JP4857073B2 - リチウムイオンキャパシタ - Google Patents
リチウムイオンキャパシタ Download PDFInfo
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- JP4857073B2 JP4857073B2 JP2006286051A JP2006286051A JP4857073B2 JP 4857073 B2 JP4857073 B2 JP 4857073B2 JP 2006286051 A JP2006286051 A JP 2006286051A JP 2006286051 A JP2006286051 A JP 2006286051A JP 4857073 B2 JP4857073 B2 JP 4857073B2
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- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 110
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 109
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 title claims description 66
- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 claims description 61
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 57
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 44
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 43
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 38
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims description 38
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 claims description 29
- 230000001186 cumulative effect Effects 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 25
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 16
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 16
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 description 14
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 10
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 9
- -1 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 9
- 238000007600 charging Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229920002134 Carboxymethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 239000001768 carboxy methyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 6
- 235000010948 carboxy methyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 239000008112 carboxymethyl-cellulose Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000005001 laminate film Substances 0.000 description 6
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000006230 acetylene black Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 5
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910013870 LiPF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229920003048 styrene butadiene rubber Polymers 0.000 description 4
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007770 graphite material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000012046 mixed solvent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000004745 nonwoven fabric Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-Butyrolactone Chemical compound O=C1CCCO1 YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920003026 Acene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920000178 Acrylic resin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004925 Acrylic resin Substances 0.000 description 2
- YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine atom Chemical compound [F] YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002174 Styrene-butadiene Substances 0.000 description 2
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000011267 electrode slurry Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002427 irreversible effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000003973 paint Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 2
- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000005060 rubber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000565 sealant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920005992 thermoplastic resin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000002562 thickening agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001291 vacuum drying Methods 0.000 description 2
- WNXJIVFYUVYPPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dioxolane Chemical compound C1COCO1 WNXJIVFYUVYPPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000838 Al alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 101100008049 Caenorhabditis elegans cut-5 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OCC OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethoxyethane Chemical compound COCCOC XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910015015 LiAsF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013063 LiBF 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013684 LiClO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- JFBZPFYRPYOZCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li].[Al] Chemical compound [Li].[Al] JFBZPFYRPYOZCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005822 acrylic binder Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012512 characterization method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001940 conductive polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000010281 constant-current constant-voltage charging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003795 desorption Methods 0.000 description 1
