JP5219797B2 - 粘膜障害の処置のための方法および組成物 - Google Patents
粘膜障害の処置のための方法および組成物 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5219797B2 JP5219797B2 JP2008502641A JP2008502641A JP5219797B2 JP 5219797 B2 JP5219797 B2 JP 5219797B2 JP 2008502641 A JP2008502641 A JP 2008502641A JP 2008502641 A JP2008502641 A JP 2008502641A JP 5219797 B2 JP5219797 B2 JP 5219797B2
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Description
プロスタグランジンA類(PGA類);
等である。さらにそれらは、13,14-二重結合を含むPG1類、5,6-および13,14-二重結合を含むPG2類、および、5,6-、13,14-および17,18-二重結合を含むPG3類に分類される。PG類は様々な薬理学的および生理学的活性を有していることが知られており、例えば、血管拡張、炎症誘導、血小板凝集、子宮筋刺激、腸管運動亢進性、および抗潰瘍活性などが挙げられる。ヒトの胃腸 (GI)系において産生される主なプロスタグランジンはE、IおよびF類のものである(Sellin、Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease: Pathophysiology、Diagnosis、and Management. (WB Saunders Company、1998); Robert、Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract 1407-1434 (Raven、1981); Rampton、Prostagrandins: Biology and Chemistry of Prostagrandins and Related Eicosanoids 323-344 (Churchill Livingstone、1988); Hawkey、et al.、Gastroenterology、89: 1162-1188 (1985); Eberhart、et al.、Gastroenterology、109: 285-301 (1995))。
[式中、
L、MおよびNは、水素、ヒドロキシ、ハロゲン、低級アルキル、ヒドロキシ(低級)アルキル、低級アルカノイルオキシまたはオキソ; ここで、LおよびMの少なくとも一方は水素以外の基であり、5員環は少なくとも1つの二重結合を有していてもよい;
Aは、−CH3、−CH2OH、−COCH2OH、−COOH またはそれらの官能性誘導体;
Bは、単結合、−CH2−CH2−、−CH=CH−、−C≡C−、−CH2−CH2−CH2−、−CH=CH−CH2−、−CH2−CH=CH−、−C≡C−CH2−または−CH2−C≡C−;
Zは、
または単結合、
ここでR4およびR5は、水素、ヒドロキシ、ハロゲン、低級アルキル、低級アルコキシまたはヒドロキシ(低級)アルキル、ただしR4およびR5が同時にヒドロキシおよび低級アルコキシであることはない;
R1は、非置換またはハロゲン、アルキル、ヒドロキシ、オキソ、アリールまたは複素環基で置換された、飽和または不飽和の二価の低〜中級脂肪族炭化水素であり、脂肪族炭化水素における少なくとも1つの炭素原子は酸素、窒素または硫黄で置換されていてもよい;および、
Raは、非置換またはハロゲン、オキソ、ヒドロキシ、低級アルキル、低級アルコキシ、低級アルカノイルオキシ、シクロ(低級)アルキル、シクロ(低級)アルキルオキシ、アリール、アリールオキシ、複素環基または複素環オキシ基で置換された飽和または不飽和の低〜中級脂肪族炭化水素残基; 低級アルコキシ; 低級アルカノイルオキシ; シクロ(低級)アルキル; シクロ(低級)アルキルオキシ; アリール; アリールオキシ; 複素環基; 複素環オキシ基;
ただし、Raはハロゲンで置換されているか、または、ZはC=Oである]。
