JP5072444B2 - 軽油組成物の製造方法 - Google Patents
軽油組成物の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5072444B2 JP5072444B2 JP2007153670A JP2007153670A JP5072444B2 JP 5072444 B2 JP5072444 B2 JP 5072444B2 JP 2007153670 A JP2007153670 A JP 2007153670A JP 2007153670 A JP2007153670 A JP 2007153670A JP 5072444 B2 JP5072444 B2 JP 5072444B2
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- NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium silicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-][Si]([O-])=O NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- XJDNKRIXUMDJCW-UHFFFAOYSA-J titanium tetrachloride Chemical compound Cl[Ti](Cl)(Cl)Cl XJDNKRIXUMDJCW-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
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- ZXAUZSQITFJWPS-UHFFFAOYSA-J zirconium(4+);disulfate Chemical compound [Zr+4].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O ZXAUZSQITFJWPS-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/02—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only
- C10L1/026—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only for compression ignition
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G3/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oxygen-containing organic materials, e.g. fatty oils, fatty acids
- C10G3/42—Catalytic treatment
- C10G3/44—Catalytic treatment characterised by the catalyst used
- C10G3/45—Catalytic treatment characterised by the catalyst used containing iron group metals or compounds thereof
- C10G3/46—Catalytic treatment characterised by the catalyst used containing iron group metals or compounds thereof in combination with chromium, molybdenum, tungsten metals or compounds thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G3/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oxygen-containing organic materials, e.g. fatty oils, fatty acids
- C10G3/42—Catalytic treatment
- C10G3/44—Catalytic treatment characterised by the catalyst used
- C10G3/47—Catalytic treatment characterised by the catalyst used containing platinum group metals or compounds thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G3/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oxygen-containing organic materials, e.g. fatty oils, fatty acids
- C10G3/42—Catalytic treatment
- C10G3/44—Catalytic treatment characterised by the catalyst used
- C10G3/48—Catalytic treatment characterised by the catalyst used further characterised by the catalyst support
- C10G3/49—Catalytic treatment characterised by the catalyst used further characterised by the catalyst support containing crystalline aluminosilicates, e.g. molecular sieves
