JP4947172B2 - ロバストなデジタル電子透かし入れ信号の挿入方法および電子透かし検出方法 - Google Patents
ロバストなデジタル電子透かし入れ信号の挿入方法および電子透かし検出方法 Download PDFInfo
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T1/00—General purpose image data processing
- G06T1/0021—Image watermarking
- G06T1/0028—Adaptive watermarking, e.g. Human Visual System [HVS]-based watermarking
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T1/00—General purpose image data processing
- G06T1/0021—Image watermarking
- G06T1/005—Robust watermarking, e.g. average attack or collusion attack resistant
- G06T1/0064—Geometric transfor invariant watermarking, e.g. affine transform invariant
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N1/00—Scanning, transmission or reproduction of documents or the like, e.g. facsimile transmission; Details thereof
- H04N1/32—Circuits or arrangements for control or supervision between transmitter and receiver or between image input and image output device, e.g. between a still-image camera and its memory or between a still-image camera and a printer device
- H04N1/32101—Display, printing, storage or transmission of additional information, e.g. ID code, date and time or title
- H04N1/32144—Display, printing, storage or transmission of additional information, e.g. ID code, date and time or title embedded in the image data, i.e. enclosed or integrated in the image, e.g. watermark, super-imposed logo or stamp
- H04N1/32149—Methods relating to embedding, encoding, decoding, detection or retrieval operations
- H04N1/32154—Transform domain methods
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N1/00—Scanning, transmission or reproduction of documents or the like, e.g. facsimile transmission; Details thereof
- H04N1/32—Circuits or arrangements for control or supervision between transmitter and receiver or between image input and image output device, e.g. between a still-image camera and its memory or between a still-image camera and a printer device
- H04N1/32101—Display, printing, storage or transmission of additional information, e.g. ID code, date and time or title
- H04N1/32144—Display, printing, storage or transmission of additional information, e.g. ID code, date and time or title embedded in the image data, i.e. enclosed or integrated in the image, e.g. watermark, super-imposed logo or stamp
- H04N1/32149—Methods relating to embedding, encoding, decoding, detection or retrieval operations
- H04N1/32154—Transform domain methods
- H04N1/32165—Transform domain methods using cosine transforms
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N1/00—Scanning, transmission or reproduction of documents or the like, e.g. facsimile transmission; Details thereof
- H04N1/32—Circuits or arrangements for control or supervision between transmitter and receiver or between image input and image output device, e.g. between a still-image camera and its memory or between a still-image camera and a printer device
- H04N1/32101—Display, printing, storage or transmission of additional information, e.g. ID code, date and time or title
- H04N1/32144—Display, printing, storage or transmission of additional information, e.g. ID code, date and time or title embedded in the image data, i.e. enclosed or integrated in the image, e.g. watermark, super-imposed logo or stamp
- H04N1/32149—Methods relating to embedding, encoding, decoding, detection or retrieval operations
- H04N1/32154—Transform domain methods
- H04N1/32187—Transform domain methods with selective or adaptive application of the additional information, e.g. in selected frequency coefficients
