JP4906505B2 - 癌診断のための発現プロフィールアルゴリズムおよび試験 - Google Patents
癌診断のための発現プロフィールアルゴリズムおよび試験 Download PDFInfo
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Description
本発明は、癌患者における予後診断決定のための非侵襲性定量試験を提供する。この試験は、特定のメッセンジャーRNA(mRNA)または対応する遺伝子発現産物の腫瘍レベルの測定値に依存する。これらのmRNAレベルまたはタンパク質レベルは、再発リスク(再発スコア)または治療に対する患者応答の可能性(応答スコア)を示す、数値的スコアを得る多項式(アルゴリズム)に代入される。
癌専門医が十分に道理に基づいた処置決定を下すのに役立つ臨床試験が必要である。癌専門医が日常の診療で直面する最も基本的な決定の1つは、化学療法剤を用いて特定の患者の処置を行うか先送りするかの決定である。癌のための現在の治療薬は、一般に、かなりの毒性を伴うが、効力はそれほど大きくない。従って、患者(原発腫瘍の切除後)が転移性再発を有する可能性があることを予め決定することは非常に望ましい。この情報を得るのに信頼できる方法があったならば、高リスク患者には補助的化学療法が選択され得、そして癌の再発を有する可能性のない患者は化学療法に伴う有害事象への不必要な曝露を回避し得たはずである。同様に、患者(原発腫瘍の切除前または後のいずれか)を特定の治療に供する前に、患者がこのような処置に応答を示す可能性があるか否かを知ることが望ましい。特定の治療法(例えば、特定の化学療法剤および/または放射線学を用いる処置)に応答を示す可能性のない患者については、貴重な時間を浪費することなく、他の処置が計画されそして用いられ得る。
Perou et al.,Nature 406:747〜752(2000) Golub et al.,Science 286:531〜537(1999);Bhattacharjae et al.,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 98:13790〜13795(2001);Chen−Hsiang et al.,Bioinformatics 17(補遺1):S316〜S322(2001) Ramaswamy et al.,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 98:15149〜15154(2001) Martin et al.,Cancer Res.60:2232〜2238(2000);West et al.,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 98:11462〜11467(2001) Sorlie et al.,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 98:10869〜10874(2001) Yan et al.,Cancer Res.61:8375〜8380(2001) Van De Vivjer et al.,New England Journal of Medicine 347:1999〜2009(2002)
(a)前記被験体から得た癌細胞を含む生物学的サンプルを遺伝子またはタンパク質発現プロファイリングに供する工程;
(b)各遺伝子についての発現値を決定するために、複数の個々の遺伝子の遺伝子またはタンパク質発現レベルを定量化する工程;
(c)遺伝子またはタンパク質発現値のサブセットであって、各サブセットが癌に関連した生物学的機能によっておよび/または同時発現によって連関している遺伝子またはタンパク質についての発現値を含む、サブセットを作製する工程;
(d)サブセット内の各遺伝子の発現レベルに、前記サブセット内の癌の再発または治療への応答に対するその相対的寄与率を反映する係数を掛け、この積を加算して前記サブセットについての項を得る工程;
(e)各サブセットの項に、癌の再発または治療への応答に対するその寄与率を反映する換算係数を掛ける工程;ならびに
(f)前記換算係数を掛けた各サブセットについての項の合計を求めて、再発スコア(RS)または治療への応答スコア(RTS)を得る工程、を包含し、
ここで、癌の再発または治療への応答と線形相関を示さない各サブセットの寄与率は、所定の閾値を超える場合に限り算入され、そして
