JP5103531B2 - 新規バクテリオファージおよびこれを含む抗菌組成物 - Google Patents
新規バクテリオファージおよびこれを含む抗菌組成物 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5103531B2 JP5103531B2 JP2010544247A JP2010544247A JP5103531B2 JP 5103531 B2 JP5103531 B2 JP 5103531B2 JP 2010544247 A JP2010544247 A JP 2010544247A JP 2010544247 A JP2010544247 A JP 2010544247A JP 5103531 B2 JP5103531 B2 JP 5103531B2
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Description
本発明の別の目的は、前記バクテリオファージを有効成分として含む家畜用飼料および飲用水を提供することにある。
〔実施例1:サルモネラ菌に感染するバクテリオファージの分離〕
(1−1.バクテリオファージのスクリーニングおよび単一バクテリオファージの分離)
屠鶏場および近くの下水終末処理場の試料50mlを遠心分離管に移して4000rpmで10分間遠心分離した後、上澄み液を0.45μmのフィルターを用いて濾過した。150μLのST振とう培養液(OD600=2)と2mLの10×Luria−Bertani培地(以下「LB培地」という。トリプトン10;酵母抽出液5g;NaCl10g;最終体積が1Lとなるように)に18mLの試料濾過液を混ぜた。これを37℃で18時間培養した後、培養液を4000rpmで10分間遠心分離し、その上澄み液を0.2μmのフィルターを用いて濾過した。LBプレートに3mLの0.7%寒天(w/v)、150μLのST振とう培養液(OD600=2)を混ぜ注いで固めた後、その上に10μLの試料培養濾過液を滴下して37℃で18時間培養した(0.7%寒天を用いて固体培地上に付着するものをtop−agarとし、top−agarで成長する宿主細胞を用いてバクテリオファージが溶菌することを観察する方法をソフトアガオーバーレイ(soft agar overlay)方法と定義する)。
選別されたバクテリオファージをSTを用いて大量培養した。STを振とう培養して1.5×1010cfu(colony forming unit)となるように分注して4000rpmで10分間遠心分離した後、これを4mLのSM溶液に再浮遊させた。ここに7.5ラ107pfu(plaque forming unit)のバクテリオファージを接種してMOI(multiplicity of infection)=0.005に作った後、37で20分間静置した。これを150mLのLB培地が入ったフラスコに接種した後、5時間37℃で培養した。最終体積の1%となるようにクロロホルムを添加し、20分間振とうした。DNaseIとRNaseAをそれぞれ最終濃度1μg/mLとなるように添加し、30分間37℃で静置させた。最終濃度がそれぞれ1Mと10%(w/v)になるようにNaClおよびPEG(polyethylene glycol)を入れた後、4で3時間追加静置させた。4、12000rpmで20分間遠心分離した後、上澄み液を除去した。5mLのSM溶液に沈殿物を再浮遊させた後、20分間室温に静置させた。ここに4mLのクロロホルムを添加した後、よく攪拌し、4℃、4000rpmで20分間遠心分離した。上澄み液を0.2μmのフィルターで濾過して、グリセロール密度勾配法(密度:40%、5%グリセロール)を用いた超遠心分離(35,000rpm、1時間、4℃)によってバクテリオファージを精製し、これをバクテリオファージΦCJ2と命名した。精製したΦCJ2は300μLのSM溶液に再浮遊した後、タイターを測定した。前記ΦCJ2は2008年12月17日に韓国微生物保存センター(Korean Culture Center of Microorganisms、ソウル市西大門区弘済1洞361−221)に寄託番号第KCCM10976P号で寄託した。