- SMBQBQBNOXIFSF-UHFFFAOYSA-N dilithium Chemical compound [Li][Li] SMBQBQBNOXIFSF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- ACFSQHQYDZIPRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;bis(1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethylsulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Li+].FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F ACFSQHQYDZIPRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002931 mesocarbon microbead Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004005 microsphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021470 non-graphitizable carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000005011 phenolic resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011295 pitch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920013716 polyethylene resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000790 scattering method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfolane Chemical compound O=S1(=O)CCCC1 HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES OR LIGHT-SENSITIVE DEVICES, OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
- H01G11/32—Carbon-based
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES OR LIGHT-SENSITIVE DEVICES, OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G4/00—Fixed capacitors; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G4/002—Details
- H01G4/005—Electrodes
- H01G4/008—Selection of materials
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES OR LIGHT-SENSITIVE DEVICES, OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/04—Hybrid capacitors
- H01G11/06—Hybrid capacitors with one of the electrodes allowing ions to be reversibly doped thereinto, e.g. lithium ion capacitors [LIC]
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES OR LIGHT-SENSITIVE DEVICES, OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/24—Electrodes characterised by structural features of the materials making up or comprised in the electrodes, e.g. form, surface area or porosity; characterised by the structural features of powders or particles used therefor
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES OR LIGHT-SENSITIVE DEVICES, OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
- H01G11/50—Electrodes characterised by their material specially adapted for lithium-ion capacitors, e.g. for lithium-doping or for intercalation
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/13—Energy storage using capacitors
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
- Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Electric Double-Layer Capacitors Or The Like (AREA)
- Secondary Cells (AREA)
- Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
- Cell Electrode Carriers And Collectors (AREA)
Description
尚、負極活物質である黒鉛の平均格子面間隔d002の測定は、粉末X線回折装置(リガク製RINT-UltimaIII)を用いて、学振法(日本学術振興会第117委員会、炭素 1963[No.36])に準じて測定した。 本発明者は、かかるリチウムイオンキャパシタの負極活物質に、上記黒鉛を使用することで、高エネルギー密度化が可能であることを今回見出した。これは、黒鉛材料の充放電容量が300mAh/gから372mAh/gと高く、リチウムイオンのドープ/脱ドープ電位が広い充放電深度範囲でほぼ一定の値を示すためと推察した。
(実施例1)
<負極の製造法>
負極活物質である前記黒鉛として、ティムカル社製KS6を使用した。かかる黒鉛を88重量部、アセチレンブラック5重量部、スチレンブタジエンゴム系バインダー3重量部、カルボキシメチルセルロース4重量部、イオン交換水200重量部とを、混合攪拌機にて充分混合して負極用のスラリーを作成した。
比表面積2000m2/gの市販活性炭粉末92重量部、アセチレンブラック粉体6重量部、アクリル系バインダー7重量部、カルボキシメチルセルロース4重量部、水200重量部となる組成にて充分混合することでスラリーを得た。 かかるスラリーを厚さ38μm(気孔率47%)のアルミニウム製エキスパンドメタル(日本金属工業株式会社製)の両面に、非水系のカーボン系導電塗料をロールコーターにてコーティングし、乾燥させて導電層が形成された正極用集電体を作成した。全体の厚み(集電体厚みと導電層厚みの合計)は52μmであり、貫通孔はほぼ導電塗料により閉塞された。
負極の単位重量当たりの静電容量測定に必要なリチウムイオンのドープ量測定は、負極の単位重量当りの静電容量を5000F/gと設定して行った。上記負極を1.5cm×2.0cmサイズに切り出し、評価用負極とした。
上記正極を1.5cm×2.0cmサイズに切り出し、評価用正極とした。かかる正極に、対極として1.5cm×2.0cmサイズ、厚さ200μmの金属リチウムを厚さ50μmのポリエチレン製不織布をセパレータとして介し、組み合わせて模擬セルを組んだ。参照極としては、金属リチウムを用いた。電解液としては、プロピレンカーボネートに、1.2モル/lの濃度にLiPF6を溶解した溶液を用いた。
正極を2.4cm×3.8cmに5枚カットし、負極を2.5cm×3.9cmに6枚カットし、カットされた正極と負極とを、セパレータを介して積層し、150℃で12時間真空乾燥した。乾燥後、最上部と最下部にセパレータを配置させて4辺をテープ留めし、電極積層ユニットを作成した。
セル組み立て後14日間放置して、その後に各1セルずつ分解したところ、金属リチウムはいずれも完全に無くなっていた。かかる事実から、負極活物質の単位重量当たりに5000F/gの静電容量を得るためのリチウムイオンが、予め充電により確実にドープされたと判断した。その後、1セルの正極と負極を短絡させて、正極電位を測定したところ、正極電位は0.85V〜1.0Vの範囲となり、2.0V以下であることが確かめられた。
実施例2〜6は、図3に示すように、それぞれ負極活物質としての黒鉛に、002面の平均格子面間隔が0.3356〜0.3358nmのティムカル社製KS4、KS6、KS15、KS25を単独もしくは混合して用い、D50を2.9μm、2.4μm、3.0μm、3.7μm、3.9μmと、4.0μm以下に設定した。
比較例1〜7では、図3に示すように、上記実施例1〜6と同様に、それぞれ負極活物質としての黒鉛に、002面の平均格子面間隔が0.3356〜0.3358nmのティムカル社製KS4、KS6、KS15、KS25を単独もしくは混合して用いた。しかし、D50は、比較例3を除いて、4.3μm、4.1μm、5.0μm、6.1μm、8.0μm、11.0μmと、4.0μm以上に設定した。比較例3に関しては、D50は3.9μmと4.0μm以下であるが、(D90-D10)の値が7.1μmと7.0μmよりも大きい。
<負極の製造法>
厚さ0.5mmのフェノール樹脂成形板をシリコニット電気炉中に入れ、窒素雰囲気下で550℃まで50℃/時間の速度で、さらに10℃/時間の速度で670℃まで昇温して熱処理し、PAS(ポリアセン系骨格構造を有する不溶不融性の基体)を合成した。このようにして得られたPAS板をボールミルで粉砕することにより、平均粒子径が約4μmのPAS粉体を得た。このPAS粉体のH/C比は0.2であった。
11 セパレータ
12 負極
12a 負極集電体
12b 負極活物質層
13 正極
13a 正極集電体
13b 正極活物質層
14 リチウム極
14a リチウム極集電体
14b リチウムイオン供給源(金属リチウム)
15 導線
20 フィルム型リチウムイオンキャパシタ
21 セパレータ
22 負極
22a 負極集電体
22b 負極活物質層
22c 負極端子
23 正極
23a 正極集電体
23b 正極活物質層
23c 正極端子
24 リチウム極
24a リチウム極集電体
24b リチウムイオン供給源(金属リチウム)
25 ラミネートフィルム
26 ラミネートフィルム
Claims (6)
- 正極と、負極と、電解液としてリチウム塩の非プロトン性有機溶媒溶液を有するリチウムイオンキャパシタであって、
負極活物質には、90%体積累積径(D90)と10%体積累積径(D10)の差が(D90-D10)≦7.0μmである黒鉛が使用され、
前記黒鉛は、50%体積累積径(D 50 )がD 50 ≦4.0μmであることを特徴とするリチウムイオンキャパシタ。 - 請求項1記載のリチウムイオンキャパシタにおいて、
正極活物質がリチウムイオン、あるいはアニオン、あるいはリチウムイオン及びアニオンを、可逆的にドープ・脱ドープ可能な物質であり、
負極活物質がリチウムイオンを可逆的にドープ・脱ドープ可能な物質であり、
前記正極と前記負極を短絡させた場合の正極電位が2V(Li/Li+)以下となることを特徴とするリチウムイオンキャパシタ。 - 請求項1または2記載のリチウムイオンキャパシタにおいて、
前記黒鉛は、X線回折による002面の平均格子面間隔d002が0.335nm以上、0.337nm以下であることを特徴とするリチウムイオンキャパシタ。 - 請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載のリチウムイオンキャパシタにおいて、
前記負極、あるいは前記正極、あるいは前記負極及び前記正極とが、前記負極、あるいは前記正極、あるいは前記負極及び前記正極とに対向して配置されたリチウムイオン供給源との電気化学的接触により、リチウムイオンが予めドープされていることを特徴とするリチウムイオンキャパシタ。 - 請求項1〜4のいずれか1項に記載のリチウムイオンキャパシタにおいて、
前記負極活物質は、正極活物質に比べて、単位重量あたりの静電容量が3倍以上を有し、かつ正極活物質重量が負極活物質重量よりも大きいことを特徴とするリチウムイオンキャパシタ。 - 請求項1〜5のいずれか1項に記載のリチウムイオンキャパシタにおいて、
前記正極及び前記負極は、貫通孔を設けた集電体を有することを特徴とするリチウムイオンキャパシタ。
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