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G3/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oxygen-containing organic materials, e.g. fatty oils, fatty acids
- C10G3/50—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oxygen-containing organic materials, e.g. fatty oils, fatty acids in the presence of hydrogen, hydrogen donors or hydrogen generating compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/04—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on blends of hydrocarbons
- C10L1/08—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on blends of hydrocarbons for compression ignition
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
- C10G2300/10—Feedstock materials
- C10G2300/1011—Biomass
- C10G2300/1014—Biomass of vegetal origin
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
- C10G2300/10—Feedstock materials
- C10G2300/1011—Biomass
- C10G2300/1018—Biomass of animal origin
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
- C10G2300/10—Feedstock materials
- C10G2300/1033—Oil well production fluids
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
- C10G2300/20—Characteristics of the feedstock or the products
- C10G2300/201—Impurities
- C10G2300/202—Heteroatoms content, i.e. S, N, O, P
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
- C10G2300/20—Characteristics of the feedstock or the products
- C10G2300/201—Impurities
- C10G2300/202—Heteroatoms content, i.e. S, N, O, P
- C10G2300/203—Naphthenic acids, TAN
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
- C10G2300/20—Characteristics of the feedstock or the products
- C10G2300/30—Physical properties of feedstocks or products
- C10G2300/301—Boiling range
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- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
- C10G2300/20—Characteristics of the feedstock or the products
- C10G2300/30—Physical properties of feedstocks or products
- C10G2300/307—Cetane number, cetane index
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
- C10G2300/40—Characteristics of the process deviating from typical ways of processing
- C10G2300/4006—Temperature
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
- C10G2300/40—Characteristics of the process deviating from typical ways of processing
- C10G2300/4012—Pressure
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
- C10G2300/40—Characteristics of the process deviating from typical ways of processing
- C10G2300/4018—Spatial velocity, e.g. LHSV, WHSV
