用のための方法を提供する。
急性下痢または短期の下痢は、本明細書において使用される場合、続けて1週間未満、代表的には1〜3日続く下痢である。慢性下痢、継続的下痢または長期の下痢は、本明細書において使用される場合、1週間または1週間より長い期間続く下痢である。慢性下痢は、数ヶ月または数年もの間続き得、継続的または断続的であり得る。S−MNTXを使用する処置の恩恵を受け得る多様な形態及び原因の下痢として、以下に記載するものが挙げられるがこれらに限定されない。
細菌および寄生虫で汚染された食物を食べるまたは水を飲むことから生じる食中毒および旅行者下痢は、S−MNTXを使用する処置に適している。一般的に下痢を引き起こす細菌として、Escherichia coli、サルモネラ属、赤痢菌属、クロストリジウム属、カンピロバクター属、エルシニア属、およびリステリア属が挙げられる。下痢を引き起こし得る寄生虫として、Giardia lamblia、Entamaeba histolytica、およびクリプトストリジウム属が挙げられる。下痢を引き起こし得る真菌として、カンジダ属が挙げられる。
S−MNTXは、抗生物質、マグネシウムを含む緩下剤、癌の処置のための化学療法剤、および高用量の放射線治療などの医薬および/または治療によって引き起こされる下痢の予防または処置において有用である。
下痢はまた、ゾリンジャー・エリソン症候群、自律神経ニューロパシーまたは糖尿病性ニューロパシーなどの神経障害、カルチノイド症候群、血管作用性腸管ポリペプチド分泌腫瘍、ならびに、短腸症候群、胃切除術、イレオストミーまたはコロストミーを伴うまたは伴わない腸切除術、および胆嚢の除去を含む、胃腸管の解剖学的状態と関連する。かかる状態は、S−MNTXを使用する処置に適している。
S−MNTXはまた、被験体においてイレオストミーまたはコロストミーからの排泄の容積を減少させる方法において有用である。S−MNTXは、オストミーからの排出物の容積を、S−MNTXの非存在下におけるオストミーからの排泄の容積と比較して減少させるために有効な量で提供される。S−MNTXはまた、オストミーからの排泄の速度を制御する上で有用であり、特に、排泄の速度の低下を必要とする被験体において排出の速度を低下させる上で有用である。
さらに別群の態様において、S−MNTXまたはその誘導体を使用する処置に適している炎症性状態は、多発性硬化症、糖尿病、または後天性免疫不全症候群(AIDS)もしくは癌に関連する萎縮に関連する。
一群の態様において、皮膚炎症状態、好ましくは、乾癬、アトピー性皮膚炎、UV−誘発性炎症、接触性皮膚炎、または他の薬物(RETIN−A(オールトランスレチノイン酸)が挙げられるがこれに限定されない)によって誘発される炎症が、S−MNTXまたはその誘導体を用いる処置に適している。
(i)ロペラミド[4−(p−クロロフェニル)−4−ヒドロキシ−N−N−ジメチル−α,α−ジフェニル−1−塩酸ピペラジンブチルアミド]]、本明細書において定義されるようなロペラミドのアナログおよび関連化合物(米国特許第3,884,916号および同第3,714,159号を参照;また、米国特許第4,194,045号、同第4,116,963号、同第4,072,686号、同第4,069,223号、同第4,066,654号を参照)、本明細書において定義されるような、ロペラミドおよびアナログのN−オキシド、それらの代謝物およびプロドラッグならびに関連化合物(また、米国特許第4,824,853号を参照)、ならびに、以下の(a)、(b)および(c)などの関連化合物:
(b)5−(1,1−ジフェニル−3−(5−または6−ヒドロキシ−2−アザビシクロ−(2.2.2)オクト−2−イル)プロピル)−2−アルキル−1,3,4−オキサジアゾール類、5−(1,1−ジフェニル−4−(環式アミノ)ブト−2−トランス−エン−1−イル)−2−アルキル−1,3,4−オキサジアゾール類、2−[5−(環式アミノ)−エチル−10,11−ジヒドロ−5H−ジベンゾ[a,d]−シクロヘプタン−5−イル]−5−アルキル−1,3,4−オキサジアゾール類]および関連化合物(米国特許第4,013,668号、同第3,996,214号および同第4,012,393号を参照);