- H04N1/32192—Transform domain methods with selective or adaptive application of the additional information, e.g. in selected frequency coefficients according to calculated or estimated visibility of the additional information in the image
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N1/00—Scanning, transmission or reproduction of documents or the like, e.g. facsimile transmission; Details thereof
- H04N1/32—Circuits or arrangements for control or supervision between transmitter and receiver or between image input and image output device, e.g. between a still-image camera and its memory or between a still-image camera and a printer device
- H04N1/32101—Display, printing, storage or transmission of additional information, e.g. ID code, date and time or title
- H04N1/32144—Display, printing, storage or transmission of additional information, e.g. ID code, date and time or title embedded in the image data, i.e. enclosed or integrated in the image, e.g. watermark, super-imposed logo or stamp
- H04N1/32149—Methods relating to embedding, encoding, decoding, detection or retrieval operations
- H04N1/32267—Methods relating to embedding, encoding, decoding, detection or retrieval operations combined with processing of the image
- H04N1/32277—Compression
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H04N1/00—Scanning, transmission or reproduction of documents or the like, e.g. facsimile transmission; Details thereof
- H04N1/32—Circuits or arrangements for control or supervision between transmitter and receiver or between image input and image output device, e.g. between a still-image camera and its memory or between a still-image camera and a printer device
- H04N1/32101—Display, printing, storage or transmission of additional information, e.g. ID code, date and time or title
- H04N1/32144—Display, printing, storage or transmission of additional information, e.g. ID code, date and time or title embedded in the image data, i.e. enclosed or integrated in the image, e.g. watermark, super-imposed logo or stamp
- H04N1/32149—Methods relating to embedding, encoding, decoding, detection or retrieval operations
- H04N1/32288—Multiple embedding, e.g. cocktail embedding, or redundant embedding, e.g. repeating the additional information at a plurality of locations in the image
- H04N1/32304—Embedding different sets of additional information
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N19/00—Methods or arrangements for coding, decoding, compressing or decompressing digital video signals
- H04N19/46—Embedding additional information in the video signal during the compression process
- H04N19/467—Embedding additional information in the video signal during the compression process characterised by the embedded information being invisible, e.g. watermarking
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N21/00—Selective content distribution, e.g. interactive television or video on demand [VOD]
- H04N21/80—Generation or processing of content or additional data by content creator independently of the distribution process; Content per se
- H04N21/83—Generation or processing of protective or descriptive data associated with content; Content structuring
- H04N21/835—Generation of protective data, e.g. certificates
- H04N21/8358—Generation of protective data, e.g. certificates involving watermark
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N7/00—Television systems
- H04N7/24—Systems for the transmission of television signals using pulse code modulation
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T2201/00—General purpose image data processing
- G06T2201/005—Image watermarking
