JP4505475B2 - 燃料電池システム - Google Patents
燃料電池システム Download PDFInfo
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- JP4505475B2 JP4505475B2 JP2007017597A JP2007017597A JP4505475B2 JP 4505475 B2 JP4505475 B2 JP 4505475B2 JP 2007017597 A JP2007017597 A JP 2007017597A JP 2007017597 A JP2007017597 A JP 2007017597A JP 4505475 B2 JP4505475 B2 JP 4505475B2
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- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 title claims description 116
- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 claims description 53
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 claims description 30
- 230000001172 regenerating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 26
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000012495 reaction gas Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000000116 mitigating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000002040 relaxant effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 17
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 17
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 7
- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000005518 polymer electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000002737 fuel gas Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 3
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000000994 depressogenic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- -1 for example Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000009499 grossing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dioxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001364 causal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001882 dioxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000012447 hatching Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003014 ion exchange membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010030 laminating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008929 regeneration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011069 regeneration method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M16/00—Structural combinations of different types of electrochemical generators
- H01M16/003—Structural combinations of different types of electrochemical generators of fuel cells with other electrochemical devices, e.g. capacitors, electrolysers
- H01M16/006—Structural combinations of different types of electrochemical generators of fuel cells with other electrochemical devices, e.g. capacitors, electrolysers of fuel cells with rechargeable batteries
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04223—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids during start-up or shut-down; Depolarisation or activation, e.g. purging; Means for short-circuiting defective fuel cells
- H01M8/04228—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids during start-up or shut-down; Depolarisation or activation, e.g. purging; Means for short-circuiting defective fuel cells during shut-down
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
- H01M8/04537—Electric variables
- H01M8/04544—Voltage
- H01M8/04559—Voltage of fuel cell stacks
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
- H01M8/04537—Electric variables
- H01M8/04544—Voltage
- H01M8/04567—Voltage of auxiliary devices, e.g. batteries, capacitors
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
- H01M8/04537—Electric variables
- H01M8/04574—Current
- H01M8/04589—Current of fuel cell stacks
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
- H01M8/04537—Electric variables
- H01M8/04574—Current