(c)2−置換−1−アザビシクロ[2,2,2]オクタン類(米国特許第4,125,531号を参照);
(iii)本明細書において提供される尿素アミジノ類(また、米国特許第4,326,075号、同第4,326,074号、同第4203,920号、同第4,060,635号、同第4,115,564号、同第4,025,652号を参照)、および2−[(アミノフェニルおよびアミドフェニル)アミノ]−1−アザシクロアルカン類(米国特許第4,533,739号を参照);
(v)米国特許第5,236,947号などに定義されるプロパンアミン。
A型のγ−アミノブチル酸(GABA)受容体(GABAA)を介して発作を抑制するように作用するベンゾジアゼピン化合物およびアナログ、例えば、DIASTAT(登録商標)およびVALIUM(登録商標);LIBRIUM(登録商標)およびZANAX(登録商標)。
SSRI、例えば、フルボキサミン;フルオキセチン;パロキセチン;セルトラリン;シタロプラム;ベンラファキシン;セリクラミン(cericlamine);デュロキセチン;ミルナシプラン(milnacipran);ネファゾドン(nefazodone);およびシアノドチエピン(Prous J.R編、The Year Drugs News、1995年、47−48頁およびWO 97/29739を参照)。
ソマトスタチン受容体アゴニスト、例えば、オクトレオチド、バプレオチド、ランレオチド。
抗炎症性化合物、特に免疫調節型のもの、例えば、NSAIDS;腫瘍壊死因子(TNF、TNFa)阻害剤;バシリキシマブ(例えば、SIMULECT(登録商標));ダクリキシマブ(例えば、ZENAPAX(登録商標));インフリキシマブ(例えば、REMICADE(登録商標));エタネルセプト(例えば、ENBREL(登録商標))ミコフェノール酸モフェチル(例えば、CELLCEPT(登録商標));アザチオプリン(例えば、IMURAN(登録商標));タクロリムス(例えば、PROGRAF(登録商標));ステロイド類;メトトレキセートおよびGI抗炎症剤、例えばスルファサラジン(例えば、AZULFIDINE(登録商標));オルサラジン(例えば、DIPENTUM(登録商標));およびメサラミン(例えば、ASACOL(登録商標)、PENTASA(登録商標)、ROWASA(登録商標))。
抗ガス化合物、例えば、MYLANTA(登録商標)およびMYLICON(登録商標)の商品名で販売されるシメチコン; ならびにPHAZYME(登録商標)およびBEANO(登録商標)を含む調製酵素。
ビスマス含有調製物、例えばPEPTO-BISMOL(登録商標)としても知られる亜サリチル酸ビスマス。
多硫酸ペントサン、化学的および構造的にグリコサミノグリカンに類似したヘパリン様巨大分子炭化水素誘導体であり、ELMIRON(登録商標)の商品名で市販されている。
プロスタグランジンEアナログ、ゴナドトロフィン放出ホルモンアナログ(ロイプロリド)、コルチコトロピン−1アンタゴニスト、ニューロキニン2受容体アンタゴニスト、コレシストキニン−1アンタゴニスト、ベータ遮断薬。
PRILOSEC(登録商標)を非限定的に含む、抗食道逆流剤。
抗炎症剤としてまた、メサラミン、スルファサラジン、バルサラジン二ナトリウム、ヒドロコルチゾン、およびオルサラジンナトリウムが挙げられるがこれらに限定されない。
5HT3アンタゴニストとして、オンダンセトロン、シランセトロンおよびアロセトロンが挙げられるがこれらに限定されない。
5HT4アンタゴニストとして、ピポスクロド(piposcrod)が挙げられるがこれに限定されない。
5HT4アゴニストとして、テガセロッド(tegaserod)(例えば、マレイン酸テガセロッド)およびポブカロプリド(povcalopride)が挙げられるがこれらに限定されない。
他のIBS治療剤として、デキスロキシグルミド、TAK-637、タルネタント(talnetant)、SB 223412、AU 244、ニューロトロフィン−3、GT 160-246、免疫グロブリン(IgG)、ラモプラニン(ramoplanin)、リサキシミン(risaxmin)、リメチコン(rimethicone)、ダリフェナシン、ザミフェナシン(zamifenacin)、ロキシグルミド、ミソプロスチル(misoprostil)、ロイプロリド、ドンペリドン、ソマトスタチンアナログ、フェニトイン、NBI-34041、サレダタント(saredutant)、およびデキスロキシグルミドが挙げられる。