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2400/00—Products obtained by processes covered by groups C10G9/00 - C10G69/14
- C10G2400/04—Diesel oil
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2400/00—Products obtained by processes covered by groups C10G9/00 - C10G69/14
- C10G2400/06—Gasoil
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
- Y02E50/10—Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P30/00—Technologies relating to oil refining and petrochemical industry
- Y02P30/20—Technologies relating to oil refining and petrochemical industry using bio-feedstock
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)
- Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)
Description
小西誠一著,「燃料工学概論」,裳華房,1991年3月,p.136−144
中田輝男著,「自動車技術」,(社)自動車技術会出版,2002年,Vol.56,No.1,p.49−56
中でもFAMEは、排出ガス中のすす生成寄与度が大きいとされている芳香族化合物分や排出ガス後処理触媒への被毒等の影響が大きいとされている硫黄分をほとんど含まないことから、代替燃料の有力な候補として着目されている。また、植物由来であることから再生可能エネルギーと位置づけられているため、1997年に締結された国際間での二酸化炭素削減プロトコル、いわゆる京都議定書においてはBDF起因の二酸化炭素は排出量として計上されないルールである点も、FAMEは政策的なメリットを有している。
これらの傾向は既存の軽油等には見られなかった傾向であり、そのためバイオマス燃料単独で使用する場合だけでなく、既存の軽油等に混合して使用する場合においても同様に問題となっており、バイオマス燃料単体、およびバイオマス燃料混合軽油の酸化安定性や低温性能、燃焼性等に従来以上に留意する必要がある。
含有する塩素分の起源については、植物に元々存在する可能性は低く、むしろ植物の栽培過程で使用される農薬や、植物から油を生産する際に使用する水(スチーム)に含有する塩素が残留する外的な要因である可能性が高いと考えられる。
本発明の軽油組成物の構成成分として、環境低負荷型軽油基材が用いられる。本発明にかかる環境低負荷型軽油基材としては、水素の存在下、動植物油脂および/または動植物油脂由来成分を被処理油とし、アルミニウム、ケイ素、ジルコニウム、ホウ素、チタン及びマグネシウムから選ばれる2種以上の元素を含んで構成される多孔性無機酸化物並びに該多孔性無機酸化物に担持された周期律表第6A族及び第8族の元素から選ばれる1種以上の金属を含有する触媒と、水素圧力2〜13MPa、液空間速度0.1〜3.0h−1、水素油比150〜1500NL/L、反応温度150〜480℃の条件下で接触させることによって製造された、90容量%留出温度が360℃以下、硫黄分が10質量ppm以下、酸素分1質量%以下である軽油基材が用いられる。あるいはまた、水素の存在下、動植物油脂および/または動植物油脂由来成分:10〜90容量%と、原油等を精製して得られる石油系基材:90〜10容量%とを混合した混合油を被処理油とし、アルミニウム、ケイ素、ジルコニウム、ホウ素、チタン及びマグネシウムから選ばれる2種以上の元素を含んで構成される多孔性無機酸化物並びに該多孔性無機酸化物に担持された周期律表第8族の元素から選ばれる1種以上の金属を含有する触媒と、水素圧力2〜13MPa、液空間速度0.1〜3.0h−1、水素油比150〜1500NL/L、反応温度150〜480℃の条件下で接触させることによって得られる90容量%留出温度が360℃以下、硫黄分が10質量ppm以下、酸素分1質量%以下である軽油基材が用いられる。
本発明における動植物油脂および動植物油脂由来成分とは、天然もしくは人工的に生産、製造される動植物油脂およびこれらの油脂を由来して生産、製造される成分をいう。動物油脂および動物油の原料としては、牛脂、牛乳脂質(バター)、豚脂、羊脂、鯨油、魚油、肝油等が挙げられ、植物油脂および植物油原料としては、ココヤシ、パームヤシ、オリーブ、べにばな、菜種(菜の花)、米ぬか、ひまわり、綿実、とうもろこし、大豆、ごま、アマニ等の種子部及びその他の部分が挙げられるが、これ以外の油脂、油であっても使用に問題はない。これらの原料油に関してはその状態が固体、液体であることは問わないが、取り扱いの容易さおよび二酸化炭素吸収能や生産性の高さから植物油脂、植物油を原料とする方が好ましい。また、本発明においては、これらの動物油、植物油を民生用、産業用、食用等で使用した廃油も雑物等の除去工程を加えた後に原料とすることができる。
上述の原料油(動植物油脂および動植物油脂由来成分)はこれらの脂肪酸を1種または複数種有しており、原料によってその有する脂肪酸類は異なっている。例えば、ココヤシ油はラウリン酸、ミリスチン酸等の飽和脂肪酸を比較的多く有しているが、大豆油はオレイン酸、リノール酸等の不飽和脂肪酸を多く有している。
該原油等を精製して得られる石油系基材としては、石油系軽油基材、石油系灯油基材、合成系軽油基材、合成系灯油基材などが挙げられる。