- H01M8/04597—Current of auxiliary devices, e.g. batteries, capacitors
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04694—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by variables to be controlled
- H01M8/04858—Electric variables
- H01M8/04895—Current
- H01M8/0491—Current of fuel cell stacks
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04694—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by variables to be controlled
- H01M8/04858—Electric variables
- H01M8/04925—Power, energy, capacity or load
- H01M8/0494—Power, energy, capacity or load of fuel cell stacks
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2250/00—Fuel cells for particular applications; Specific features of fuel cell system
- H01M2250/20—Fuel cells in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
- H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
- H01M8/04694—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by variables to be controlled
- H01M8/04955—Shut-off or shut-down of fuel cells
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02T90/40—Application of hydrogen technology to transportation, e.g. using fuel cells
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Fuel Cell (AREA)
- Electric Propulsion And Braking For Vehicles (AREA)
Description
(1)前記出力制御装置は、負荷の要求出力に応じて前記燃料電池の目標出力を算出する目標出力算出手段(S9、S11)と、前記要求出力の出力増減判定手段(S1)と、前記出力増減判定手段により、前記要求出力が減少したと判定されたとき、前記目標出力を前記要求出力の下降速度より遅い下降速度で下降させる出力下降速度制限手段(S3)と、を備えることを特徴とする。
この特徴(1)を備える発明によれば、要求出力減少時、燃料電池の目標出力を徐々に、すなわち、前記要求出力の下降速度より遅い下降速度で下降させることで、出力下降時の燃料電池の高効率状態を有効に利用することができ、平均的に発電効率を高くすることができる。
(2) 上記の特徴(1)を備える発明において、さらに、前記負荷に対して並列に蓄電装置を接続し、前記目標出力を前記要求出力の下降速度より遅い下降速度で下降させるときの余剰出力により前記蓄電装置を充電することを特徴とする。
この特徴(2)を備える発明によれば、次に目標出力が増加したときに蓄電装置によるより多くのアシストが可能となる。
(3) 上記の特徴(2)を備える発明において、前記余剰出力が前記蓄電装置の連続充電電力許容限界を超える場合には、前記要求出力の下降速度より遅い下降速度で下降させる前記目標出力を、前記要求出力の下降速度にもどすか近づけて下降させる出力下降速度制限緩和手段(S6)を備えることを特徴とする。
この特徴(3)を備える発明によれば、蓄電装置の損傷のおそれを未然に回避でき、かつ蓄電装置を連続充電電力許容限界で充電することにより、次に目標出力が増加したときに蓄電装置によるより多くのアシストが可能となり、平均的効率をさらに向上させることができる。
蓄電装置と燃料電池との間にコンバータが配置されるシステムにおいては、コンバータ又は蓄電装置の中、いずれか小さい方の連続電流許容限界を上回らないように充電電流を制限すればよい。
なお、燃料電池としては、例えば固体高分子型燃料電池に適用されるが、これに限らず、出力下降時に発電効率が上昇し、出力上昇時に発電効率が低下する他の燃料電池に適用することができる。
(4)上記の特徴(3)を備える発明において、さらに、前記負荷が電動機16であって、前記要求出力の減少が前記電動機の回生出力による減少であるときに、前記余剰出力と前記回生電力の合計が、前記蓄電装置の連続充電電力許容限界を超える場合には、前記出力下降速度制限緩和手段による出力下降速度制限緩和処理を行って前記燃料電池の発電電力を絞り、前記電動機による回生電力により前記蓄電装置を優先的に充電し、それでも、前記余剰出力と前記回生電力の合計が、前記蓄電装置の連続充電電力許容限界を超える場合には、前記回生電力による前記蓄電装置への充電を制限する制限調整手段(S4)を備えることを特徴とする。
この特徴(4)を備える発明によれば、蓄電装置に対して燃料電池からの発電電力と回生電力の両方が供給される場合、合計出力が蓄電装置の最大出力を超える場合には、まず燃料電池の発電電力を絞り、蓄電装置に対して回生電力を優先して蓄電(回収)し、次に回生電力を絞るようにしているので、平均的発電効率をさらに向上させることができる。このように、制限調整手段を備えているので、蓄電装置を過充電電流から保護することができる。
14…燃料電池 16…モータ
18…バッテリ 20…水素供給装置
22…電流制限装置 26…コンバータ
30…インバータ 32…制御装置
34…アクセルペダル 36…イグニッションスイッチ
40…エアコンプレッサ
Claims (4)
- 反応ガスの供給により発電を行う燃料電池と、
前記反応ガスの供給と燃料電池からの取り出し電流とを制御する出力制御装置とを備える燃料電池システムであって、
前記出力制御装置は、
負荷の要求出力に応じて前記燃料電池の目標出力を算出する目標出力算出手段と、
前記要求出力の出力増減判定手段と、
前記出力増減判定手段により、前記要求出力が減少したと判定されたとき、前記目標出力を前記要求出力の下降速度より遅い下降速度で下降させる出力下降速度制限手段と、
を備えることを特徴とする燃料電池システム。 - 請求項1記載の燃料電池システムにおいて、
さらに、前記負荷に対して並列に蓄電装置を接続し、
前記目標出力を前記要求出力の下降速度より遅い下降速度で下降させるときの余剰出力により前記蓄電装置を充電する
ことを特徴とする燃料電池システム。 - 請求項2記載の燃料電池システムにおいて、
前記余剰出力が前記蓄電装置の連続充電電力許容限界を超える場合には、前記要求出力の下降速度より遅い下降速度で下降させる前記目標出力を、前記要求出力の下降速度にもどすか近づけて下降させる出力下降速度制限緩和手段を
備えることを特徴とする燃料電池システム。 - 請求項3記載の燃料電池システムにおいて、
さらに、前記負荷が電動機であって、前記要求出力の減少が前記電動機の回生出力による減少であるときに、前記余剰出力と前記回生電力の合計が、前記蓄電装置の連続充電電力許容限界を超える場合には、前記出力下降速度制限緩和手段による出力下降速度制限緩和処理を行って前記燃料電池の発電電力を絞り、前記電動機による回生電力により前記蓄電装置を優先的に充電し、それでも、前記余剰出力と前記回生電力の合計が、前記蓄電装置の連続充電電力許容限界を超える場合には、前記回生電力による前記蓄電装置への充電を制限する制限調整手段(S4)を備えることを特徴とする燃料電池システム。
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2007017597A JP4505475B2 (ja) | 2007-01-29 | 2007-01-29 | 燃料電池システム |