図1は、虚血損傷ブタ回腸における化合物A (13,14-ジヒドロ-15-ケト-16,16-ジフルオロ-PGE1)に応答しての経上皮電気抵抗 (TER) を示すグラフである。値は平均 ± SEを表す; n=6。インドメタシン (5×10-6 M) 含有リンゲル液に浸した虚血組織は、30分の平衡期間の後に添加した化合物A (0.1μM および1 μM 用量) の存在下で経上皮電気抵抗 (TER)の顕著な上昇を示した。
本発明のプロスタグランジン化合物の命名に際しては、前記式(A)に示したプロスタン酸骨格の番号を用いる。
[式中、
LおよびMは、水素、ヒドロキシ、ハロゲン、低級アルキル、ヒドロキシ(低級)アルキル、低級アルカノイルオキシまたはオキソ、ここで、LおよびMの少なくとも一方は水素以外の基であり、5員環は少なくとも1つの二重結合を有していてもよい;
Aは、−CH3、−CH2OH、−COCH2OH、−COOH またはそれらの官能性誘導体;
Bは、単結合、−CH2−CH2−、−CH=CH−、−C≡C−、−CH2−CH2−CH2−、−CH=CH−CH2−、−CH2−CH=CH−、−C≡C−CH2−または−CH2−C≡C−;
Zは、
または単結合、
ここで、R4およびR5は、水素、ヒドロキシ、ハロゲン、低級アルキル、低級アルコキシまたはヒドロキシ(低級)アルキルであり、R4およびR5が同時にヒドロキシおよび低級アルコキシであることはない;
X1およびX2は、水素、低級アルキル、またはハロゲン;
R1は、非置換またはハロゲン、アルキル、ヒドロキシ、オキソ、アリールまたは複素環基で置換された飽和または不飽和の二価の低〜中級脂肪族炭化水素であり、脂肪族炭化水素における少なくとも1つの炭素原子は、酸素、窒素または硫黄によって置換されていてもよい;
R2は、単結合または低級アルキレン;および、
R3は、低級アルキル、低級アルコキシ、低級アルカノイルオキシ、シクロ(低級)アルキル、シクロ(低級)アルキルオキシ、アリール、アリールオキシ、複素環基または複素環オキシ基;
ただし、X1およびX2の一方はハロゲンで置換されているか、または、ZはC=Oである]。
−CH2−CH2−CH2−CH2−CH2−CH2−、
−CH2−CH=CH−CH2−CH2−CH2−、
−CH2−CH2−CH2−CH2−CH=CH−、
−CH2−C≡C−CH2−CH2−CH2−、
−CH2−CH2−CH2−CH2−O−CH2−、
−CH2−CH=CH−CH2−O−CH2−、
−CH2−C≡C−CH2−O−CH2−、
−CH2−CH2−CH2−CH2−CH2−CH2−CH2−、
−CH2−CH=CH−CH2−CH2−CH2−CH2−、
−CH2−CH2−CH2−CH2−CH2−CH=CH−、
−CH2−C≡C−CH2−CH2−CH2−CH2−、
−CH2−CH2−CH2−CH2−CH2−CH(CH3)−CH2−、
−CH2−CH2−CH2−CH2−CH(CH3)−CH2−、
−CH2−CH2−CH2−CH2−CH2−CH2−CH2−CH2−、
−CH2−CH=CH−CH2−CH2−CH2−CH2−CH2−、
−CH2−CH2−CH2−CH2−CH2−CH2−CH=CH−、
−CH2−C≡C−CH2−CH2−CH2−CH2−CH2−、および、
−CH2−CH2−CH2−CH2−CH2−CH2−CH(CH3)−CH2−。
[式中、
Aは、−CH3、−CH2OH、−COCH2OH、−COOH またはそれらの官能性誘導体;
X1’およびX2’は、水素、低級アルキル、またはハロゲン;
Yは、
ここでR4’およびR5’は、水素、ヒドロキシ、ハロゲン、低級アルキル、低級アルコキシまたはヒドロキシ(低級)アルキルであり、R4’およびR5’は同時にヒドロキシおよび低級アルコキシであることはない;
R1は、非置換またはハロゲン、アルキル、ヒドロキシ、オキソ、アリールまたは複素環基で置換された飽和または不飽和の二価の低〜中級脂肪族炭化水素であり、脂肪族炭化水素における少なくとも1つの炭素原子は、酸素、窒素または硫黄によって置換されていてもよい;および、
R2'は、非置換またはハロゲン、オキソ、ヒドロキシ、低級アルキル、低級アルコキシ、低級アルカノイルオキシ、シクロ(低級)アルキル、シクロ(低級)アルキルオキシ、アリール、アリールオキシ、複素環基または複素環オキシ基で置換された飽和または不飽和の低〜中級脂肪族炭化水素残基; 低級アルコキシ; 低級アルカノイルオキシ; シクロ(低級)アルキル; シクロ(低級)アルキルオキシ; アリール; アリールオキシ; 複素環基; 複素環オキシ基;および、
R3'は、水素、低級アルキル、シクロ(低級)アルキル、アリールまたは複素環基]。