緩衝剤は、クエン酸、クエン酸ナトリウム、酢酸ナトリウム、酢酸、リン酸ナトリウムおよびリン酸、アスコルビン酸ナトリウム、酒石酸、マレイン酸、グリシン、乳酸ナトリウム、乳酸、アスコルビン酸、イミダゾール、重炭酸ナトリウムおよび炭酸、コハク酸ナトリウム、ヒスチジン、および安息香酸ナトリウムおよび安息香酸からなる群、またはこれらの組合せから選択されるものを含む。
1種以上の治療剤を経鼻送達系または本明細書中に記載の任意の他の送達系に組み込んでもよい。
ゲル化組成物は、本発明の治療剤の有効量を含み、代表的には、以下を含む:約0.1〜50重量%またはそれ以上の間の濃度での本明細書において提供される1種以上の化合物;約5%〜75%、好ましくは10%〜50%の前記のような有機溶媒;0.5%〜20%、好ましくは1%〜10%の増粘剤;バランス(balance)は、水または他の水性もしくは非水性のキャリア(例えば、有機性液体、またはキャリアの混合物など)である。
S−MNTXの製造および生成のための効率的な方法を見出すために、多数の異なる合成経路およびプロトコルを試した。これらのいくつかの説明を以下に提供する。また、試薬、中間体および開始材料を製造するための手順も提供する。
オキシモルホンへのオキシコドンの脱保護。オキシモルホンをオキシコドンから合成した。オキシモルホンへのオキシコドンの脱保護を、文献において先に記載される条件を用いて行った(Iijima, I.; Minamikawa, J.; Jacobson, A. E.; Brossi, A.; Rice, K. C. J. Med. Chem. 1978, 21(4), 398)。収率は、基線材料を除去するためにシリカゲルの栓を通すろ過からなる精製を用いて、58〜64%の範囲である。精製されたオキシモルホンをアルキル化反応のために使用した。精製なしで、95%までのオキシモルホンの収率を得た。この粗材料のHPLC精製率は、代表的には、約94%である。
クロマトグラフィーの条件およびパラメータ:分析カラムの記載:Phenomenex Inertsil ODS-3 150×4.6mm、5μm カラム 温度:50.0℃ 流速:1.5mL/分 注入容積:20μL 検出波長:280nm 移動相:A=水:MeOH:TFA(95:5:0.1%;v/v/v) B=水:MeOH:TFA(35:65:0.1%;v/v/v) 分析時間:50分
定量限界:0.05%
検出限界:0.02%
勾配プロフィール:
カラム: J&W Scientific DB-1、30m×0.53mm、3μ
初期温度: 40℃
初期時間: 10.00分
速度: 20℃/分
最終温度: 250℃
最終時間: 2.00分
インジェクター温度:250℃
検出器: Flame-Ionization
S−MNTXの合成および精製の至適化
イオン交換カラムの調製。AG 1-X8樹脂(Bio-Rad、分析用グレード、100〜200メッシュ、塩化物形態、50重量当量)を、ガラスのカラム中に充填し、1NのHBrで洗浄した(およそ100容積、脱イオン化(DI)水で調製した)。溶出液が6〜7のpHに達するまで、カラムをDI水で洗浄した。
Anal. Calcd for C21H26BrNO4:C,57.80;H,6.01;N,3.21;Br,18.31.Found:C,54.58;H,6.10;N,2.82;Br,16.37。
(S)−N−メチルナルトレキソンのオピエート受容体結合
S−N−メチルナルトレキソンのμ−、κ−およびδ−オピエート受容体についての結合特異性を決定するために、科学文献から適応させた方法を使用して、放射性リガンド結合アッセイを行った(Simonin, F et al 1994, Mol. Pharmacol 46:1015-1021; Maguire, P. et al 1992, Eur. J. Pharmacol. 213:219-225; Simonin, F. et al PNAS USA 92(15):1431-1437; Wang, JB 1994,. FEBS Lett 338:217-222)。