ここで、含まれる遺伝子またはタンパク質の発現の増大により癌再発のリスクが低下するサブセットには、負の値が付与され、そして、含まれる遺伝子またはタンパク質の発現の増大により癌の再発のリスクが増大するサブセットには、正の値が付与される。
(a)前記被験体から得た腫瘍細胞を含む生物学的サンプルにおいて、GRB7、HER2、ER、PR、Bcl2、CEGP1、SURV、Ki.67、MYBL2、CCNB1、STK15、CTSL2、およびSTMY3のRNA転写物、またはそれらの発現産物、あるいは対応する代替遺伝子またはそれらの発現産物の発現レベルを決定する工程;
(b)以下の遺伝子サブセット:
(i)成長因子サブセット:GRB7およびHER2;
(ii)分化(エストロゲン受容体)サブセット:ER、PR、Bcl2、およびCEGP1;
(iii)増殖サブセット:SURV、Ki.67、MYBL2、CCNB1、およびSTK15;ならびに
(iv)侵襲サブセット:CTSL2、およびSTMY3;
を作製する工程であって、
ここで、(i)〜(iv)の任意のサブセット内の遺伝子は、ピアソンの相関係数が0.40以上である前記腫瘍中の前記遺伝子と同時発現する代替遺伝子で置換され得る、工程;ならびに
(c)乳癌の再発または治療への応答に対する(i)〜(iv)の各サブセットの寄与率を重み付けすることによって、前記被験体についての再発スコア(RS)または治療への応答スコア(RTS)を算出する工程、を包含する。
ここで、より高いRSまたはRTSは、乳癌の再発の可能性の増大または治療(適用可能な場合)に対する応答の可能性の低下を表す。
(a)前記被験体から得た腫瘍細胞を含む生物学的サンプルにおいて、GRB7、HER2、EstRl、PR、Bcl2、CEGP1、SURV、Ki.67、MYBL2、CCNB1、STK15、CTSL2、STMY3、CD68、GSTM1、およびBAG1、またはそれらの発現産物の発現レベルを決定する工程;ならびに
(b)以下の方程式:
RS=(0.23〜0.70)×GRB7軸閾値(axisthresh)−(0.17〜0.51)×ER軸+(0.53〜1.56)×増殖軸閾値(prolifaxisthresh)+(0.07〜0.21)×侵襲軸(invasionaxis)+(0.03〜0.15)×CD68−(0.04〜0.25)×GSTM1−(0.05〜0.22)×BAG1
によって再発スコア(RS)を算出する工程であって、
ここで、
(i)GRB7軸=(0.45〜1.35)×GRB7+(0.05〜0.15)×HER2;
(ii)GRB7軸<−2であれば、GRB7軸閾値=−2であり、そして
GRB7軸≧−2であれば、GRB7軸閾値=GRB7軸である;
(iii)ER軸=(Est1+PR+Bcl2+CEGP1)/4;
(iv)増殖軸=(SURV+Ki.67+MYBL2+CCNB1+STK15)/5;
(v)増殖軸<−3.5であれば、増殖軸閾値=−3.5であり、
増殖軸≧−3.5であれば、増殖軸閾値=増殖軸である;および
(vi)侵襲軸=(CTSL2+STMY3)/2であって、
ここで、範囲が具体的には示されていない全ての個々の遺伝子についての項は約0.5〜1.5の間で変動し得、そしてここで、より高いRSは乳癌の再発の可能性の増大を表す、工程
を包含する。
(好ましい実施形態の詳細な説明)
A.定義
他に規定しない限り、本明細書において使用される技術用語および科学用語は、本発明が属する技術の当業者によって通常理解されるのと同様の意味を有する。Singleton et al.,Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology 2nd ed., J.Wiley & Sons(New York, NY 1994)、およびMarch、Advanced Organic Chemistry Reactions, Mechanisms and Structure 4th ed., John Wiley & Sons(New York, NY 1992)は、本願に用いた多数の用語に対する一般指針を当業者に提供する。
