JP5241488B2 - 固体燃料スラリーから水素を生成する方法 - Google Patents
固体燃料スラリーから水素を生成する方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5241488B2 JP5241488B2 JP2008510303A JP2008510303A JP5241488B2 JP 5241488 B2 JP5241488 B2 JP 5241488B2 JP 2008510303 A JP2008510303 A JP 2008510303A JP 2008510303 A JP2008510303 A JP 2008510303A JP 5241488 B2 JP5241488 B2 JP 5241488B2
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/06—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues
- H01M8/0606—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants
- H01M8/0612—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants from carbon-containing material
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
- C25B1/01—Products
- C25B1/02—Hydrogen or oxygen
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/02—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by shape or form
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
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- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
- C25B11/051—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier
- C25B11/073—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material
- C25B11/091—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material consisting of at least one catalytic element and at least one catalytic compound; consisting of two or more catalytic elements or catalytic compounds
- C25B11/097—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material consisting of at least one catalytic element and at least one catalytic compound; consisting of two or more catalytic elements or catalytic compounds comprising two or more noble metals or noble metal alloys
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B5/00—Electrogenerative processes, i.e. processes for producing compounds in which electricity is generated simultaneously
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
- H01M4/925—Metals of platinum group supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers
- H01M4/926—Metals of platinum group supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers on carbon or graphite
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/06—Integration with other chemical processes
- C01B2203/066—Integration with other chemical processes with fuel cells
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/36—Hydrogen production from non-carbon containing sources, e.g. by water electrolysis
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
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- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)
- Electrodes For Compound Or Non-Metal Manufacture (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
Description
R.W.CoughlinおよびM.Farooque,"Hydrogen Production from Coal,Water and Electrons",Nature 279,301−303(1979) R.W.CoughlinおよびM.Farooque,"Anodic Coal Reaction Lowers Energy Consumption of Metal Electrowinning",Nature 280,666−668(1979) R.W.CoughlinおよびM.Farooque,"Electrochemical Gasification of Coal(Investigation of Operating Conditions and Variables),"Fuel 58,705−712(1979) R.P.Baldwin,K.F.Jones,J.T.Joseph,およびJ.L.Wong,"Voltammetry and Electrolysis of Coal Slurries ad H−coal Luquids",Fuel 60,739−743(1981)