S−MNTXのインビトロ薬理学:μ(ミュー、MOP)受容体バイオアッセイ
実験条件。モルモットの末端の回腸の区域を、酸素化(95% O2および5% CO2)して予温(37℃)した以下の(mMでの)組成:NaCl 118.0、KCl 4.7、MgSO4 1.2、CaCl2 2.5、KH2PO4 1.2、NaHCO3 25.0およびブドウ糖11.0(pH 7.4)の生理食塩水で充填した20−mlの器官槽(organ bath)中で浮遊させた。さらなる実験条件は、Hutchinson et al. (1975) Brit. J. Pharmacol., 55 : 541-546において記載されるようなものであった。
アゴニスト活性のための試験。組織を、基準アゴニストDAMGOの準最大濃度(0.1μM)に曝し、応答性を検証し、コントロール応答を得た。大規模な洗浄およびコントロール攣縮(twitch contraction)の快復の後で、組織をS−MNTXまたは同じアゴニストの増大する濃度に曝した。異なる濃度を累積的に添加し、各々を、安定した応答が得られるまでまたは最大15分間、組織と接触させておいた。アゴニスト様応答(攣縮の阻害)が得られた場合、基準アンタゴニストナロキソン(0.1μM)を、S−MNTXの最大濃度に対して試験し、この応答におけるμ受容体の関与を確認した。
電場刺激されたモルモット回腸において、μ受容体アゴニストであるDAMGOは、攣縮の振幅の濃度依存的減少を誘導し、これは、アンタゴニストであるナロキソンによって、濃度依存的な様式に置いて逆転された。
先にDAMGOで抑圧された組織において、S−MNTXは攣縮の振幅の快復をもたらさなかったが、さらなる減少を引き起こした。
これらの結果は、この組織において、S−MNTXがμ−オピオイド受容体のアゴニストとして振る舞うことを示す。
(平均値;n=2)
ラットの胃腸管でのS−N−メチルナルトレキソンの効果
ラットにおける胃腸管通過のモルヒネ誘導性の抑制に対する、S−N−メチルナルトレキソン(純度−99.81% S−N−メチルナルトレキソン;0.19% オキシモルホン;検出可能なR−MNTXなし)の効果、ならびにR−MNTXの基準のソース(純度99.9%)を、A. F. Green, Br. J. Pharmacol. 14: 26-34, 1959; L. B. Witkin, C. F. et al J. Pharmacol. Exptl. Therap. 133: 400 -408, 1961; D. E. Gmerek, et al J. Pharmacol. Exptl. Ther. 236: 8-13, 1986;および O. Yamamoto et al Neurogastroenterol. Motil. 10: 523-532, 1998に記載の方法を使用して決定した。
GI通過研究からの結果を、表1に示す。中枢および末梢の両方のオピオイド受容体に影響を及ぼすことが知られているモルヒネは、文献に記載されるとおり、GIの運動性を低下させた。末梢で選択的なμオピオイド受容体アンタゴニストであるR−MNTXは、単独で投与された場合、GI通過に対する効果を有さなかった。モルヒネに先立つR−MNTXの投与は、オピオイドアンタゴニストから予測されるように、モルヒネのGI減速効果を逆転した。モルヒネに対するR−MNTXのアンタゴニスト活性は用量依存的であり、GI通過がコントロール値と統計学的に有意な差でない値まで戻る程度までの1mg/kgでの部分的逆転および3mg/kgまたは10mg/kgでの逆転を有する。R−MNTXのアンタゴニストとは対照的に、S−MNTXは、単独で使用された場合、アゴニスト活性を有した、すなわち、GI通過の統計学的に有意な減少において反映されるように、GI運動性の低下をもたらした。GI運動性の低下におけるS−MNTXのアゴニスト活性は、S−MNTXとモルヒネとを併用して、さらにより強調された。S−MNTX+モルヒネの組合せは、いずれの化合物を単独で用いても観察されないレベルまでGI運動性を低下させる上で、劇的な相乗的アゴニスト効果を有した。S−MNTXのアゴニスト活性は、それ自体で投与された場合のGI通過の減速として、およびまた、2剤が併用された場合のモルヒネの阻害効果の増大によって、顕著であった。