(方法)
実験動物手術
6-8週齡のいずれかの性のヨークシャー交雑種ブタを個別に飼育し、市販のペレット飼料を与えて維持した。ブタを実験手術前24 時間絶食させた。全身麻酔をキシラジン (1.5 mg/kg、IM)、ケタミン (11 mg/kg、IM)、およびチオペンタール (15mg/kg、IV)によって誘導し、チオペンタールの間欠的注入(6 - 8mg/kg/時)を維持した。ブタを加温パッド上に置き、時間サイクル型ベンチレータを用いて気管切開を介して100% O2によって酸素供給した。頸静脈および頸動脈をカニューレ処置し、血液ガス分析を行って、正常 pHおよび CO2 とO2の分圧を確認した。乳酸加リンガー液を一定速度 15ml/kg/時で静脈内投与した。回腸に腹部正中切開により接近した。回腸セグメントを腸を 10 cm間隔で結紮することにより線引きし、局所腸間膜血液供給を45 分間閉塞させることにより虚血を起こした。
45分間の虚血期間の後、組織をブタから回収し、剥がす手順中の内因性 PG 産生を妨げるため5x10-6 M インドメタシンを含む含酸素 (95% O2/ 5% CO2) リンゲル液 (mmol/l: Na+、154; K+、6.3; Cl-、137; HCO3 -、24; pH 7.4)中で粘膜を漿膜筋層から剥がした。組織を次いで3.14 cm2 開口部 Ussing チャンバーにマウントした。Ussing チャンバー実験のために、1頭のブタからの回腸組織を複数の Ussing チャンバーにマウントし、様々なインビトロ処理に供した。組織を漿膜および粘膜側上を10ml リンゲル液で浸した。漿膜浸漬液は 10mM グルコースを含んでおり、粘膜側の10mM マンニトールと浸透圧的に平衡させた。浸漬液は酸素を含んでおり(95% O2/5% CO2)、水ジャケット付き容器中を循環させた。自発性電位差 (PD)を塩化第一水銀電極に連結したリンゲル-寒天橋を用いて測定し、PDを、液体抵抗を補正する電圧固定法を用いてAg-AgCl 電極を介して短絡させた。 経上皮電気抵抗 (Ω.cm2)を自発性 PD および短絡回路電流 (Isc)から算出した。自発性 PDが -1.0〜1.0 mVであれば、組織を±100 μAで5 秒間電流固定し、PDを記録した。短絡回路電流およびPDは、15分間隔で4時間の実験の間記録した。
組織をUssing チャンバーにマウントした後、安定なベースライン測定が達成されるように組織を30 分間順化させた。組織を次いで様々な用量の化合物A (13,14-ジヒドロ-15-ケト-16,16-ジフルオロ-PGE1)(0.01μM、0.1μM、および1μM)で、化合物を粘膜浸漬液に添加することによって処理した(t = 30 分)。
これらの研究は電気計測を記録すると同時に行った。粘膜から漿膜への流れを評価するために、3H-マンニトールを粘膜溶液に添加した。15分間の平衡化期間の後、浸漬容器から標準をとった。処理の添加の30分後、3回連続する60 分間の流動期間(実験の30〜210 分)を同位体添加の反対側の浸漬容器からサンプルを採取することにより行った。サンプルを液体シンチレーションカウンターにおいて3H-マンニトールについてカウントした。一方向性の粘膜から漿膜への流れ (Jms)を標準式を用いて決定した。
組織を常套の組織学的評価のために0、60、および180 分にて採取した。組織を切片にし(5 μm)、ヘマトキシリンおよびエオシンで染色した。各組織について、3つの切片を評価した。4つのよく配向した絨毛および陰窩を各切片において同定した。絨毛の長さを光学顕微鏡の接眼部におけるマイクロメータを用いて得た。さらに、各絨毛の上皮被覆部分の高さを測定した。絨毛の表面積を円柱の表面積についての式を用いて算出した。式は、絨毛の基部面積を差し引き、各絨毛が切断された可変部分を決定する因子をかけることによって改変した(Gastroenterology 1993; 104:440-471)。剥皮されて残っている絨毛表面積のパーセンテージを、絨毛総表面積と上皮に被覆された絨毛表面積とから算出した。パーセント剥皮絨毛表面積を上皮回復の指標として用いた。
データは平均± SEとして記録した。すべてのデータは反復測定のためのANOVAを用いて解析したが、ただし、ピーク応答は、標準一方向性 ANOVAを用いて解析した(Sigmastat、Jandel Scientific、San Rafael、CA)。テューキー検定をANOVA後に処理の間の相違を判定するために用いた。
