JP2961443B2 - 加熱されると溶融するプラスチック製の配管部材を融接する方法およびそれに使用する連結スリーブ - Google Patents

加熱されると溶融するプラスチック製の配管部材を融接する方法およびそれに使用する連結スリーブ

Info

Publication number
JP2961443B2
JP2961443B2 JP32608490A JP32608490A JP2961443B2 JP 2961443 B2 JP2961443 B2 JP 2961443B2 JP 32608490 A JP32608490 A JP 32608490A JP 32608490 A JP32608490 A JP 32608490A JP 2961443 B2 JP2961443 B2 JP 2961443B2
Authority
JP
Japan
Prior art keywords
electric
temperature
heated
insulating layer
heating resistor
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
JP32608490A
Other languages
English (en)
Other versions
JPH03213327A (ja
Inventor
デニ・デュフオ
フランソア・フオルタン
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GAAZU DO FURANSU
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GAAZU DO FURANSU
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Filing date
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Application filed by GAAZU DO FURANSU filed Critical GAAZU DO FURANSU
Publication of JPH03213327A publication Critical patent/JPH03213327A/ja
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of JP2961443B2 publication Critical patent/JP2961443B2/ja
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/50—General aspects of joining tubular articles; General aspects of joining long products, i.e. bars or profiled elements; General aspects of joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; General aspects of joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
    • B29C66/51—Joining tubular articles, profiled elements or bars; Joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; Joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
    • B29C66/52—Joining tubular articles, bars or profiled elements
    • B29C66/522—Joining tubular articles
    • B29C66/5221—Joining tubular articles for forming coaxial connections, i.e. the tubular articles to be joined forming a zero angle relative to each other
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
    • B29C65/34—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement"
    • B29C65/3404—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" characterised by the type of heated elements which remain in the joint
    • B29C65/344—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" characterised by the type of heated elements which remain in the joint being a woven or non-woven fabric or being a mesh
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
    • B29C65/34—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement"
    • B29C65/3472—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" characterised by the composition of the heated elements which remain in the joint
    • B29C65/3476—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" characterised by the composition of the heated elements which remain in the joint being metallic
    • B29C65/348—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" characterised by the composition of the heated elements which remain in the joint being metallic with a polymer coating
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01—General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/05—Particular design of joint configurations
    • B29C66/10—Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint cross-sections
    • B29C66/11—Joint cross-sections comprising a single joint-segment, i.e. one of the parts to be joined comprising a single joint-segment in the joint cross-section
    • B29C66/112—Single lapped joints
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01—General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/05—Particular design of joint configurations
    • B29C66/10—Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint cross-sections
