JP5121706B2 - Srcキナーゼ阻害薬による溶骨性病変の阻害 - Google Patents
Srcキナーゼ阻害薬による溶骨性病変の阻害 Download PDFInfo
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Description
本発明は一般に、細胞生物学、細胞生理学、医学および腫瘍学の分野に関する。より詳細には、これは、破骨細胞形成、特に癌誘発性骨破壊と関係する破骨細胞形成の調節を、それを必要とする対象において行うための方法に関する。なお、本出願は、2005年6月17日に提出された米国仮特許出願第60/691,933号に対する優先権を主張し、これはその全体が参照により本明細書に組み入れられる。
乳癌は米国において最も頻度が高い女性の癌であり、女性における癌死の原因としては第2位である。乳癌の女性は骨転移のリスクが高い。乳癌の患者の5〜10%は、骨に対する転移性病変を初発症状として呈する。転移性乳癌による溶骨性骨疾患を有する患者は、病的骨折、骨痛、髄圧迫(cord compression)および高カルシウム血症のリスクが高い。骨転移を治療するための現在の標準的医療はビスフォスフォネート療法であり、これは骨事象を遅らせるが、それらを完全に予防することはない。加えて、すべての患者がこの治療に反応するわけでもない。より有効な治療が望まれる一方で、この疾患のさらなる生物学的および分子的な精査が必要である。NF-κB受容体活性化因子(RANK)およびそのリガンド(RANKL、これはTRANCE/ODF/OPGLとしても知られる)は、破骨細胞形成の必須メディエーターであり、関節リウマチ、骨粗鬆症、骨巨細胞腫、パジェット病、転移性の乳癌および前立腺癌、多発性骨髄腫および家族性広汎性骨溶解症を(familial expansile osteolysis)含む、さまざまな疾患への関与が示されている。オステオプロテジェリン(OPG、これはOCIF/TR1としても知られる)は、RANKLがその細胞表面受容体RANKと結合するのを阻害する、可溶性のデコイ受容体である。
本発明に従って、以下が提供される:
下記式Iの化合物およびその薬学的に許容される塩
式中、nは1から3の整数であり;XはN、CHであり、ただしXがNである場合はnは2または3であり;Rは炭素原子1〜3個のアルキルであり;R(1)は2,4-diCl、5-OMe;2,4-diCl;3,4,5-tri-OMe;2-Cl、5-OMe;2-Me、5-OMe;2,4-di-Me;2,4-diMe-5-OMe、2,4-diCl、5-OEtであり;R(2)は炭素原子1〜2個のアルキルである;
下記式IIの化合物およびその薬学的に許容される塩
式中、nは2または3であり;Rは炭素原子1〜3個のアルキルであり;R(2)は炭素原子1〜2個のアルキルである;
下記式IIIの化合物およびその薬学的に許容される塩
式中、nは2または3であり;R(1)は2,4-diCl、5-OMe;2,4-diCl;3,4,5-tri-OMe;2-Cl、5-OMe;2-Me、5-OMe;2,4-di-Me;2,4-diMe-5-OMe、2,4-diCl、5-OEtであり;R(2)は炭素原子1〜2個のアルキルである;
下記式IVの化合物
式中、nは2または3であり;Rは炭素原子1〜3個のアルキルであり;R(1)は2,4-diCl、5-OMe;2,4-diCl;3,4,5-tri-OMe;2-Cl、5-OMe;2-Me、5-OMe;2,4-di-Me;2,4-diMe-5-OMe、2,4-diCl、5-OEtである。
生きている骨組織は、カルシウムミネラルの再吸収および沈着のプロセスによって連続的に補充される。吸収-再吸収サイクルとして説明されるこのプロセスは、骨芽細胞および破骨細胞という2種類の細胞によって推進される。破骨細胞は多核細胞であり、骨を分解(または再吸収)する能力を有することが知られている、体内の唯一の細胞である。ある種の病的状態では吸収-再吸収サイクルに欠陥があり、その結果として骨の分解が起こる。骨の分解は典型的には、病的骨折、骨痛、脊髄圧迫および高カルシウム血症のリスク増大をもたらす。