選別されたバクテリオファージがST以外に他種のサルモネラ菌に対して溶菌活性を示すかを検査するために、他種のサルモネラ菌に交差感染を試みた。その結果、ΦCJ2はSE(Salmonella enterica Serotype Enteritis)、SC(Salmonella enterica Serotype Choleraesuis)、SD(Salmonella enterica Serotype Derby)およびSA(Salmonella enterica subsp. Arizonae)、SB(Salmonella enterica subsp. Bongori)には感染していない。ST ATCC14028菌株以外に他のST菌株に対して交差感染を実施した場合、SGとSPとは異なり、溶菌率が40%未満であることを確認し、これによりヨCJ2はSGおよびSP特異的バクテリオファージであると言える(実施例11参照)。その結果を表1に示した。SGを宿主として用いて生産したヨCJ2は、STで生産されたものと同一の溶菌斑模様、形成された溶菌の透明性程度、タンパク質パターンおよびゲノムサイズを示した。
精製されたΦCJ2を0.01%のゼラチン溶液に希釈した後、2.5%のグルタルアルデヒド溶液で固定した。これをcarbon−coated mica plate(ca.2.5×2.5mm)に滴下して10分間適応させた後、滅菌蒸留水で洗浄した。カーボンフィルムを銅グリッド(copper grid)に挿入して4%の酢酸ウラニル(uranyl acetate)で30〜60秒間染色し、乾燥を行った後、透過電子顕微鏡(JEM−1011トランスミッションエレクトロンマイクロスコープ(transmission electron microscope)、80kV、倍率×120,000〜×200,2000)で検鏡した。その結果、分離されたΦCJ2の形態は図1のとおりであり、形態学上、正二十面体の頭と無収縮性の尾からなる形態型シフォビラーダ科(siphoviridae)に属することが分かった。
1011pfu/mLタイターの精製されたΦCJ2溶液15μLと5X SDS試料溶液3μLを混ぜた後、5分間沸騰した。4〜12%のNuPAGE Bis−Tris(Invitrogen社)ゲルでΦCJ2の全体タンパク質を展開した。クマシーブルー染色溶液を用いてゲルを1時間常温で染色した。その結果、タンパク質パターンは、図2のように約40kDaの主要タンパク質が観察され、その他にも約65kDa、17kDa、および15kDaのタンパク質が観察されたことを示す。
超遠心分離によって精製されたΦCJ2のゲノムDNAを抽出した。具体的に精製されたΦCJ2培養液にEDTA(ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid(pH8.0))、プロテイナーゼK、およびSDS(sodium dodecyl sulfate)をそれぞれ最終濃度20mM、50μg/mL、および0.5%(w/v)となるように添加した後、50で1時間静置した。同量のフェノール(pH8.0)を添加し、よく混ぜた後、室温で12000rpmで10分間遠心分離した。上澄み液を収得して同量のPC(フェノール:クロロホルム=1:1)を添加し、よく混ぜた後、室温で12000rpmで10分間遠心分離した。その後、上澄み液を収得して同量のクロロホルムをよく混ぜた後、室温で12000rpmで10分間遠心分離した。上澄み液を収得した後、3Mの酢酸ナトリウムを全体体積の1/10で混ぜ、2倍量の冷たい95%のエタノールを添加した後、−20℃で1時間静置させた。しかる後に、0℃で10分間12000rpmで遠心分離した後、上澄み液を完全に除去し、しかる後に、底部のDNAを50μLのTE(Tris−EDTA(pH8.0))溶液に溶かした。抽出したDNAを10倍希釈してOD260で吸光度を測定することにより濃度を測定した。全体ゲノムDNA1μgを1%PFGE(pulse-field gel electrophoresis)アガロースゲルにロードした後、BIORAD PFGEシステムの7番プログラム(size range 25-100 kbp; switch time ramp 0.4-2.0 seconds, linear shape; forward voltage 180 V; reverse voltage 120 V)を用いて常温で20時間展開した。ΦCJ2のゲノムDNAのサイズは図3に示すように約43kbpであった。