止痢活性についての試験
(a)ラットにおけるひまし油試験(例えば、Niemegeers et al. (1972) Arzneim
Forsch 22:516-518;米国特許第4,867,979号;同第4,990,521号;同第4,824,853号を参照)
ラットを一晩絶食させた。各々の動物を、試験されるべき化合物の所望の用量で静脈内で処置した。その1時間後、動物に1mlのひまし油を経口で与えた。各々の動物を、個々のケージ内に置き、ひまし油処置の約2時間後に、各々の動物を下痢の存在または不在について評価した。ED50値を、体重1kgあたりのmgでの、試験動物の50%において下痢が存在しない用量として決定した。
マウスの群に、試験化合物を経口で投与し、1時間半後に、全てのマウスに0.3mlのひまし油を与えた。ひまし油投与の3時間後、全てのマウスを下痢についてチェックし、マウスの50%を下痢から保護した試験化合物の用量が、ED50用量である。
ラット、例えばメスのウィスターラットまたは他の実験系統を、一晩絶食させる。各々の動物を、試験化合物の用量レベルで経口で処置する。その1時間後、動物に、ある量、代表的には1mlのトウゴマ油を経口で与え、各々の動物を個々のケージ内におき、トウゴマ油処置の1時間後に、下痢の存在または不在を記す。ED50値を、体重1kgあたりのmgでの、試験動物の50%において下痢が存在しない用量として決定する。
止痢活性を、マウスにおけるPGE2誘導性下痢のアンタゴニストとしての化合物の効果を評価することによって決定することができる(例えば、Dajani et al. 1975) European Jour. Pharmacol. 34:105-113;およびDajani et al. (1977) J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 203:512-526を参照;例えば、米国特許第4,870,084号を参照)。この方法は、他には処置されないマウスにおいて15分以内に確実に下痢を誘発する。予め試験剤で処置された動物であって、下痢を生じていないものを、試験剤によって保護されたと考える。試験剤の便秘作用を、「全か無か」の応答として測定し、下痢を、よく形成された巨丸(boluse)であり硬く比較的乾燥した通常の糞便と非常に異なる、水っぽい無定形の便として定義する。
疼痛モデルにおけるS−MNTXの鎮痛作用
以下の疼痛モデルは、S−MNTXの鎮痛活性を決定するために有用である。
1.マウスにおける酢酸苦悶アッセイ
マウス(CD−1、雄)を、体重計測して個々のスクエアに置く。試験品またはコントロール品を投与し、適当な吸収時間の後で、酢酸溶液を腹腔内に投与する。酢酸の腹腔注入の10分後、苦悶の回数を5分間の期間にわたって記録する。
各々のマウスについて、苦悶の総数を記録する。コントロール品および各試験品についての苦悶の平均数を、ANOVAおよびその後の関連する多重比較試験を使用して比較し、%阻害を計算する。
マウス(CD−1、雄)を、体重計測して個々のスクエアに置く。試験品またはコントロール品を投与し、適当な吸収時間の後で、PPQ溶液(0.02%水溶液)を腹腔内に投与する。各々の動物を、10分間、苦悶の現れについて近くで観察する。
各々のマウスについて、苦悶の総数を記録する。コントロール品および各試験品についての苦悶の平均数を、ANOVAおよびその後の関連する多重比較試験を使用して比較し、%阻害を計算する。
このアッセイの目的は、ラットの疼痛閾値での試験品の効果を決定することである。
一晩の絶食の後、ラットを10個体の群においた。20個体のラットをビヒクルコントロールとして用いる。ラットに、20%のビール酵母懸濁液を左後足の足底表面へ順次注入する。2時間後、ラットに、試験品、基準薬、またはコントロールビヒクルを投与する。用量投与の1時間後、炎症を起こした足および炎症を起こしていない足の疼痛閾値を、直線スケールに沿って一定の率で増大する力を与える「鎮痛メーター(Analgesia Meter)」により計測する。