本発明にしたがって、下記構造式Iの化合物および/またはその薬学的に許容される塩が提供される:
式中、nは1から3の整数であり;XはN、CHであり、ただしXがNである場合はnは2または3であり;Rは炭素原子1〜3個のアルキルであり;R(1)は2,4-diCl、5-OMe;2,4-diCl;3,4,5-tri-OMe;2-Cl、5-OMe;2-Me、5-OMe;2,4-di-Me;2,4-diMe-5-OMe、2,4-diCl、5-OEtであり;R(2)は炭素原子1〜2個のアルキルである。
生きている骨組織は、カルシウムミネラルの再吸収および沈着のプロセスによって連続的に補充される。吸収-再吸収サイクルとして説明されるこのプロセスは、骨芽細胞および破骨細胞という2種類の細胞によって推進される。破骨細胞は多核細胞であり、骨を分解(または再吸収)する能力を有することが知られている、体内の唯一の細胞である。この再吸収活性は、骨組織中の破骨細胞形成窩(再吸収窩)によって実現される。実際に、細胞培養物における破骨細胞活性は、骨またはマッコウクジラ象牙質などの硬組織の切片上にこれらの窩を形成する能力によって測定されている。破骨細胞は、形成される複数の血液要素と共通の造血前駆細胞に由来する(Takahashi et al., 1987)。破骨細胞の前駆細胞は、骨髄内に認められる単核細胞(単一の核を有する細胞)であり、これは複製および細胞融合による分化を経た後に成熟した独特の多核破骨細胞を形成する。成熟破骨細胞は、破骨細胞の細胞マーカーとしてしばしば用いられる酒石酸抵抗性酸ホスファターゼ(TRAP)という酵素の存在により、他の多核細胞とは区別される。
本発明は、病的な骨吸収性の病気または病状を有する対象の治療を含む。「治療的恩恵」という用語は、溶骨性病状の治療、ならびに/または骨吸収、破骨細胞活性および/もしくは破骨細胞形成の調節を含む、個人の病状の医学的治療に関して、対象の健康状態を促進または向上させるあらゆるものを指す。
本発明のある特定の態様においては、本発明の1つまたは複数の化合物の送達を含む方法が意図される。本発明の1つまたは複数の化合物によって予防、改善または治療される可能性のある疾患および病状の例には、肺癌、頭頸部癌、乳癌、膵癌、前立腺癌、腎臓癌、骨癌、精巣癌、子宮頸癌、胃腸癌、結腸癌、膀胱癌および他の癌の転移を含む、骨への癌転移に伴う骨量減少、ならびに溶骨性病変と関係するまたは関連のある他の疾患または病状が非限定的に含まれる。
ある特定の態様において、本発明の組成物および方法は、骨吸収、破骨細胞活性および/または破骨細胞形成を阻害または調節する化合物を含み、それを続いて、抗腫瘍療法などの他の治療の効果を高めるため、治療しようとする対象の生活の質を改善するために、他の薬剤または組成物と併用して用いることもできる。これらの組成物は、例えば癌細胞の死滅または増殖阻害、および破骨細胞形成、破骨細胞の活性または骨の吸収の阻害といった所望の効果を達成するために有効な併用量として提供されると考えられる。このプロセスは、細胞を、本発明の組成物、および第2の治療薬または多数の因子と同時に接触させる段階を含みうる。これは、細胞を、2つまたはそれ以上の薬剤を含む単一の組成物または医薬製剤と接触させることにより、または細胞を、少なくとも一方の組成物が本発明の組成物を含み、1つまたは複数の他方の化合物が少なくとも第2の治療薬を含むというような2つまたはそれ以上の別個の組成物または製剤と接触させることによって達成しうる。