    • B29C66/11—Joint cross-sections comprising a single joint-segment, i.e. one of the parts to be joined comprising a single joint-segment in the joint cross-section
    • B29C66/112—Single lapped joints
    • B29C66/1122—Single lap to lap joints, i.e. overlap joints
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01—General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/05—Particular design of joint configurations
    • B29C66/10—Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint cross-sections
    • B29C66/13—Single flanged joints; Fin-type joints; Single hem joints; Edge joints; Interpenetrating fingered joints; Other specific particular designs of joint cross-sections not provided for in groups B29C66/11 - B29C66/12
    • B29C66/131—Single flanged joints, i.e. one of the parts to be joined being rigid and flanged in the joint area
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01—General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/32—Measures for keeping the burr form under control; Avoiding burr formation; Shaping the burr
    • B29C66/324—Avoiding burr formation
    • B29C66/3242—Avoiding burr formation on the inside of a tubular or hollow article
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/50—General aspects of joining tubular articles; General aspects of joining long products, i.e. bars or profiled elements; General aspects of joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; General aspects of joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
    • B29C66/51—Joining tubular articles, profiled elements or bars; Joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; Joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
    • B29C66/52—Joining tubular articles, bars or profiled elements
    • B29C66/522—Joining tubular articles
    • B29C66/5224—Joining tubular articles for forming fork-shaped connections, e.g. for making Y-shaped pieces
    • B29C66/52241—Joining tubular articles for forming fork-shaped connections, e.g. for making Y-shaped pieces with two right angles, e.g. for making T-shaped pieces
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/50—General aspects of joining tubular articles; General aspects of joining long products, i.e. bars or profiled elements; General aspects of joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; General aspects of joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
    • B29C66/51—Joining tubular articles, profiled elements or bars; Joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; Joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
    • B29C66/52—Joining tubular articles, bars or profiled elements
    • B29C66/522—Joining tubular articles
    • B29C66/5229—Joining tubular articles involving the use of a socket
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/73—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
    • B29C66/739—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
    • B29C66/7392—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of at least one of the parts being a thermoplastic
    • B29C66/73921—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of at least one of the parts being a thermoplastic characterised by the materials of both parts being thermoplastics
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
    • B29C66/91—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/912—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/9131—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux
    • B29C66/91311—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux by measuring the heat generated by Joule heating or induction heating
    • B29C66/91313—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux by measuring the heat generated by Joule heating or induction heating by measuring the voltage, i.e. the electric potential difference or electric tension