実験を通して、各々のマウス(CD−1、雄)を、その自己のコントロールとして利用した。マウスを順次ホットプレート鎮痛メーター(Hot Plate Analgesia Meter)(55℃±2℃に設定されている)に置く。マウスは、熱刺激に対して、以下によって特徴的に反応する:
1.前足を舐める
2.後足を速くかき立てること
3.ホットプレートから急に飛び降りること
試験品がラットに置いて熱刺激に対する鎮痛応答をもたらす潜在能力を評価するため。
一晩の絶食の後、ラットを胆汁測定して10個体の群におく。試験品またはビヒクルコントロール品を投与する。テールフリック鎮痛メーターを使用する。経口投与の60分後(またはSponsorによって推奨されるように)、各々のラットの尾を、特定の強度の熱刺激に曝し、応答(特徴的なテールフリック)を誘発するために必要とされる時間を記録する。
%鎮痛を、平均試験品応答と比較した平均コントロール応答を用いて計算する。
末梢抗痛覚過敏剤としての用途のための化合物の同定
一般に、上記の方法はまた、試験化合物の末梢の抗痛覚過敏活性を評価するためにも有用である。抗痛覚過敏活性を評価するための方法のうちで最も好ましいものは、Niemegeers et al. (1974) Drug Res. 24:1633-1636において記載されるものである。
1尾の引き込み試験などのCNS効果の試験におけるED50値(B)に対する、ひまし油試験などの止痢活性のための試験におけるED50値(A)の比(C)の評価。
S−MNTXのインビトロ薬理学:ヒトμ(ミュー、MOP)受容体を発現するCHO細胞におけるcAMPアッセイ
μオピオイド受容体は、Gi共役型であり、cAMPの増加を阻害することによって作用する。したがって、これらの実験において、細胞cAMPは、10μMのフォルスコリンの添加によって増加する。DAMGO、または類似のアゴニスト、例えばエンドモルフィン−1、フェンタニル、またはモルヒネの予めの添加は、このフォルスコリン誘導性の増大を阻害する。アゴニスト効果の不在は、フォルスコリン単独と等価の結果を生じる。したがって、アゴニスト濃度の増加は、cAMPレベルを低下させる。
アッセイの特徴:
EC50(DAMGO): 12nM
cAMP産生
(フォルスコリン&IBMX): 3.4pmol/ウェル
阻害(10uM DAMGO): 90%
細胞ソース: ヒト組み換え/CHO細胞
基準アゴニスト: DAMGO
基準阻害剤: CTOP(アンタゴニストSAPを参照)
基準曲線: DAMGO(細胞活性化)
cAMP(EIAコントロール曲線)
Claims (17)
- 少なくとも90%の純度を有する、請求項1に記載の単離された化合物。
- 少なくとも95%の純度を有する、請求項1に記載の単離された化合物。
- 対イオンが:
a)ハロゲン化物イオン、
b)硫酸イオン、
c)リン酸イオン、
d)硝酸イオン、または
e)アニオン性に荷電した有機種
である、請求項1に記載の単離された化合物。 - 対イオンがハロゲン化物イオンである、請求項1に記載の単離された化合物。
- 結晶形態である、請求項1、2、3、4または5に記載の単離された化合物。
- (S)−N−メチルナルトレキソンおよび薬学的に受容可能なキャリアを含む、医薬製剤であって、該医薬製剤が(R)−N−メチルナルトレキソンを含まない、医薬製剤。
- (S)−N−メチルナルトレキソンが:
a)ハロゲン化物イオン、
b)硫酸イオン、
c)リン酸イオン、
d)硝酸イオン、または
e)アニオン性に荷電した有機種
である対イオンを有する、請求項7に記載の医薬製剤。 - 対イオンがハロゲン化物イオンである、請求項8に記載の医薬製剤。
- 製剤が、
a)腸溶性コーティングされている、
b)徐放性処方物である、
c)持効性処方物である、
d)局所用処方物である、
e)凍結乾燥されている、または
f)坐剤である、
請求項7に記載の製剤。 - 製剤が、
a)溶液である、または
b)固体である、