癌療法はまた、化学物質または放射線の両者に基づく治療法とのさまざまな併用療法も含みうる。併用化学療法には、例えば、シスプラチン(CDDP)、カルボプラチン、プロカルバジン、メクロレタミン、シクロホスファミド、カンプトテシン、イホスファミド、メルファラン、クロランブシル、ブスルファン、ニトロソウレア、ダクチノマイシン、ダウノルピシン、ドキソルビシン、ブレオマイシン、プリコマイシン、マイトマイシン、エトポシド(VP16)、タモキシフェン、ラロキシフェン、エストロゲン受容体結合薬、タキソール、ゲムシタビエン(gemcitabien)、ナベルビン、ファルネシルプロテイントランスフェラーゼ阻害薬、トランスプラチナ(transplatinum)、5-フルオロウラシル、ビンクリスチン、ビンブラスチンおよびメトトレキサート、または前述の物の任意の類似体または誘導変異体が含まれる。
DNA損傷を引き起こし、幅広く用いられている他の因子には、γ線、X線、および/または腫瘍細胞に対する放射性同位体の直接送達として一般的に知られているものが含まれる。マイクロウェーブ、プロトンビーム照射(米国特許第5,760,395号および米国特許第4,870,287号)およびUV照射といったその他の形態のDNA損傷性因子も意図される。これらの因子はすべて、DNA、DNAの前駆体、DNAの複製および修復、ならびに染色体の構築および維持に対して広範囲の損傷を引き起こす可能性が高い。X線に関する線量の範囲は、長期間(3〜4週間)の1日量50〜200レントゲンから、単回線量2000〜6000レントゲンまでの範囲にわたる。放射性同位体に関する線量の範囲は非常に幅広く、同位体の半減期、放出される放射線の強度および種類、ならびに新生物細胞による取り込みに依存する。
癌治療の文脈において、免疫療法薬は一般に、癌細胞を標的として破壊する免疫エフェクター細胞および分子(例えば、モノクローナル抗体)の使用に依拠している。トラスツズマブ(Herceptin(商標))はそのような一例である。免疫エフェクターは、例えば、腫瘍細胞の表面にある、ある種のマーカーに対して特異的な抗体であってよい。抗体単独でも治療法のエフェクターとしての役割を果たす場合があり、またはこれが他の細胞を動員して実際はそれらに細胞死滅を行わせる場合もある。また、抗体を薬物または毒素(化学療法薬、放射性核種、リシンA鎖、コレラ毒素、百日咳毒素など)と結合させ、単にターゲティング薬剤として利用することもできる。または、エフェクターは、腫瘍細胞標的と直接的または間接的に相互作用する表面分子を有するリンパ球であってもよい。種々のエフェクター細胞には細胞傷害性T細胞およびNK細胞が含まれる。治療様式の組み合わせ、すなわち直接的な細胞傷害活性とErbB2の阻害または減少により、ErbB2を過剰発現する癌の治療における治療的恩恵が得られると考えられる。
癌患者の約60%は何らかの種類の外科手術を受けると考えられ、これには予防的、診断的または病期判定用、治癒的および姑息的な外科手術が含まれる。治癒的外科手術には、癌組織の全体または一部が物理的に除去、摘出および/または破壊される切除術が含まれる。腫瘍切除術とは、腫瘍の少なくとも一部の物理的除去を指す。腫瘍切除術のほかに、外科手術による治療法には、レーザー外科手術、冷凍外科手術、電気外科手術および顕微鏡制御外科手術(モース外科手術)が含まれる。さらに、本発明を表在癌、前癌または偶発的な量の正常組織の除去と併用することも意図している。
以下の実施例は、本発明の好ましい態様を示すために含められる。以下の実施例において開示される技術が、本発明の実施において十分に機能することが発明者らによって見出された技術を代表し、そのため、その実施のための好ましい様式を構成するとみなしうることが当業者には理解されるはずである。しかし、当業者は、本発明の開示に鑑みて、開示された特定の態様にさまざまな変化を加えることができ、それでもなお本発明の趣旨および範囲から逸脱することなく同様または類似の結果を入手しうることも理解するはずである。
方法
動物および細胞株