(I電極) 電極の構造の図式を図18に示す。メッキの工程は2つのステップから構成される:1.第一の層のメッキおよび2.第二の層のメッキ。
(添加剤) Fe+2およびFe+3は石炭の電解酸化に触媒効果を有する。他の塩、例えばCe+4も使用可能である。最善の選択は鉄塩と思われ、石炭中にすでにあると思われ、かつCe+4より安価である。Fe+2およびFe+3の濃度の範囲は10mから1Mである。
(セルの作用条件) 以下の設定が石炭電解セルの作用条件の例である: 温度は25℃から160℃へと変更可能である。水の液相を維持するため、高温には圧力増加を必要とする。温度が高いと石炭の電解酸化の比率が早い。図20はセル電圧の温度と圧力の増加の熱力学的効果を示す。結果によれば、温度が増加しているかぎり、熱力学によってセルの電圧を圧力は大きく増加しない。
(実際の適用)
電解セルへの適用: ここに、記載のアノードおよびカソード材料、および記載の添加剤は、石油コーク、全範囲の石炭およびチャー等の固体燃料の電解によって水素を製造するために使用できる。アノードとカソードは膜で分離されているので、純粋な水素がカソード部で生成され、純粋なCO2がアノード部で生成される。このため水素の浄化は必要なく、直接いかなるタイプの燃料セルにも使用可能である。この水素の純粋性と燃料セルの低い作用温度によって、この石炭電解セルはプロトン交換膜(PEM)燃料セルと容易に組合せられることが期待される。この電解セルは再生可能な(風力、太陽エネルギー)および従来型のソースからの電気エネルギーを使用できる。石炭の電気化学的ガス化は、NOx、SOxによる大気汚染や下流の補助的ガス分離または浄化を必要としないで、石炭から直接水素を製造する。本技術の直ちに期待できる利益としては:1.配電用の現行技術(天然ガス再生)より低いコストでの水素生産、2.燃料のフレキシビリティ、3.外国燃料依存度を減らすことによる米国内の国民の安全の強化、および4.有害環境放出ゼロ。さらに石炭・水スラリーの貯蔵が経済的に可能なので、石炭・水スラリーの電解は、水素貯蔵の問題解決の助けとなる。
低温固形燃料セル: 添加剤の存在を伴う開発したアノードは、固形スラリー(石炭、石油コーク、およびチャー等)の電解酸化に使用可能であり、カソード電極と組み合わさって酸素の還元を発生し、直接低温度固形スラリー燃料セルを構成する。
修正プロセス: 開発した電極材料および電解質セルは、鉄成分の多い酸性水の処理に使用できる。セルのアノードでは、スラリーの酸化が起り、一方カソードでは、水素が製造される。もし水素を燃料セルの充電に使うと、清浄な水がプロセスに戻る。鉄分の多い酸性水は、通常、石炭鉱山の近く川や湖で観察される。
参考文献:
Claims (10)
- 石油、コークス、石炭、チャーまたはこれらの組み合わせの固体燃料スラリーから水素を生成する方法であって、電気酸化のために電極を使用して該スラリーを電気化学的に処理することを含み、
該電極が、
a)カーボン電極材料と、
b)電解触媒と
を含み、
該電解触媒が、
該カーボン電極材料上のRh、Ru、およびPdのうちの1つ以上を含む第一の貴金属層と、
該第一の金属層上のPt、Irまたはそれらの組み合わせを含む第二の貴金属層と
を備え、
ここで、a)およびb)が、酸性電解質中にある、
方法。 - 前記第一の貴金属層はRhを含み、また第二の金属層はPtを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 石油、コークス、石炭、チャーまたはこれらの組み合わせの固体燃料スラリーから水素を生成する方法であって、電気酸化のために電極を使用して該スラリーを電気化学的に処理することを含み、
該電極が、
a)カーボン電極材料と、
b)電解触媒
を含み、
該電解触媒が、
該カーボン電極材料上の貴金属層であって、該貴金属層が、PtおよびIrの組み合わせである、貴金属層
を備え、
ここで、a)およびb)が酸性電解質中にある、
方法。 - 固体燃料スラリーから水素を生成する電解セルであって、
a)アノードと、
b)カソードと、
c)酸性である電解質と、
d)燃料と
を備え、該アノード、該カソードまたは該アノードと該カソードは、請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載の方法において使用される電極を含み、該燃料が、石油コークス、石炭、チャーおよびこれらの組み合わせから選択される、
電解セル。 - さらに触媒添加剤を含み、該触媒添加剤は鉄塩、セリウム塩およびその組み合わせから選択される、請求項4に記載の電解セル。
- 電解セルであって、
a)請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載の方法において使用される電解触媒と、
b)触媒添加剤であって、該触媒添加剤は鉄塩、セリウム塩およびその組み合わせから選択される、触媒添加剤と、
c)酸性である電解質と、
d)燃料と
を備え、該燃料が、石油コークス、石炭、チャーおよびこれらの組み合わせから選択され、ここで、該燃料が連続的に循環される、電解セル。 - 請求項4〜6のいずれか一項に記載の電解セルであって、
前記アノードが、請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載の方法において使用される電極であるか;または
前記カソードが、請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載の方法において使用される電極であるか;または
前記アノードおよびカソードが、請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載の方法において使用される電極である、
電解セル。 - 請求項4〜7のいずれか一項に記載の電解セルであって、
前記燃料の粒子サイズが、44μmから250μmまでの範囲にある、
電解セル。 - 請求項4〜8のいずれか一項に記載の電解セルであって、
前記燃料のスラリー濃度が、0.04kg/dm3から0.4kg/dm3までの範囲にある、電解セル。 - 電極であって、石油、コークス、石炭、チャーまたはこれらの組み合わせの固体燃料の電気酸化のための電極であり、
該電極が
a)カーボン電極材料と、
b)電解触媒と
を含み、
該電解触媒が、
該カーボン電極材料上の第一の貴金属層と、
該第一の金属層上の第二の貴金属層と
を備え、
ここで、a)およびb)が、酸性電解質中にあり、
該第一の貴金属層はRhを含み、また第二の金属層はPtおよびIrを含む、
電極。
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