分離したΦCJ2の遺伝的特性を調べるために、ΦCJ2のゲノムDNA5μgをEcoRV制限酵素で同時に処理した。ベクターとしては、pCL(promega社)をSmaI制限酵素で切断した後、CIP(calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase)処理したものを使用した。gDNA切片とベクターの量が3:1となるように反応条件を合わせて混ぜた後、16で5時間ライゲーションを行った。これを、大腸菌の一種であるDH5瘢ラ胞に導入させた。このように形質転換された転換体をスペクチノマイシンおよびX−gal含有のLB平板培地にプレートし、通常の青白コロニー選別法によって3つのコロニーを選別した。選別されたコロニーをスペクチノマイシンの含まれた培養培地で16時間振とう培養した。ここで、プラスミド精製キット(Promega社)を用いてプラスミドを抽出した。このプラスミドのクローニング有無をM13フォワードとM13リバースプライマーセットを用いてPCRによって確認し、挿入断片のサイズが1kbp以上となるものを選んでM13フォワードとM13リバースプライマーセットを用いて塩基配列を分析した。こうして得た遺伝子塩基配列が配列番号1、2および3に示されており、それぞれの大きさは約3.1kbp、1.7kbpおよび800bp程度である。その解読塩基配列の類似性をNCBI blastxプログラムを用いて分析した結果が下記表2に示されている。
ΦCJ2を同定するために、ΦCJ2特異的プライマーを配列番号1、2および3に基づいて製作した。配列番号4と5、配列番号6と7、および配列番号8と9をそれぞれプライマーセットとしてPCRを行った。0.1μgのバクテリオファージ全体ゲノムDNAと0.5pmolのプライマーをpre−mix(Bioneer社)に添加し、最終体積が20μLとなるように合わせた。これを変性(denaturation);94℃1分、アニーリング(annealing);53℃で1分、重合(polymeration);72℃で1分の条件で30サイクルPCRを行った。その結果、配列番号4と5、配列番号6と7、および配列番号8と9をプライマーセットとして用いた場合、全て約1kbpのPCR産物を得た。その結果を図4に示した。
ΦCJ2が鶏の胃内の低いpHで安定性を保有するかを確認するために、多様なpH範囲(pH2.1、2.5、3.0、3.5、4.0、5.5.6.4、6.9、7.4、8.2および9.0)で安定性の調査実験を行った。多様なpH溶液(酢酸ナトリウム溶液(pH2.1、pH4.0、pH5.5およびpH6.4)、クエン酸ナトリウム溶液(pH2.5、pH3.0およびpH3.5)、リン酸ナトリウム溶液(pH6.9およびpH7.4)、およびトリス溶液(Tris−HCl(pH8.2およびpH9.0)をそれぞれ2Mに製作した。100μLのpH溶液と同量の1.0×1011pfu/mlタイターのバクテリオファージ溶液を混ぜて各pH溶液の濃度が1Mとなるようにした後、1時間常温で静置した。これらを段階希釈し、ソフトアガオーバーレイ方法を用いて各段階の希釈液を10μLずつ滴下した後、37℃で18時間培養して溶菌有無によってタイターを測定した。元来のΦCJ2のタイターと比較してpH変化によるタイター変化によって相対的安定性を確認したが、実験結果、pH2.5までは活性を失わず非常に安定的であることが分かった。しかし、pH2.1では活性を失った。その結果を図5に示した。
バクテリオファージの製品剤形のうち、飼料添加剤として用いる場合、バクテリオファージの剤形過程で発生する熱に対する安全性を確認するための実験を行った。1.0×1011pfu/mLタイターのΦCJ2の溶液200μLを37℃、45℃、53℃、60℃、70℃および80℃の温度条件下でそれぞれ0分、10分、30分、60分および120分静置させた。処理した実験培養液を段階希釈し、ソフトアガオーバーレイ方法を用いて各段階の希釈液を10μLずつ滴下した後、37℃で18時間培養して溶菌有無によってタイターを測定した。元来のΦCJ2のタイター、温度および露出時間の変化によるて相対的安定性を確認したが、60℃で2時間まで露出されても活性を多く失わないことが分かった。しかし、70℃以上では10分間露出の後に活性が急激に減少するが、一定の比率活性を維持した。その結果を図6に示した。