- G06T2201/0052—Embedding of the watermark in the frequency domain
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N2201/00—Indexing scheme relating to scanning, transmission or reproduction of documents or the like, and to details thereof
- H04N2201/32—Circuits or arrangements for control or supervision between transmitter and receiver or between image input and image output device, e.g. between a still-image camera and its memory or between a still-image camera and a printer device
- H04N2201/3201—Display, printing, storage or transmission of additional information, e.g. ID code, date and time or title
- H04N2201/3225—Display, printing, storage or transmission of additional information, e.g. ID code, date and time or title of data relating to an image, a page or a document
- H04N2201/3233—Display, printing, storage or transmission of additional information, e.g. ID code, date and time or title of data relating to an image, a page or a document of authentication information, e.g. digital signature, watermark
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N2201/00—Indexing scheme relating to scanning, transmission or reproduction of documents or the like, and to details thereof
- H04N2201/32—Circuits or arrangements for control or supervision between transmitter and receiver or between image input and image output device, e.g. between a still-image camera and its memory or between a still-image camera and a printer device
- H04N2201/3201—Display, printing, storage or transmission of additional information, e.g. ID code, date and time or title
- H04N2201/3269—Display, printing, storage or transmission of additional information, e.g. ID code, date and time or title of machine readable codes or marks, e.g. bar codes or glyphs
- H04N2201/327—Display, printing, storage or transmission of additional information, e.g. ID code, date and time or title of machine readable codes or marks, e.g. bar codes or glyphs which are undetectable to the naked eye, e.g. embedded codes
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Multimedia (AREA)
- Signal Processing (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
- Computer Security & Cryptography (AREA)
- Editing Of Facsimile Originals (AREA)
- Compression Or Coding Systems Of Tv Signals (AREA)
- Image Processing (AREA)
- Television Systems (AREA)
- Compression, Expansion, Code Conversion, And Decoders (AREA)
Description
式中、D_k[i](i=1,...,n_k)は、V[k]を計算するのに使用されるDCT係数の集合の項(メンバ)を示し、n_kは項の数を示し、F_k[i](i=1,...,n_k)は、フィルタ処理に関係する重み付け係数である。F_kの概念は、各係数についてどの程度の大きさのノイズが予想できるかに従って、DCT係数に重み付けを行おうというものである。V[1,...,N]を計算するには、画像全体にわたって最初にn×nのDCT係数を計算する。次に、その係数をN個の集合に分類し、そのそれぞれをV[1,...,N]の各要素に関連づける。DCT係数の分類の規則は予め設定したものであり、電子透かしの挿入および検出の両方に同じ規則を使用する。
ここで、αは小さい定数であり、Wはゼロ平均電子透かし信号である。ここでは同じ式を使用することもできるが、制約が大きいため、本発明によって本来可能である強い電子透かしを実現することはできない。そこで、このかわりに次式を用いる。
ここでmean()は平均値を与える関数である。これによって、大抵の場合は、画像に知覚できる変化を生じることなく、電子透かしWと完全な相関を有するωを挿入することができる。
ここで、std(X)はXの標準偏差である。
式中、重み付け係数F_k[1,...,n_k]は、V[k]の計算で使用したものと同じ値である。次に、値Vr[k]とターゲット値ω[k]との間の差の絶対値と、その差の符号を、以下の式によって計算する(ステップ504)。
s=Sign(Vr[k]−ω[k])
ここで、
れらの各付加的な電子透かしは、電子透かしの挿入後に画像に対して対応する既知の変換を行う場合に、電子透かしの挿入時に使用したn×nブロックのグリッドが、検出時に使用される所定のグリッドと一致するように設計されている。したがって、例えばDVDの場合、画像に対して変換が施されない場合には、検出時のグリッドは(何の変換もうけていない)通常の電子透かしのものと一致し、通常の電子透かしが検出される。付加的な電子透かしとして、“パンスキャン”用の電子透かしを挿入しておけば、画像に対して“パンスキャン”変換を行うと、検出時のグリッドが“パンスキャン”用の電子透かしのものと一致し、“パンスキャン”用の電子透かしが検出される。“レターボックス”変換もしくは任意他の所定の変換についても同様に、対応する付加的な電子透かしを挿入することによって対処できるようになる。
式中、f(r,c)はrおよびcの線形関数であり、f(0,1)およびf(1,0)は整数である。さらに、h_m(i,j)を下記式で表される関数とする。
式中、aは整数である。
これは、指数mが
m1=(m0+f(0,1)) mod M