水素化処理触媒としては、アルミニウム、ケイ素、ジルコニウム、ホウ素、チタン及びマグネシウムから選ばれる2種以上の元素を含んで構成される多孔性無機酸化物並びに該多孔性無機酸化物に担持された周期律表第6A族及び第8族の元素から選ばれる1種以上の金属を含有する触媒が用いられる。
本発明の軽油組成物は、かかる軽油基材を20容量%〜80容量%含有して成る軽油組成物である。
本発明においては、前記で製造された環境低負荷型軽油基材に、原油等から精製された水素化精製油を混合して、本発明の所定の性能を満たした軽油組成物を製造することができる。環境低負荷型軽油基材の配合割合は20容量%〜80容量%であり、好ましくは30容量%〜60容量%である。
原油等から精製された軽油留分を有する石油系水素化処理油としては、原油の常圧蒸留装置から得られる直留軽油、常圧蒸留装置から得られる直留重質油や残査油を減圧蒸留装置で処理して得られる減圧軽油、減圧重質軽油あるいは脱硫重油を接触分解または水素化分解して得られる接触分解軽油または水素化分解軽油等の石油系炭化水素(原油等から精製された軽油留分を有する石油系炭化水素)を水素化処理して得られる水素化処理軽油若しくは水素化脱硫軽油等が挙げられる。
原油等から精製された灯油留分を有する石油系水素化処理油としては、原油の常圧蒸留により得られる直留灯油、水素化分解軽油と共に製造される水素化分解灯油等の石油系炭化水素(原油等から精製された灯油留分を有する石油系炭化水素)を水素化処理して得られる水素化処理灯油などが挙げられる。
これらの石油系水素化処理油は、所定の条件を満たす範囲で、複数の軽油留分基材及び灯油留分基材を配合して構成することができる。また、天然ガス、アスファルト、石炭、バイオマスなどを原料にして合成される合成軽油、合成灯油等も使用することができる。
水素化処理装置の反応形式は、固定床方式が好ましく採用される。水素は原料油に対して、向流または並流のいずれの形式をとることができ、また、複数の反応塔を有し、向流、並流を組み合わせた形式のものでもよい。一般的な形式としてはダウンフローであり、気液双並流形式が好ましい。反応塔の中段には反応熱の除去、あるいは水素分圧を上げる目的で水素ガスをクエンチとして注入してもよい。
活性金属の担持量は特に限定されないが、触媒質量に対し金属量合計で0.1〜10質量%、好ましくは0.15〜5質量%、さらに好ましくは0.2〜3質量%である。
触媒は、水素気流下において予備還元処理を施した後に用いるのが好ましい。一般的には水素を含むガスを流通し、200℃以上の熱を所定の手順に従って与えることにより触媒上の活性金属が還元され、水素化活性を発現することになる。
なお、本発明でいうHFRR摩耗痕径(WS1.4)とは、社団法人石油学会から発行されている石油学会規格JPI−5S−50−98「軽油−潤滑性試験方法」により測定される値を意味する。
セタン価向上剤としては、軽油のセタン価向上剤として知られる各種の化合物を任意に使用することができ、例えば、硝酸エステルや有機過酸化物等が挙げられる。これらのセタン価向上剤は、1種を単独で用いてもよく、2種以上を組み合わせて用いても良い。
カルボン酸系の潤滑性向上剤としては、例えば、リノ−ル酸、オレイン酸、サリチル酸、パルミチン酸、ミリスチン酸、ヘキサデセン酸及び上記カルボン酸の2種以上の混合物が例示できる。
エステル系の潤滑性向上剤としては、グリセリンのカルボン酸エステルが挙げられる。カルボン酸エステルを構成するカルボン酸は、1種であっても2種以上であってもよく、その具体例としては、リノ−ル酸、オレイン酸、サリチル酸、パルミチン酸、ミリスチン酸、ヘキサデセン酸等がある。
カルボン酸とアミンとの反応生成物を構成するカルボン酸は1種であっても2種以上であってもよく、その具体例としては、炭素数12〜24の脂肪酸および炭素数7〜24の芳香族カルボン酸等が挙げられる。炭素数12〜24の脂肪酸としては、リノール酸、オレイン酸、パルミチン酸、ミリスチン酸等が挙げられるが、これらに限定されるものではない。また、炭素数7〜24の芳香族カルボン酸としては、安息香酸、サリチル酸等が挙げられるが、これらに限定されるものではない。また、カルボン酸とアミンとの反応生成物を構成するアミンは、1種であっても2種以上であってもよい。ここで用いられるアミンとしては、オレイルアミンが代表的であるが、これに限定されるものではなく、各種アミンが使用可能である。
その他の添加剤の添加量は任意に決めることができるが、添加剤個々の添加量は、軽油組成物全量基準でそれぞれ好ましくは0.5質量%以下、より好ましくは0.2質量%以下である。
なお、本発明でいう酸化安定性試験とは、ASTM D2274−94に準拠して、115℃、酸素バブリング下、16時間の条件で実施するものである。
表1に示す性状を有する植物油脂、および植物油脂と石油系軽油留分との混合油を表2に示す反応条件で反応させ、表3に示す環境低負荷型軽油基材を調製した。
また、表1に示す植物油脂をエステル化して得た脂肪酸アルキルエステルの性状を併せて表3に示す。この脂肪酸アルキルエステルはメタノールとの反応により得られたメチルエステル化合物であり、ここではアルカリ触媒(ナトリウムメチラート)の存在下で70℃、1時間程度の撹拌を行い、アルキルアルコールと直接反応させてエステル化合物を得るエステル交換反応を用いた。
また、環境低負荷型軽油基材に配合される石油系水素化精製油の性状を表3に併記した。
調合した軽油組成物の調合比率、及びこの調合した軽油組成物に対して、15℃における密度、30℃における動粘度、引火点、硫黄分、塩素分、酸素分、蒸留性状、芳香族分、セタン価及びセタン指数、10%残油の残留炭素分、水分、酸価、脂肪酸アルキルエステル分、メタノール分、トリグリセライド分を測定した結果を表4に示す。