虚血損傷ブタ回腸を横切る短絡回路電流および経上皮抵抗に対する効果
ブタ回腸を45分間腸間膜虚血に供し、Ussing チャンバーにマウントし、その上で、Cl− 分泌の指標である短絡回路電流 (Isc)および粘膜バリア機能の指標である経上皮抵抗 (TER)を評価した。45分間の腸の虚血により、非虚血対照組織と比較してTER が40%低下し、バリア機能が虚血組織において損傷されたことが示された。0.01μM、0.1μMおよび1μMの化合物Aの虚血損傷粘膜の粘膜側への適用(図 1)は、TERの用量依存的上昇を誘導し、1μMの化合物AによりTERの2倍の上昇が刺激された (ΔTER =26 Ω.cm2、P<0.01)。
3H-マンニトールの粘膜から漿膜への流れは粘膜バリア機能の高感度の指標であることが示されているために、本発明者らは虚血損傷粘膜を横切る3H-マンニトール流を測定してTER 値を確認した。虚血傷害の結果、非損傷対照組織と比較してマンニトール流が有意に上昇し (図3) 、バリア機能が虚血組織において損なわれていたことが示された。1 μMの化合物Aの適用の結果、 3H-マンニトール流は非虚血対照レベルに回復した。
損傷粘膜のバリア機能の急性修復には、3つの協調した機構が関与する: (1)修復のための総剥皮表面積を低下させる絨毛収縮、(2)曝露した基底膜を封じるための回復即ち細胞遊走、および(3)傍細胞空間およびタイトジャンクションの閉鎖。化合物A処理に応答したバリア機能の改善が部分的には上皮回復の促進に起因するのかを調べるために、本発明者らは、回復期間の間のいくつかの時点での回復中の虚血組織の組織学を評価した。損傷組織の組織学的分析により、絨毛の頂端 1/3部分での腸上皮の脱落および懸垂が明らかとなった。これは形態測定分析により上皮の剥皮表面積の30%と相関していた(表 1)。組織をUssing チャンバーにマウントしてから60 分以内に、腸の絨毛は、迅速且つ完全に回復した。
実施例 1に記載のものと同じ手順にしたがって、ただし、回腸の代わりに結腸を用いて虚血症状における粘膜バリア機能の化合物Aによる回復を調べた。
データは、ClC-2 アゴニストである化合物Aは、虚血損傷ブタ回腸および結腸においてCl− 分泌、およびその結果粘膜バリア機能の回復を刺激することを示す。さらに、化合物Aの粘膜バリア機能に対するよい影響は、傍細胞透過性の低下を介して、上皮回復とは独立して起こるようである。これらの観察は、ClC-2 アゴニストである化合物Aがタイトジャンクションの立体構造変化を誘導する結果、バリア機能が回復することを示す。ClC-2の選択的アゴニストは、急性に損傷を受けた腸の回復を促進する新規な薬理的手段を提供しうる。
雌性 Crl:CD(SD)IGS BR VAF/Plusラットを4つの実験群に分けた(65匹/群)。群2〜4には、それぞれ20、100、または400 μg/kg/日の化合物Aを104週間強制経口投与した。対照群 (群1)には媒体である1%ポリソルベート 80水溶液を与えた。用量体積はすべての群について5 mL/kg/日であった。実験期間の間に予定外の動物の死亡が起こった場合は、その動物の剖検を行った。処理の104週間後、すべての生存動物を屠殺し、剖検を行った。各ラットを乳癌の存在について顕微鏡によって評価した。
Claims (5)
- 該プロスタグランジン化合物が13,14-ジヒドロ-15-ケト-16,16- ジフルオロ-プロスタグランジンE1 化合物または13,14-ジヒドロ-15-ケト-16,16-ジフルオロ-18-メチル-プロスタグランジンE1 化合物である請求項 1の組成物。
- 該プロスタグランジン化合物が13,14-ジヒドロ-15-ケト-16,16- ジフルオロ-プロスタグランジンE1または13,14-ジヒドロ-15-ケト-16,16-ジフルオロ-18-メチル-プロスタグランジンE1である請求項 1の組成物。
- 該癌または前癌性症状が、食道癌、胃食道逆流症、バレット食道、胃癌、十二指腸癌、小腸癌、虫垂癌、大腸癌、結腸癌、直腸癌、肛門癌、膵臓癌、肝臓癌、胆嚢癌、脾臓癌、腎癌、膀胱癌、前立腺癌、精巣癌、子宮癌、卵巣癌、乳癌、肺癌および甲状腺癌からなる群から選択される請求項1−3のいずれかの組成物。
- 粘膜を保護するものである、請求項1−4のいずれかの組成物。
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