に等しいブロックが、m=m0であるブロックに隣接していることを意味している。そこで、行列VB1において、値VB_m1を値VB_m0の隣りにコピーする。そのため、各I(I=0,...,M−1)について、VB_m’[i,j](i=1,...,n,j=1,...,n,m’=I×f(0,1) mod M)を、左上の角の指数を(1,nI+1)とする、VB1内のn×nの正方形領域にコピーする。全ての値Iをコピーした後、f(0,1)とMが互いに素であることから、配列VB1は値VB_m[i,j]で埋まる。次に、配列VB1中の値を水平方向にXだけ巡回シフトさせる。
これは、指数mが
m1=(m0+f(1,0))mod M
に等しいブロックが、m=m0であるブロック下にあることを意味している。そこで、行列VB2において、値VB_m1を値VB_m0下にコピーする。そのため、各I(I=0,...,M−1)に対して、VB_m’[i,j](i=1,...,n,j=1,...,n,m’=I×f(0,1) mod M)を、左上の角の指数を(nI+1,1)とする、VBI内のn×nの正方形領域にコピーする。全ての値Iをコピーした後、f(1,0)とMが互いに素であることから、配列VB2は値VB_m[i,j]で埋まる。次に、配列VB2中の値を垂直方向にYだけ巡回シフトさせる。
32 フレームメモリ
34,50,56,70, DCT計算器
36 量子化器
38 可変長符号化器
40,58 逆量子化器
42,54 逆DCT計算器
44,52,60,64 加算器
62 電子透かし修正部
80 ハフマン復号器・パーシャルパーサ
82,94 電子透かしアキュムレータ(蓄積器)
84,96 比較器
90,102,106,110,114 8×8アキュムレータ
92,112 DCT変換器
104 逆DCT変換器
108 レジストレーション処理
116 電子透かし抽出器
118 電子透かし復号器
Claims (1)
- 2次元のマルチメディアデータをブロック分割して得られる各ブロックのデータを、ブロックにおける要素ごとに加算を行うことによって前記マルチメディアデータ全体で加算して得られる合計ブロックに、透かしの空間位置を合わせるためのパターンであるレジストレーションパターンが現れるように、前記ブロックの各データの値を変更する、電子透かし挿入方法であって、
前記レジストレーションパターンをDCT変換して、レジストレーションパターンの変換係数を取得し、
前記レジストレーションパターンの変換係数と高相関を有するターゲット値を変換係数インデックスごとに定め、
前記合計ブロックをDCT変換し、得られた値と前記ターゲット値との差分を変換係数インデックスごとに求め、
前記各ブロックをDCT変換して前記各ブロックの変換係数を求め、
同じ変換係数インデックスを有する前記各ブロックの変換係数間で、前記変換係数インデックスに対応する前記差分を分配し、前記ブロックの変換係数へ加算することによって、前記ブロックの変換係数の各値を変更することを特徴とする、電子透かし挿入方法。
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US9053298P | 1998-06-24 | 1998-06-24 | |
US09/118467 | 1998-07-17 | ||
US60/090532 | 1998-07-17 | ||
US09/118,467 US6154571A (en) | 1998-06-24 | 1998-07-17 | Robust digital watermarking |
Related Parent Applications (1)
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JP2007026098A Division JP4506991B2 (ja) | 1998-06-24 | 2007-02-05 | ロバストなデジタル電子透かし入れ信号の挿入方法および電子透かし検出方法 |
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JP2012006049A Division JP5321698B2 (ja) | 1998-06-24 | 2012-01-16 | ロバストなデジタル電子透かし入れ信号の挿入方法および電子透かし検出方法 |
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JP2010136456A JP2010136456A (ja) | 2010-06-17 |
JP4947172B2 true JP4947172B2 (ja) | 2012-06-06 |
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JP17104999A Expired - Fee Related JP3687725B2 (ja) | 1998-06-24 | 1999-06-17 | ロバストなデジタル電子透かし入れ信号の挿入方法 |
JP2004162106A Expired - Fee Related JP3978613B2 (ja) | 1998-06-24 | 2004-05-31 | ロバストなデジタル電子透かし入れ信号の挿入方法および電子透かし検出方法 |
JP2007026098A Expired - Fee Related JP4506991B2 (ja) | 1998-06-24 | 2007-02-05 | ロバストなデジタル電子透かし入れ信号の挿入方法および電子透かし検出方法 |
JP2010057425A Expired - Fee Related JP4947172B2 (ja) | 1998-06-24 | 2010-03-15 | ロバストなデジタル電子透かし入れ信号の挿入方法および電子透かし検出方法 |
JP2012006049A Expired - Fee Related JP5321698B2 (ja) | 1998-06-24 | 2012-01-16 | ロバストなデジタル電子透かし入れ信号の挿入方法および電子透かし検出方法 |
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JP17104999A Expired - Fee Related JP3687725B2 (ja) | 1998-06-24 | 1999-06-17 | ロバストなデジタル電子透かし入れ信号の挿入方法 |
JP2004162106A Expired - Fee Related JP3978613B2 (ja) | 1998-06-24 | 2004-05-31 | ロバストなデジタル電子透かし入れ信号の挿入方法および電子透かし検出方法 |
JP2007026098A Expired - Fee Related JP4506991B2 (ja) | 1998-06-24 | 2007-02-05 | ロバストなデジタル電子透かし入れ信号の挿入方法および電子透かし検出方法 |
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JP2012006049A Expired - Fee Related JP5321698B2 (ja) | 1998-06-24 | 2012-01-16 | ロバストなデジタル電子透かし入れ信号の挿入方法および電子透かし検出方法 |
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Country | Link |
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US (4) | US6154571A (ja) |
EP (4) | EP2306725A3 (ja) |
JP (5) | JP3687725B2 (ja) |
CA (1) | CA2276378C (ja) |
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EP2306725A2 (en) | 2011-04-06 |
US6154571A (en) | 2000-11-28 |
EP2306726B1 (en) | 2013-09-18 |
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