雌性無胸腺NCrヌードマウスは、National Cancer Institute、Frederick Cancer Research Facility(Frederick, MD)の動物生産部門から入手した。Black 6マウス(C57BL/6J)は、Charles Rivers(Wilmington, MA)から入手した。マウスは層流キャビネット内にて病原体を含まない特定の条件下で飼育し、8週齡の時点で使用した。すべての設備が、United States Department of Agriculture, Department of Health and Human ServicesおよびNIHの現行の規制および基準に準拠して、American Association for Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care(AAALAC)による承認を得ている。マウスにはPurina齧歯類用飼料および水を自由に摂取させた。乳癌細胞株MDA-MB-435細胞は、10%FBSおよび1mMピルビン酸ナトリウム(Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA)を加えたD-MEM(Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA)中で維持した。マウスのマクロファージ細胞株RAW264.7は、10%FBS(Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA)を加えたDMEM/F12(Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA)中で維持した。すべての培地には、Fungizoneを1:100の希釈度(最終濃度:ペニシリンG、ストレプトマイシンが100単位/ml、アンホテリシンBが250ng/ml)で含めた。
脛骨および大腿骨からの初代骨髄細胞(BMM)を、8〜12週齡のBlack 6マウス(C57BU6J)から無菌的に摘出した。骨髄を不完全D-MEMで洗い流し、1200rpmで3分間遠心した上で、5mlの不完全D-MEM中に再懸濁させた。BMM細胞を20mlの赤血球溶解緩衝液(8.3g/l NH4Cl、1g/l炭酸水素ナトリウム、0.4g/l EDTA)中、室温で1〜2分間インキュベートした。10%FBSおよび100単位/mlのペニシリンを加えた25mlのD-MEM(完全D-MEM)を添加し、BMM細胞を1200rpmで3分間遠心した。続いてBMM細胞を10mlの完全D-MEMとともに1.5〜2×107個/10cm培養皿で播き、24時間培養した。非付着細胞を収集して1200rpmで5分間遠心し、細胞傷害アッセイのためには96ウェル培養皿に濃度2.5×104個/ウェルで播き、破骨細胞分化アッセイのためには48ウェルプレートに2×104個/ウェルで、または96ウェルプレートに5×103個/ウェルで播いた。細胞を10ng/ml M-CSFの存在下で3日間培養し、その後にそれらを洗浄し、以降の試験のために用いた。破骨細胞への分化のためには、30〜100ng/mlのRANKLを添加する。培地には2日後に新鮮なM-CSFおよびRANKLを補充した。
BMM細胞に対するSKI606の細胞傷害アッセイを、96ウェル平底組織培養皿で行った。BMM細胞(2.5×104個)を播き、上記の通りに処理した。SKI606を培地中に希釈し、ウェルに対して二倍系列希釈を行った。細胞を72時間インキュベートし、残った付着細胞をクリスタルバイオレット(20%メタノール中、0.5%)で染色し、Sorenson緩衝液(0.1Mクエン酸ナトリウム、pH 4.2、50%エタノール中)中にて可溶化した。Bio-Tek Instruments Inc(Winooski, VT)EL800汎用マイクロプレートリーダーを用いて吸光度を630nmで測定した。