下記車両を用いて、「国土交通省監修新型自動車審査関係基準集」同別添27「ディーゼル自動車10・15モード排出ガス測定の技術基準」に準拠して排出ガス試験を行い、ダイオキシンの排出量を測定した。ディーゼル車量からのダイオキシン排出量は「有害大気汚染物質測定方法マニュアル(環境庁)」を適用し、PM測定用ハイボリュームサンプラーにポリウレタンフォームの捕集材を組み合わせて捕集し、GC/MSにて測定した。
エンジン種類:インタークーラー付過給直列4気筒ディ−ゼル
排気量 :3L
圧縮比 :18.5
最高出力 :125kW/3400rpm
最高トルク:350Nm/2400rpm
規制適合 :平成9年度排ガス規制適合
車両重量 :1900kg
ミッション:4AT
排ガス後処理装置:酸化触媒
ライフサイクルCO2は、ディーゼルエンジン搭載車両における軽油組成物の燃焼に伴い発生したCO2と、採掘から車両タンクへの燃料給油までに発生したCO2と分けて算出した。
燃焼に伴い発生したCO2(以下、「Tank to Wheel CO2」という。
)は、上記車両試験を行ったときのCO2排出量、走行燃費及び燃料密度に基づいて、各軽油組成物単位発熱量当たりの排出量として算出した。
また、採掘から車両タンクへの燃料給油までに発生したCO2(以下、「Well to Tank CO2」という。)は、原料及び原油ソースの採掘、輸送、加工、配送、車両への給油までの一連の流れにおけるCO2排出量の総和として算出した。なお、「Well to Tank CO2」の算出にあたっては、下記(1B)〜(5B)に示す二酸化炭素の排出量を加味して演算を行った。かかる演算に必要となるデータとしては、本発明者らが有する製油所運転実績データを用いた。
(1B)各種処理装置、ボイラー等設備の燃料使用に伴う二酸化炭素の排出量。
(2B)水素を使用する処理においては、水素製造装置における改質反応に伴う二酸化炭素の排出量。
(3B)接触分解装置等の連続触媒再生を伴う装置を経由する場合は、触媒再生に伴う二酸化炭素の排出量。
(4B)軽油組成物を、横浜で製造又は陸揚げし、横浜から仙台まで配送し、仙台で車両に給油したときの二酸化炭素の排出量。
(5B)動植物油脂および動植物油脂由来の成分は原産地をマレーシアおよびその周辺地域とし、製造を横浜で行うとした際の二酸化炭素の排出量。
なお、動植物油脂および動植物油脂由来の成分を使用した場合、いわゆる京都議定書においてはこれらの燃料に起因する二酸化炭素は排出量として計上されないルールが適用される。本計算においては、燃焼時に発生する「Tank to Wheel CO2」に対してこれを適用させた。
このようにして算出した「Tank to Wheel CO2」と「Well to Tank CO2」、並びにこれらの総和であるライフサイクルCO2(LC)の各排出量をそれぞれ表5に示す。なお、比較例1を100とし、各結果を相対的に比較、定量化した数値もあわせて示す。
Claims (4)
- 水素の存在下、動植物油脂および/または動植物油脂由来成分を被処理油とし、アルミニウム、ケイ素、ジルコニウム、ホウ素、チタン及びマグネシウムから選ばれる2種以上の元素を含んで構成される多孔性無機酸化物並びに該多孔性無機酸化物に担持されたCo−Mo、Ni−Mo、Ni−Co−MoおよびNi−Wの組み合わせから選ばれる金属を含有する触媒と、水素圧力2〜13MPa、液空間速度0.1〜3.0h−1、水素油比150〜1500NL/L、反応温度150〜360℃の条件下で接触させることによって製造された、90容量%留出温度が360℃以下、硫黄分が10質量ppm以下、酸素分1質量%以下である軽油基材を20容量%〜80容量%含有することにより、90容量%留出温度が360℃以下、全芳香族分15容量%以下、セタン指数が45以上、硫黄分が10質量ppm以下、酸素分1質量%以下、脂肪酸アルキルエステル分3.5質量%以下、酸価0.13mgKOH/g以下、メタノール分0.01質量%以下、トリグリセライド分0.01質量%以下、塩素分が0.1質量ppm未満、且つ酸化安定性試験後の酸価増加量が0.12mgKOH/g以下である軽油組成物を得ることを特徴とする軽油組成物の製造方法。
- 前記軽油基材と原油等から精製された水素化精製油を、20〜80容量%:80〜20容量%の配合割合で混合することを特徴とする請求項1に記載の軽油組成物の製造方法。
- 水素の存在下、動植物油脂および/または動植物油脂由来成分:10〜90容量%と、原油等を精製して得られる石油系基材:90〜10容量%とを混合した混合油を被処理油とし、アルミニウム、ケイ素、ジルコニウム、ホウ素、チタン及びマグネシウムから選ばれる2種以上の元素を含んで構成される多孔性無機酸化物並びに該多孔性無機酸化物に担持されたCo−Mo、Ni−Mo、Ni−Co−MoおよびNi−Wの組み合わせから選ばれる金属を含有する触媒と、水素圧力2〜13MPa、液空間速度0.1〜3.0h−1、水素油比150〜1500NL/L、反応温度150〜360℃の条件下で接触させることによって得られる90容量%留出温度が360℃以下、硫黄分が10質量ppm以下、酸素分1質量%以下である軽油基材を20容量%〜80容量%含有することにより、90容量%留出温度が360℃以下、全芳香族分15容量%以下、セタン指数が45以上、硫黄分が10質量ppm以下、酸素分1質量%以下、脂肪酸アルキルエステル分3.5質量%以下、酸価0.13mgKOH/g以下、メタノール分0.01質量%以下、トリグリセライド分0.01質量%以下、塩素分が0.1質量ppm未満、且つ酸化安定性試験後の酸価増加量が0.12mgKOH/g以下である軽油組成物を得ることを特徴とする軽油組成物の製造方法。
- 前記軽油基材と原油等から精製された水素化精製油を、20〜80容量%:80〜20容量%の配合割合で混合することを特徴とする請求項3に記載の軽油組成物の製造方法。
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