本発明の実施には、他に指示がない限り、分子生物学(組換え技術を含む)、微生物学、細胞生物学、および生化学の従来技術を用い、これらは当該分野の技術範囲内である。このような技術は、例えば、「Molecular Cloning:A Laboratory Manual」,2nd edition(Sambrook et al.,1989);「Oligonucleotide Synthesis」(M.J.Gait,編,1984);「Animal Cell Culture」(R.I.Freshney,編,1987);「Methods in Enzymology」(Academic Press,Inc.);「Handbook of Experimental Immunology」,4th edition(D.M.Weir & C.C.Blackwell,編,Blackwell Science Inc.,1987);「Gene Transfer Vectors for Mammalian Cells」(J.M.Miller & M.P.Calos,編,1987);「Current Protocols in Molecular Biology」(F.M.Ausubelら,編,1987);および「PCR:The Polymerase Chain Reaction」、(Mullisら,編,1994)のような文献中で十分に説明される。
本発明は、癌細胞を含む生物学的サンプル中の特定遺伝子(mRNA)またはそれらの発現産物(タンパク質)のレベルを測定するのにアッセイを必要とする。代表的には、この生物学的サンプルは、例えば腫瘍生検または吸引によって腫瘍から得た、新鮮なまたは保存された組織サンプルであるが、腫瘍細胞を含む生物学的流体も分析に用いられ得る。
上記の技術のうち、最も高感度かつ最も適応性のある定量方法はqRT−PCRであり、これは、薬物処置を受けたかまたは受けていない、正常および腫瘍組織中の、異なるサンプル集団のmRNAレベルを比較して、遺伝子発現のパターンを特徴付けし、近縁種のmRNA間を区別し、そしてRNA構造を分析するのに用いられ得る。
差次的遺伝子発現もまたマイクロアレイ技術を用いて同定され得るか、または確認され得る。従って、乳癌関連遺伝子の発現プロフィールは、マイクロアレイ技術を用いて、新鮮な腫瘍組織かまたはパラフィン包埋腫瘍組織のいずれかにおいて測定され得る。この方法では、目的のポリヌクレオチド配列(cDNAおよびオリゴヌクレオチドを含む)をマイクロチップ基材上にプレートするかまたはアレイ化する。次いで、これらのアレイ化配列を、目的の細胞または組織由来の特定のDNAプローブとハイブリダイズさせる。RT−PCR法と同様に、mRNAの供給源は、代表的にはヒト腫瘍または腫瘍細胞株、および対応する正常組織または細胞株から単離された全RNAである。従って、RNAは、種々の原発腫瘍または腫瘍細胞株から単離され得る。mRNAの供給源が原発腫瘍である場合、mRNAは、例えば、凍結されているかまたは保存されているパラフィン包埋および固定(例えば、ホルマリン固定)組織サンプル(これらは、日々の臨床診療において日常的に調製されかつ保存される)から抽出され得る。
連続的遺伝子発現解析法(SAGE)は、各転写物についての個々のハイブリダイゼーションプローブを提供する必要なく、多数の遺伝子転写物の同時定量分析を可能にする方法である。まず、転写物を固有に同定するのに十分な情報を含む短配列タグ(約10〜14塩基対)が、このタグが各転写物中の固有の位置から得られるという条件で生成される。次いで、多数の転写物を連結させて、配列決定され得る長い連続分子を形成し、同時に多重タグの同一性を明らかにする。転写物の任意の集団の発現パターンが、個々のタグの存在量を決定し、そして各タグに対応する遺伝子を同定することによって定量的に評価され得る。さらに詳細には、例えば、Velculescu et al.,Science 270:484〜487(1995);およびVelculescu et al.,Cell 88:243〜51(1997)を参照のこと。
この方法は、Brenner et al.,Nature Biotechnology 18:630〜634(2000)によって記載され、非ゲルベースのシグニチャー配列決定と個々の直径5μmのマイクロビーズ上の何百万ものテンプレートのインビトロクローニングを組み合わせる配列決定アプローチである。まず、DNAテンプレートのマイクロビーズライブラリーが、インビトロクローニングによって構築される。続いて、高密度で(代表的には、3×106個のマイクロビーズ/cm2よりも高い密度で)フローセル中のテンプレート含有マイクロビーズの平面アレイを組み立てる。各マイクロビーズ上のクローン化テンプレートの自由端は、DNAフラグメント分離を必要としない蛍光ベースのシグニチャー配列決定法を用いて同時に分析される。この方法により、単一の操作で、酵母cDNAライブラリーから数十万の遺伝子シグニチャー配列が同時にかつ正確にもたらされることが示されている。