EP08000379A EP1953857B1 (en) | 2007-01-29 | 2008-01-10 | Fuel cell system |
US12/019,267 US8349508B2 (en) | 2007-01-29 | 2008-01-24 | Fuel cell control unit for limiting power output |
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JP2007017597A JP4505475B2 (ja) | 2007-01-29 | 2007-01-29 | 燃料電池システム |
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JP2008186655A JP2008186655A (ja) | 2008-08-14 |
JP4505475B2 true JP4505475B2 (ja) | 2010-07-21 |
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JP2007017597A Expired - Fee Related JP4505475B2 (ja) | 2007-01-29 | 2007-01-29 | 燃料電池システム |
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US (1) | US8349508B2 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP1953857B1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP4505475B2 (ja) |
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Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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JP4797092B2 (ja) * | 2009-07-02 | 2011-10-19 | 本田技研工業株式会社 | 燃料電池車両及び燃料電池システムの制御方法 |
JP5897899B2 (ja) * | 2011-12-22 | 2016-04-06 | 京セラ株式会社 | 電力制御システム、制御装置、及び電力制御方法 |
DE102012018710A1 (de) | 2012-09-21 | 2014-03-27 | Daimler Ag | Verfahren zum Betreiben eines Brennstoffzellensystems |
JP2017225310A (ja) * | 2016-06-17 | 2017-12-21 | 三菱自動車工業株式会社 | 車両用燃料電池の電力制御装置 |
CN117048435B (zh) * | 2023-10-11 | 2024-01-26 | 南方电网电力科技股份有限公司 | 一种多燃料电池供电的协调控制方法及相关装置 |
Citations (6)
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---|---|---|---|---|
JPH07240213A (ja) * | 1994-02-24 | 1995-09-12 | Aqueous Res:Kk | ハイブリッド電源装置 |
JP2002218606A (ja) * | 2001-01-19 | 2002-08-02 | Nissan Motor Co Ltd | 移動体用電力管理装置 |
JP2004056868A (ja) * | 2002-07-17 | 2004-02-19 | Honda Motor Co Ltd | 燃料電池車両のアイドル制御装置 |
JP2005005009A (ja) * | 2003-06-10 | 2005-01-06 | Nissan Motor Co Ltd | 電源装置の制御装置 |
JP2005312243A (ja) * | 2004-04-23 | 2005-11-04 | Nissan Motor Co Ltd | 移動体の回生電力制御装置 |
JP2006228711A (ja) * | 2005-01-18 | 2006-08-31 | Seiko Instruments Inc | 燃料電池システムの運転方法及び燃料電池システム |
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JPH05182675A (ja) | 1991-07-04 | 1993-07-23 | Shimizu Corp | 燃料電池の出力制御方法 |
JP3593394B2 (ja) | 1995-09-26 | 2004-11-24 | 本田技研工業株式会社 | 内燃機関の燃料供給制御装置 |
CA2271498C (en) * | 1998-05-11 | 2007-01-09 | Honda Giken Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha | Legged mobile robot |
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2007
- 2007-01-29 JP JP2007017597A patent/JP4505475B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
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2008
- 2008-01-10 EP EP08000379A patent/EP1953857B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2008-01-24 US US12/019,267 patent/US8349508B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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JPH07240213A (ja) * | 1994-02-24 | 1995-09-12 | Aqueous Res:Kk | ハイブリッド電源装置 |
JP2002218606A (ja) * | 2001-01-19 | 2002-08-02 | Nissan Motor Co Ltd | 移動体用電力管理装置 |
JP2004056868A (ja) * | 2002-07-17 | 2004-02-19 | Honda Motor Co Ltd | 燃料電池車両のアイドル制御装置 |
JP2005005009A (ja) * | 2003-06-10 | 2005-01-06 | Nissan Motor Co Ltd | 電源装置の制御装置 |
JP2005312243A (ja) * | 2004-04-23 | 2005-11-04 | Nissan Motor Co Ltd | 移動体の回生電力制御装置 |
JP2006228711A (ja) * | 2005-01-18 | 2006-08-31 | Seiko Instruments Inc | 燃料電池システムの運転方法及び燃料電池システム |
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US8349508B2 (en) | 2013-01-08 |
JP2008186655A (ja) | 2008-08-14 |
EP1953857B1 (en) | 2013-01-02 |
US20080182144A1 (en) | 2008-07-31 |
EP1953857A1 (en) | 2008-08-06 |
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