請求項7に記載の製剤。 - (S)−N−メチルナルトレキソンの塩を合成するための方法であって:
第一の溶媒中でヨードメチルシクロプロパンをオキシモルホンと組み合わせて(S)−N−メチルナルトレキソンのヨード塩を生成することを含む、前記方法。 - ヨウ化塩(S)−N−メチルナルトレキソンを第一の溶媒から第二の溶媒へ移すこと;および
ヨウ化物イオンをヨウ化物イオン以外の対イオンと交換すること
をさらに含む、請求項12に記載の方法。 - (S)−N−メチルナルトレキソンのヨウ化塩を第二の溶媒へ移すこと;および
ヨウ化物イオンを臭化物イオンと交換して(S)−N−メチルナルトレキソンの臭化塩を生成すること
をさらに含む、請求項12に記載の方法。 - 第一の溶媒がN−メチルピロリドンであり、第二の溶媒がイソプロピルアセテートまたはジオキサンである、請求項14に記載の方法。
- a)クロマトグラフィーもしくは多重クロマトグラフィー、
b)再結晶もしくは多重再結晶、または
c)a)とb)の組合せ
によって(S)−N−メチルナルトレキソンの塩を精製することをさらに含む、請求項12、13、14または15に記載の方法。 - (S)−N−メチルナルトレキソンを含む組成物を含むパッケージであって、該組成物がHPLCによって検出可能な(R)−N−メチルナルトレキソンを含まず、該パッケージ上のまたは該パッケージ内に含まれる証印が、該組成物が検出可能な(R)−N−メチルナルトレキソンを含まないことを示す、パッケージ。
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Also Published As
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WO2006127898A3 (en) | 2007-02-08 |
EP2450360A2 (en) | 2012-05-09 |
JP2008542286A (ja) | 2008-11-27 |
CA2609393A1 (en) | 2006-11-30 |
EP1928882A2 (en) | 2008-06-11 |
HN2006019066A (es) | 2011-03-02 |
EP2450360A3 (en) | 2012-08-22 |
US20100105911A1 (en) | 2010-04-29 |
CN101208345B (zh) | 2013-10-16 |
EP1928882B1 (en) | 2013-09-04 |
CN101208345A (zh) | 2008-06-25 |
MX2007014879A (es) | 2008-02-15 |
US8916581B2 (en) | 2014-12-23 |
AU2006249910A1 (en) | 2006-11-30 |
PT1928882E (pt) | 2013-10-23 |
BRPI0611476A2 (pt) | 2010-09-14 |
TW200716646A (en) | 2007-05-01 |
AR057325A1 (es) | 2007-11-28 |
WO2006127898A2 (en) | 2006-11-30 |
US20120136019A1 (en) | 2012-05-31 |
CA2609393C (en) | 2015-02-17 |
CN103257189A (zh) | 2013-08-21 |
US20070265293A1 (en) | 2007-11-15 |
PL1928882T3 (pl) | 2014-01-31 |
US8003794B2 (en) | 2011-08-23 |
US7563899B2 (en) | 2009-07-21 |
DK1928882T3 (da) | 2013-11-04 |
ES2429159T3 (es) | 2013-11-13 |
TWI478927B (zh) | 2015-04-01 |
SI1928882T1 (sl) | 2013-11-29 |
CN103257189B (zh) | 2016-05-11 |
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