免疫組織化学法もまた、本発明の予後マーカーの発現レベルを検出するのに適する。従って、抗体または抗血清、好ましくはポリクローナル抗血清、そして最も好ましくは各マーカーに特異的なモノクローナル抗体が、発現を検出するのに用いられる。これらの抗体は、例えば、放射活性標識、蛍光標識、ビオチンのようなハプテン標識、またはセイヨウワサビペルオキシダーゼもしくはアルカリホスファターゼのような酵素を用いた、抗体自体の直接標識によって検出され得る。あるいは、非標識一次抗体を、この一次抗体に特異的な抗血清、ポリクローナル抗血清またはモノクローナル抗体を含む、標識二次抗体と併せて用いる。免疫組織化学プロトコールおよびキットは当該分野において周知であり、かつ市販されている。
用語「プロテオーム」は、特定の時点でサンプル(例えば組織、生物体、または細胞培養物)中に存在するタンパク質全体と定義される。中でも、プロテオミクスは、サンプル中のタンパク質発現の全体的な変化の研究(「発現プロテオミクス」とも呼ばれる)を包含する。プロテオミクスは、代表的には以下の工程を包含する:(1)2次元ゲル電気泳動(2−D PAGE)によるサンプル中の個々のタンパク質の分離;(2)例えば質量分析またはN末端配列決定による、ゲルから回収した個々のタンパク質の同定、および(3)バイオインフォマティクスを用いたデータの分析。プロテオミクス法は、遺伝子発現プロファイリングの他の方法への有益な補足であり、単独でも他の方法と組み合わせても、本発明の予後マーカーの産生を検出するのに用いられ得る。
本発明の重要な局面は、癌(例えば乳癌)組織による特定の遺伝子の発現(またはそれらの発現産物)を測定し、予後情報を得るのに用いることである。このために、アッセイしたRNAの量における差および用いたRNAの質における可変性の両方について補正(正規化)する必要がある。従って、このアッセイは、代表的には、周知のハウスキーピング遺伝子(例えば、GAPDHおよびβ−ACTIN)を含む特定の正規化遺伝子の発現を測定し、そして組み込む。あるいは、正規化は、全てのアッセイした遺伝子またはそれらの大サブユニットの平均または中央シグナル(Ct)に基づいたものであり得る(全体的な正規化アプローチ)。開示全体にわたって、他に記述のない限り、遺伝子の発現レベルへの言及は、必ずしも明記されているとは限らないが、参照セットと比較して正規化された発現とみなす。
qRT−PCRを用いてmRNAレベルを測定する場合、mRNA量は、Ct(閾値サイクル)単位で表される(Heldら,Genome Research 6:986〜994(1996))。参照mRNA Ctの合計の平均をゼロに設定し、そして各々の測定した試験mRNA Ctを、このゼロ点を参照して得た。例えば、特定の患者腫瘍検体について、5つの参照遺伝子のCtの平均が31であり、かつ試験遺伝子CRB7のCtが35であると求められれば、GRB7についての報告値は−4(すなわち31−35)である。
本発明のアルゴリズムによって決定されるような再発スコア(RS)または処置への応答スコア(RTS)は、開業医が重大な処置決定を行うのに有益なツールをもたらす。従って、特定の患者のRSが低ければ、医師は、癌(例えば乳癌)の外科的切除後の化学療法が患者の長期生存を保証するのに必須ではないと判断する場合がある。結果として、この患者は、医療化学療法処置の標準のしばしば非常に重篤な副作用を受けることがない。一方、RSが高いと決定されると、この情報を用いて、どの化学療法または他の処置選択肢(例えば、放射線療法)がこの患者の処置に最も適するかを決定し得る。同様に、特定の処置について患者のRTSスコアが低ければ、他のより有効な治療法を用いて、その特定の患者の癌を治療する。
乳癌の再発を予測するためのアルゴリズム
このアルゴリズムは、16個のmRNAマーカーの腫瘍レベルの測定値に基づいておりり、これらのマーカーは以下の2つの大基準によって選択した:1)下記の臨床研究における乳癌の再発との一変量相関、および2)公表科学文献に示されるように腫瘍病理学における潜在的重要性。
1.GRB7軸を規定
GRB7軸=(0.45〜1.35)×GRB7+(0.05〜0.15)×HER2
2.GRB7軸閾値を規定
GRB7軸<−2である場合
GRB7GT閾値=−2、
他のGRB7GT閾値=GRB7軸
3.ER軸を規定
Er軸=(EstR1+PR+Bcl2+CEGP1)/4であって、ここで、リストに記載した遺伝子の個々の寄与率は、0.5から1.5までにわたる換算係数によって重み付けされ得る。