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
    • B29C66/91—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/912—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/9131—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux
    • B29C66/91311—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux by measuring the heat generated by Joule heating or induction heating
    • B29C66/91315—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux by measuring the heat generated by Joule heating or induction heating by measuring the current intensity
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
    • B29C66/91—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/914—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/9141—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature
    • B29C66/91411—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature of the parts to be joined, e.g. the joining process taking the temperature of the parts to be joined into account
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
    • B29C66/91—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/914—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/9161—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux
    • B29C66/91651—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux by controlling or regulating the heat generated by Joule heating or induction heating
    • B29C66/91655—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux by controlling or regulating the heat generated by Joule heating or induction heating by controlling or regulating the current intensity
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
    • B29C66/91—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/919—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux characterised by specific temperature, heat or thermal flux values or ranges
    • B29C66/9192—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux characterised by specific temperature, heat or thermal flux values or ranges in explicit relation to another variable, e.g. temperature diagrams
    • B29C66/91921—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux characterised by specific temperature, heat or thermal flux values or ranges in explicit relation to another variable, e.g. temperature diagrams in explicit relation to another temperature, e.g. to the softening temperature or softening point, to the thermal degradation temperature or to the ambient temperature
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
    • B29C66/91—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/919—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux characterised by specific temperature, heat or thermal flux values or ranges
    • B29C66/9192—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux characterised by specific temperature, heat or thermal flux values or ranges in explicit relation to another variable, e.g. temperature diagrams
    • B29C66/91921—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux characterised by specific temperature, heat or thermal flux values or ranges in explicit relation to another variable, e.g. temperature diagrams in explicit relation to another temperature, e.g. to the softening temperature or softening point, to the thermal degradation temperature or to the ambient temperature
    • B29C66/91931—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux characterised by specific temperature, heat or thermal flux values or ranges in explicit relation to another variable, e.g. temperature diagrams in explicit relation to another temperature, e.g. to the softening temperature or softening point, to the thermal degradation temperature or to the ambient temperature in explicit relation to the fusion temperature or melting point of the material of one of the parts to be joined