BMM細胞(2×104個)を上記の通りに48ウェルプレート中で培養した後に、100ng/ml RANKLおよび10ng/ml M-CSFで処理した。この細胞培養物に対して第3日に培地交換を行った。第5日に細胞を固定し、処理96時間後に、ウェル当たりのTRAP陽性の多核(核が3個を上回る)細胞の総数を、Sigma-Aldrich(St. Louis, MO)の白血球酸性ホスファターゼキットを用いて算定することにより、破骨細胞分化に関して評価した。
BMM細胞(5×103個)を上記の通りに96ウェルプレート中で培養した。手短に延べると、細胞をCambrex(Rockland, ME)のOsteoAssay(商標)プレートに播種し、300nM SKI606の存在下または非存在下において、まず100ng/ml RANKLおよび10ng/ml M-CSFで処理した。第3日に細胞培養物に対して新鮮な10ng/ml M-CSFを添加した。第5日に、上清の20μlのアリコートを用いてOsteoAssay(商標)プレートからの骨吸収を評価した。骨吸収は、OsteoAssay(商標)プレートからのコラーゲンI放出を、Nordic Bioscience Diagnostics(Portsmouth, VA)のCrossLaps for Culture ELISAキットを用いて測定することによって評価した。吸光度は、Bio-Tek Instruments Inc(Winooski, VT)のEL800汎用マイクロプレートリーダーを用いて、650nmでの読み取りを基準として450nmで測定した。
BMM細胞(2×104個)を上記の通りに48ウェルプレート中で培養し、300nM SKI606の非存在下または存在下においてRANKL(100ng/ml)で処理したが、この際、SKI606はRANKL刺激と同時に添加して処理96時間後にTRAP染色するか、またはRANKL刺激の12、24もしくは48時間に添加して96時間の時点でTRAP染色を行うかのいずれかとした。続いて、上記の通りに各条件において細胞を固定し、TRAPに関して染色し、破骨細胞の数を算定した。
共培養アッセイのためには、RAW264.7(500個/ウェル)を96ウェルプレートに播き、12時間おいて付着させた。続いてMDA-MB-435をRAW264.7培養物に対してさまざまな密度で導入し、12時間インキュベートした。続いて共培養物を、指定濃度のSKI606の存在下または非存在下で5日間インキュベートした。続いて、上記の通りに各条件において細胞を固定し、TRAPに関して染色し、破骨細胞の数を算定した。
MDA-MB-435細胞を0.025%トリプシン‐0.01%EDTA溶液を用いて収集して、PBSで洗浄し、マウスへの移植に備えてPBS中に再懸濁させた。動物個体にケタミン(100mg/kg)+アサプロマジン(2.5mg/kg)の筋肉内注射によって麻酔を施した。雌性無胸腺NCrヌードマウスに対して、5×105個のMDA-MB-435乳癌細胞を含む0.01mlのPBSを、28ゲージHamilton針を用いて各マウスの近位脛骨内に注射した。注射3日後にマウスを3つの群に分け、媒体(0.5%Methocel/0.4%Tween、PBS中)、150mg/kg SKI606を含む媒体の1日1回の経口胃管投与、または10μg/kg Zomeda(ゾレドロン酸)を含む0.1ml PBSの皮下注射による処置を開始した。処置は1日1回、1週当たり5日間として9週間行った。X線像を注射35日後およびさらに14日間隔で撮影した。9週後に、最後のX線像を撮影し、同じ動物個体の腫瘍を有する肢と腫瘍のない肢の重量の違いから腫瘍重量を算出した。腫瘍を注入した脛骨を固定してEDTA中で脱灰処理を行い、Sigma-Aldrich社(St. Louis, MO)のTRAP染色キットを用いて切片を多核破骨細胞(核が3個を上回る)の存在に関して染色した。脛骨における腫瘍の発生率を、組織切片の検査によって決定した。腫瘍の重量は以下の通りに決定した:注射肢の重量−同じ動物個体の注射していない後肢の重量。溶解面積はデジタルX線像から推定した;脛骨面積および溶解面積を測定するため、および溶解区域のピクセル/脛骨領域のピクセルの比を算出するために、NIH Scionプログラムを用いた。