4.増殖軸(prolifaxis)を規定
増殖軸=(SURV+Ki.67+MYBL2+CCNB1+STK15)/5であって、ここで、リストに記載した遺伝子の個々の寄与率は、0.5から1.5までの換算係数によって重み付けされ得る。
5.増殖軸閾値(prolifaxisthresh)を規定
増殖軸<−3.5である場合
増殖軸閾値=−3.5、
他の増殖軸閾値=増殖軸
6.侵襲軸を規定
侵襲軸=(CTSL2+STMY3)/2であって、ここで、リストに記載した遺伝子の個々の寄与率は、0.5から1.5までの換算係数によって重み付けされ得る。
7.再発スコア(RS)を算出
RS=(0.23〜0.70)×GRB7GT閾値−(0.17〜0.51)×ER軸+(0.52〜1.56)×増殖軸閾値+(0.07〜0.21)×侵襲軸+(0.03〜0.15)×CD68−(0.04〜0.25)×GSTM1−(0.05〜0.22)×BAG1。
RS=0.47×GRB7GT閾値−0.34×ER軸+1.04×増殖軸閾値+0.14×侵襲軸+0.11×CD68−0.17×GSTM1−0.15BAG1。
242個の悪性乳房腫瘍における遺伝子発現の研究
遺伝子発現研究を計画しかつ実行して、リンパ節陰性浸潤乳癌を有する患者の集団における再発スコア(RS)値を決定し、そしてRS値と疾患を有さない生存との間の相関を求めた。本研究は、保存されている固定パラフィン包埋腫瘍ブロックをRNAの供給源として利用し、そして保管されている患者記録を適合させた。
分子アッセイを、浸潤乳癌と診断された252人の個々の患者から得たパラフィン包埋ホルマリン固定原発乳房腫瘍組織に対して行った。全ての患者は、リンパ節陰性、ER陽性であり、タモキシフェンで処置されていた。平均年齢は52歳であり、平均臨床腫瘍サイズは2cmであった。平均追跡検査は10.9年であった。2003年1月1日現在で、41人の患者が、局所または遠隔に疾患を再発したかまたは乳癌死した。患者は、組織病理学的評価(材料および方法の項に記載されるように実施される)が適当量の腫瘍組織および同種の病理を示す場合に限り、本研究に含まれる。
代表的な腫瘍ブロックの各々を、診断、腫瘍の量の半定量的評価、および腫瘍進行度について標準組織病理学によって特徴付けした。腫瘍領域が断面の70%未満であった場合、腫瘍領域を肉眼で見て解剖し、そして組織を6つの(10ミクロン)切片から取り出した。さもなければ、合計3つの切片(同じく各々厚み10ミクロン)を調製した。切片を、2本のCostar Brandマイクロ遠心分離管(ポリプロピレン、1.7mLチューブ、透明)に入れた。2以上の腫瘍ブロックを外科的手順の一環として得た場合、病理の最も代表的なブロックを分析に用いた。遺伝子発現分析;mRNAを固定パラフィン包埋組織サンプルから抽出および精製し、上述のように遺伝子発現分析用に調製した。定量的遺伝子発現の分子アッセイを、ABI PRISM 7900TM配列検出システムTM(Perkin−Elmer−Applied Biosystems,Foster City,CA,USA)を用いてRT−PCRによって行った。ABI PRISM 7900TMは、サーモサイクラー、レーザー、電荷結合素子(CCD)、カメラおよびコンピュータで構成される。このシステムは、サーモサイクラーで384ウェル形式中のサンプルを増幅する。このシステムは、この機器を作動させるためおよびデータを解析するためのソフトウェアを備える。
正規化した遺伝子発現値を上記患者検体から得、これらを用いて各患者についてのRSを算出し、このRSは、図1AおよびBに示したように、各々のKaplan−Meierの10年生存データと適合させた。図のように、約−3.75未満のRS値を有する患者は、10年間再発のない生存の見込みを〜90%有する。再発率は、RS値>−3.3で急増する。RSが〜−3.0で10年間の再発リスクは約30%であり、RSが〜−2.0で10年間の再発リスクは50%を超える。図1Bは、約70%の患者が、最も低いリスクカテゴリーに入ることを示す。
本発明のアルゴリズムの妥当性
前向き臨床妥当性研究を行って、米国乳癌・大腸癌術後補助療法プロジェクト(National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project)(NSABP)のタモキシフェン単独部門に登録された患者における固定パラフィン包埋腫瘍組織からのRNAの抽出および定量のための多重遺伝子RT−PCRアッセイの性能を検査した。