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L47/00—Connecting arrangements or other fittings specially adapted to be made of plastics or to be used with pipes made of plastics
    • F16L47/02—Welded joints; Adhesive joints
    • F16L47/03—Welded joints with an electrical resistance incorporated in the joint
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/71—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the composition of the plastics material of the parts to be joined
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
    • B29C66/91—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/914—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/9161—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux
    • B29C66/91651—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux by controlling or regulating the heat generated by Joule heating or induction heating
    • B29C66/91653—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux by controlling or regulating the heat generated by Joule heating or induction heating by controlling or regulating the voltage, i.e. the electric potential difference or electric tension
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
    • B29C66/91—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/919—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux characterised by specific temperature, heat or thermal flux values or ranges
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
    • B29C66/94—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the time
    • B29C66/949—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the time characterised by specific time values or ranges
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
    • B29C66/95—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling specific variables not covered by groups B29C66/91 - B29C66/94
    • B29C66/959—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling specific variables not covered by groups B29C66/91 - B29C66/94 characterised by specific values or ranges of said specific variables
    • B29C66/9592—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling specific variables not covered by groups B29C66/91 - B29C66/94 characterised by specific values or ranges of said specific variables in explicit relation to another variable, e.g. X-Y diagrams

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  • High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Lining Or Joining Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
  • Branch Pipes, Bends, And The Like (AREA)
  • Sampling And Sample Adjustment (AREA)
  • Resistance Heating (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analyzing Materials Using Thermal Means (AREA)
  • Connections Effected By Soldering, Adhesion, Or Permanent Deformation (AREA)
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Description

【発明の詳細な説明】 ［発明の技術分野］ 本発明は、少なくとも一部分が熱溶融性の素材からな
る部材の組み付けに関するものである。
［従来の技術］ 現在のところ、そのような組み付けはほとんど熱溶接
で実施されている。さらに、この技術はとくにガス業界
において配管網のパイプ（特に密度が約925Kg/m3のポリ
エチレンパイプ）間を連結するために広く用いられてい
る。
今日一般的に普及している方法によれば、連結すべき
部材、一般的にパイプは連結部材によって組み付けられ
る。
この部材がどの様な形式（スリーブ、枝管取り出し部
等）であっても、パイプの表面に向き合う部材の表面付
近の位置で一般的にコイル導線からなる加熱電気抵抗体
をその厚みの中に埋め込んで設けているのが一般的であ
る。
溶接作業は、部材の溶接しようとする部分を互いに向
き合わせて配置してから、コイル電線を電源（整流した
交流源等）に接続して、ジュール効果によって抵抗体を
発熱させて周囲の部材のプラスチックを軟化して溶融さ
せることにより、溶接を実施するようにして行われる。
この溶接を高品質のものにするため、すなわちガス流
体を密封する接合と共に十分な機械的抵抗力を得るため
には、加熱時間が、冷却後に部材間に適切な溶接が得ら
れるようにする最短時間から、部材が熱破壊を受け易く
なる時間より短い最長時間までの間に入っていなければ
ならない。
今日直面している重大な問題点は、加熱帯の分布と、
この加熱をまさに最適時に、例えば良好な溶接条件が同
時に出現する時に遮断できるように制御できるかどうか
である。
しかし、この「理想的」瞬間を検出するために現在用
いられている手段及び技術が場合によっては無効である