可能性のあるキナーゼ阻害薬を同定するために、化合物1、2、3、4および5を、RANKLにより誘導されるRAW264.7細胞の破骨細胞分化を阻害する能力に関して試験した。SKI606を選択した理由は、類縁化合物がSrcキナーゼおよびAblキナーゼの二重阻害薬であることが示されているためである(Boschelli et al., 2001b)。SKI606を同定して特性決定を行ったところ、この化合物が、酵素アッセイにおいてSrcをIC50 1.2nMで阻害し、同程度の濃度でSrc依存的プロテインチロシンリン酸化を阻害することが見出された。
Claims (8)
- 骨吸収を阻害するための、4-[(2,4-ジクロロ-5-メトキシフェニル)アミノ]-6-メトキシ-7-[3-(4-メチル-1-ピペラジニル)プロポキシ]-3-キノリンカルボニトリルまたはその薬学的に許容される塩を含む薬学的組成物。
- 4-[(2,4-ジクロロ-5-メトキシフェニル)アミノ]-6-メトキシ-7-[3-(4-メチル-1-ピペラジニル)プロポキシ]-3-キノリンカルボニトリルがSrcキナーゼ阻害薬である、請求項1記載の組成物。
- 骨吸収が、骨粗鬆症;骨巨細胞腫;多発性骨髄腫;家族性広汎性骨溶解症(familial expansile osteolysis);骨減少症;歯周病;副甲状腺機能亢進症;関節リウマチにおける関節周囲びらん;パジェット病;不動誘発性骨減少症;悪性腫瘍性高カルシウム血症;骨転移;エナメル上皮腫;動脈瘤様骨嚢胞(病変);血管肉腫(高グレード);血管肉腫(低グレード);ゴーシェ病の骨病変;副甲状腺機能亢進症の褐色腫;軟骨芽細胞腫;軟骨粘液線維腫;軟骨肉腫;脊索腫;淡明細胞型軟骨肉腫(clear cell chondrosarcoma);通常型の髄内骨肉腫;変形性関節症;類腱線維腫;悪性線維性組織球腫を伴う骨幹部骨髄腔狭窄症;内軟骨腫;好酸球性肉芽腫;類上皮血管内皮腫;骨ユーイング肉腫;骨外性骨肉腫(extraosseous osteosarcoma);線維肉腫;線維性骨異形成;開花性反応性骨膜炎(florid reactive periostitis);グロムス腫瘍;骨における顆粒球性肉腫;ハードカースル症候群;血管腫;血管外皮細胞腫;高グレード表面骨肉腫;骨ホジキンリンパ腫;皮質内骨肉腫;骨内高分化型骨肉腫;傍骨性軟骨腫;白血病;悪性線維性組織球腫;メロレオストーシス;転移性乳癌;転移性腎臓癌;転移性肺癌;転移性前立腺癌;多病巣性骨肉腫;骨化性筋炎;骨の神経線維腫;非ホジキンリンパ腫;非骨化性線維腫(線維性皮質欠損症);ノラ病変(Nora's lesion);骨芽細胞腫;骨軟骨腫;骨軟骨腫症;骨線維性異形成;類骨骨腫;骨腫;骨髄炎;線状骨障害;骨斑紋症;傍骨性骨肉腫;骨膜性軟骨腫;骨膜性骨肉腫;色素性絨毛結節性滑膜炎;パジェット後肉腫(post-paget's sarcoma);骨の神経鞘腫;小細胞骨肉腫;孤立性骨嚢胞;孤立性線維性腫瘍;孤立性骨髄腫(形質細胞腫);軟骨下嚢胞;滑膜軟骨腫症;血管拡張性骨肉腫;「タグ(Tug)」病変‐骨幹端性線維性欠損;または単房性骨嚢胞に伴う、請求項1記載の組成物。
- 骨転移が、肺癌、頭頸部癌、乳癌、膵癌、前立腺癌、腎臓癌、骨癌、精巣癌、子宮頸癌、胃腸癌、結腸癌、膀胱癌の転移である、請求項3記載の組成物。
- 骨転移が乳癌または前立腺癌の転移である、請求項4記載の組成物。
- 抗腫瘍療法と組み合わせて用いるための、請求項4記載の組成物。
- 抗腫瘍療法が化学療法、放射線療法、免疫療法または外科手術である、請求項6記載の組成物。
- 経口投与用に製剤化された、請求項1記載の組成物。
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JP2008543870A (ja) | 2008-12-04 |
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