Claims (12)
- 侵襲性リンパ節陰性エストロゲン受容体(ER)陽性乳癌のヒト患者における乳癌の再発またはタモキシフェン療法への応答の可能性を決定する方法であって、該方法は、以下の工程:
(a)該乳者の乳癌腫瘍から得た生物学的サンプルにおいて、GRB7;HER2;EstR1;PR;BCL2;CEGP1;SURV;Ki.67;MYBL2;CCNB1;STK15;CTSL2、STMY3、CD68、GSTM1およびBAG1からなる遺伝子群のRNA転写物またはそれらの発現産物の発現レベルを測定する工程、
(b)以下の遺伝子サブセット:
(i)増殖サブセット:SURV、Ki.67、MYBL2、CCNB1、およびSTK15;
(ii)侵襲サブセット:CTSL2、およびSTMY3;
(iii)成長因子サブセット:GRB7およびHER2;
(iv)エストロゲン受容体サブセット:EstR1、PR、BCL2、およびCEGP1;
に分類する工程;
(c)前記(a)で得られた各遺伝子のRNA転写物、またはそれらの発現産物の発現レベルに、当該遺伝子の乳癌再発に対する寄与率を乗じる工程;
(d)前記(c)で得られた値を各サブセット毎に加算し、増殖スコア、侵襲スコア、GRB7スコア及びERスコアを含む各スコアを算出する工程;
(e)(d)で得られた各サブセットのスコアに当該サブセットの乳癌の再発に対する寄与率を重み付けして加算するとともに、CD68、GSTM1およびBAG1の重み付けされた発現レベルを加算することにより再発スコア(RS)を算出する工程;及び
(f)前記RSを提供する報告を作成する工程であって、より高いRSが当該患者における乳癌再発の可能性が高いこと又は当該患者のホルモン療法への応答性が低いことを示す工程を含む、方法。 - 前記遺伝子GRB7、HER2、EstR1、PR、CEGP1、BCL2、SURV、Ki.67、MYBL2、CCNB1、STK15、CTSL2、STMY3、CD68、GSTM1およびBAG1の発現が、タンパク質発現レベルである、請求項1に記載の方法。
- CD68のRNA転写物、またはその発現産物のレベルの増加が、乳癌の再発のリスクの増大と関連し、かつ正の値が付与される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- GSTM1およびBAG1のRNA転写物、またはその発現産物のレベルの増加が、乳癌の再発のリスクの低下と関連し、かつ負の値が付与される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- (i)〜(iv)の各遺伝子サブセットの各遺伝子の個々の寄与率が別々に重み付けされる、請求項1に記載の方法。
- (i)〜(iv)の遺伝子サブセットに記載される遺伝子、またはそれらの発現産物の、乳癌の再発に対する個々の寄与率を同等に重み付けする工程を包含する、請求項1に記載の方法。
- サブセット(i)、(ii)および(iii)における遺伝子のRNA転写物、またはそれらの発現産物のレベルの増加が、乳癌の再発のリスクの増大と関連し、かつ正の値が付与される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- サブセット(iv)の遺伝子における遺伝子のRNA転写物、またはそれらの発現産物のレベルの増加が、乳癌の再発のリスクの低下と関連し、かつ負の値が付与される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記生物学的サンプルが、新鮮な腫瘍組織、細針吸引液、腹水、管洗浄液および胸膜液からなる群より選択される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記生物学的サンプルが、固定パラフィン包埋腫瘍組織から得られる、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記RNA転写物の発現レベルが、RT−PCRによって決定される、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記生物学的サンプルが、フラグメント化されたRNAを含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
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