バクテリオファージの製品剤形のうち、飼料添加剤として用いる場合、バクテリオファージの剤形過程で発生する乾燥条件に対する安全性を確認した。耐熱性確認実験によって導出した結果に基づき、60℃120分の条件下における高温乾燥実験を行った。1.0×1011pfu/mLタイターのΦCJ2の溶液200μLをスピードバキューム(speed−Vacuum Concentrator5301、Eppendorf)を用いて乾燥させた。乾燥の後に得られたペレットを、初期溶液と同量のSM溶液を入れて4で1日間完全に再浮遊させた。処理した実験培養液を段階希釈して、ソフトアガオーバーレイ方法で各段階の希釈液を10μLずつ滴下させた後、37℃で18時間培養して溶菌有無によってタイターを測定した。乾燥の後、元来のタイターと相対的な安定性を比較したとき、活性が減少しないことが分かった。その結果を図7に示した。
ΦCJ2のラットにおける安全性評価を実施して毒性評価を行った。毒性試験は単回経口投与毒性、静脈注射毒性、腸内正常細菌毒性で行われた。
ΦCJ2のST、SGおよびSPに対する予防および治療程度の可能性を確認するために、鶏で効能評価実験を行った。
Claims (8)
- ネズミチフス菌(salmonella typhimurium)、家禽チフス菌(Salmonella gallinarum)またはひな白痢菌(Salmonella pullorum)に特異的死滅能を有し、寄託番号第KCCM10976P号で寄託されたものであることを特徴とする、バクテリオファージ。
- 請求項1のバクテリオファージを有効成分として含むネズミチフス菌(Salmonella typhimurium)、家禽チフス菌(Salmonella gallinarum)およびひな白痢菌(Salmonella pullorum)よりなる群から選ばれた一つまたは2つ以上のサルモネラ菌により誘発された感染性疾病の予防または治療用組成物。
- 前記ネズミチフス菌感染性疾病はサルモネラ症またはサルモネラ食中毒であり、前記家禽チフス菌感染性疾病は家禽チフスであり、前記ひな白痢菌感染性疾病はひな白痢であることを特徴とする、請求項2に記載の組成物。
- 抗生剤として使用されることを特徴とする、請求項2に記載の組成物。
- 請求項1のバクテリオファージを有効成分として含むことを特徴とする、家畜用飼料または飲用水。
- 請求項1のバクテリオファージを有効成分として含むことを特徴とする、消毒剤または洗浄剤。
- 請求項1のバクテリオファージを用いて、非ヒト動物において、ネズミチフス菌、家禽チフス菌およびひな白痢菌よりなる群から選ばれた一つまたは2つ以上のサルモネラ菌により誘発された感染性疾病を治療する方法。
- 請求項2の組成物を用いて、非ヒト動物において、ネズミチフス菌、家禽チフス菌およびひな白痢菌よりなる群から選ばれた一つまたは2つ以上のサルモネラ菌により誘発された感染性疾病を治療する方法。
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US8597928B2 (en) * | 2010-12-21 | 2013-12-03 | Cj Cheiljedang Corporation | Bacteriophage of the siphoviridae family and antibacterial compositions comprising the same |
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KR101449417B1 (ko) | 2012-06-20 | 2014-10-27 | 한국외국어대학교 연구산학협력단 | 살모넬라 엔테리카의 박테리오파아지 및 그 용도 |
WO2013191363A1 (ko) * | 2012-06-22 | 2013-12-27 | 주식회사 씨티씨바이오 | 신규한 박테리오파지 및 병원성 박테리아 증식 억제 용도 |
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