ことがわかっている。
［発明の目的および概要］ 従って、本発明の主たる目的は、加熱を中止すべき瞬
間を適切に検出できる技術を提供することにある。
この目的は、本発明によれば、加熱されると溶融する
配管部材の融接されるべき面を相互に隣接させて、配管
部材に取り付けられた電気加熱用抵抗によって溶融する
まで加熱するにあたり、（ａ）配管部材の溶融温度から
熱破壊温度までの範囲内の温度で溶融する性質を有する
電気絶縁層を、電気加熱用抵抗の芯線に被覆し、（ｂ）
その被覆された芯線が交叉する複数の交点（これは潜在
的な伝的短絡点となる）ができるように、電気加熱用抵
抗を配置し、（ｃ）電気加熱用抵抗に電流を流して融接
されるべき面を加熱し、加熱によって、上記の交点の少
なくとも１つで電気絶縁層の溶融が生じて少なくとも１
つの電気的短絡が発生すると、電気加熱用抵抗に流れる
電流の変化により上記の電気的短絡を検出することがで
き、（ｄ）電気加熱用抵抗に流れる電流のモニタによっ
て電気的短絡の発生が検出されたとき、電流を遮断す
る、ことを特徴とする方法が提供される。
電気的短絡の検出により加熱用抵抗の絶縁被覆の溶融
を知ること、従って、融接されるべき面の温度が配管部
材の溶融温度から熱破壊温度までの範囲に至ったことを
検出でき、加熱を中止すべき時点を適切に検出すること
が可能となる。また、熱交換表面がコイル線の場合より
も広くなるので、部材の温度の均一化が達成される。
さらに、本発明によれば、加熱されると溶融する配管
部材を相互に連結するための連結スリーブも提供され
る。この連結スリーブは、配管部材に隣接する面を有
し、当該面の加熱用の電気加熱用抵抗が少なくとも１つ
備えられ、加熱により当該面が配管部材に融接される連
結スリーブであって、（ｉ）電気加熱用抵抗は、電気絶
縁層で被覆された導電線で構成され、（ii）電気絶縁層
は、配管部材の溶融温度より高く、配管部材の熱破壊温
度より低い溶融温度を有し、（iii）電気絶縁層で被覆
された導電線は、複数の個所で交叉するよう配置されて
いて、電流が流されることによって生じる発熱により、
電気絶縁層の溶融温度より高い温度に加熱されると、前
記複数の個所での交叉のうちの少なくとも１個所におい
て電気的短絡が生じるようにされている。
さらに本発明は、最良の加熱状態を検出して、上記形
式の部材の抵抗体への電気供給を遮断する装置であっ
て、さらに、被覆抵抗線をそれの絶縁被覆層の溶融温度
まで加熱できるように、被覆抵抗線に電気エネルギを供
給する手段と、ほぼそれの絶縁被覆層の溶融温度で前記
抵抗線の短絡を検出する検出手段と、前記検出手段がそ
のような短絡を検出した時点で抵抗線への電気供給を遮
断する停止手段とを有していることを特徴とする装置も
提供している。
［実施例］ 本発明のその他の説明、特徴及び利点は、非制限的な
例として示されている添付の図面を参照した以下の説明
から明らかになるであろう。
第１図に示されている電気的に溶接可能な継手１は、
熱溶融性のプラスチックからなる本体部を備えた連結ス
リーブ２を有しており、それの中央開口４には、スリー
ブの本体部と同様に熱溶融性のプラスチックからなるほ
ぼ円形横断面の２本の円筒形パイプ6,8の各々の端部6a
及び8aがはめ込まれている。
パイプ６及び８は、スリーブの開口のほぼ軸線2a上に
おいて互いに同軸的に配置されており、その外形が開口
４の直径φよりもわずかに小さくなっているため、スリ
ーブ及びパイプに互いに向き合った対応表面4b,6b,8bが
設けられて、これによって溶接中にそれらを互いに接合
することができる。
スリーブの本体部及び連結すべきパイプを形成するた
めに用いることができるプラスチックには、特にポリエ
チレン、ポリアミド、ポリブチレン及びポリプロピレン
等がある。
パイプを連結するため、スリーブ２に電気発熱式抵抗
体10が設けられており、これは部材を互いに溶接できる
まで十分に抵抗体の温度を上昇させることができるエネ
ルギ源15、例えば整流された交流源に２つの取り外し可
能な接続端子12,14によって接続されており、この溶接
はほぼ気密に連結できると共に、これらの部材の使用に
耐えることができる機械的抵抗力を備えている。
本発明によれば、抵抗体10は１本の導電線で形成され
ており、第４図に11a、11b及び11cで示されているよう
な交点が設けられ、その位置で線は重なり合っている。
良好な状態で最良の加熱温度を得ることの妨げになる短
絡を防止するため、線10は電気的絶縁層13（第３図参
照）で被覆されている。本発明によれば、この層13の溶
融温度は、部材２（及び連結すべきパイプ）の溶融可能
な本体部を構成しているプラスチックの溶融温度よりも
高い最低温度から、同部材が熱破壊を受ける温度よりも
低い最高温度までの間にある。一般的に、「破壊温度」
とは、これらの部材の組織を形成している鎖が割れたり
破壊される温度のことである。
プラスチック部材の熱破壊は、過剰な溶融後、及び分
子鎖が復元不能に破壊された後の発煙及び／または部材
内での空洞の形成によって明らかとなる。破壊溶接部分
では、溶融材のしぶきや溶接部分の端部からの漏れも見
られる。
そのような問題は、部材の温度がこの破壊温度に達す
る前に絶縁層が溶融するようにした本発明の方法を用い
ることによって解決される。この層が溶融しようとする
と同時に、抵抗体の交点の少なくとも一部分において、
むき出しになった線同志が直接的に接触することによっ
て短絡が発生する。
部材の外部において、この線が電流または電圧測定手
段21に接続しているので、第６図に示されているような
電流の急上昇（電圧の急上昇も示される）を生じるこれ
らの最初の短絡を直ちに検出することができる。
第６図の例では、約64Vの定電圧で抵抗体に電流を供
給し始めてから100〜120秒後に最初の短絡が発生する。
従って、この100〜120秒後のこの瞬間にこれらの変化が
検出されて、それに従って電流の遮断が回路23を開くこ
とで指令される（第１図）。
実際には、絶縁外被13はそれの溶融温度に相当する約
300〜350℃まではそれの電気絶縁性を保持できる形式及
び厚さに選択して、（本実施例ではポリエチレン製であ
る）部材が熱破壊の危険に陥るまでにある程度の範囲が
得られるようにすることが妥当であると考えられる。
特に第１図からわかるように、上記のように形成され
た抵抗体10をスリーブの開口４の表面4bのすぐ近くに配
置または埋め込むか、直接的にこの表面上に配置するこ
とにより、部材の加熱帯を連結すべきパイプに可及的に
近ずけることができる。
さらに第１図からわかるように、抵抗体10のパイプ側
の内表面付近の一部に保護手段が、例えば２本のパイプ
の互いに向き合った端部間の隙間ｅに向き合うように延
在した薄いストリップ16が設けられている。
このストリップ16の機能は、パイプの互いに向き合っ
た端部に向き合うように「低温帯」を設けることによ
り、加熱中に溶融した素材が自由隙間ｅへ流入して少な
くとも部分的にパイプを詰まらせることを防止すること
である。
従って、ストリップ16は、それの機能を果たしさえす
れば、抵抗体の内表面全体に渡って設けることもでき、
パイプやスリーブ、さらには抵抗体の周囲プラスチック
よりも溶融温度が高い素材、例えば金属で形成される。
一般的に言えば、このストリップは導電性であること
が好ましく、その厚さは約0.3〜0.5mmである。
第２図は、第１図の部材上に用いることができる抵抗
体10の第１の極めて好適な実施例を示している。
この実施例の抵抗体は、１本の線を編んで互いに絡み
合った連続状の「Ω」形（オメガ形）ループからなる断
面がほぼ円形のほとんど円筒形になった鎖かたびらの一
部と同じような外観をしており、これによって機械的付
着性が得られると共に、線の重なり合った交点11a,11b
等が形成される。
例えば、そのようなネットは、直径が0.3〜0.5mm程度
の銅線を200〜300ミクロン程度の厚さのポリエステルイ
ミドを母材とした絶縁材で被覆したもので形成できる。
ワイヤを編んで、約4mm2から80〜100mm2の間の面積Ｓの
網目（特に第４図を参照されたい）を形成でき、電気抵
抗は約１〜10Ωである。
出来上がった管形のネットは直径を65mm程度、長さＬ
を160mm程度にすることができる（第２図参照）。
ネットの抵抗が約2.7Ωの場合、抵抗体に32ボルトの
一定の溶接電圧を280秒間加えることによって十分な結
果を得ることができた。
製造の点からすれば、１本の線からなるそのようなネ
ットを用いることにより、線の両端部11a,11e（第２
図）をネットから延出させて、これらの端部をまったく
従来通りにスリーブ（またはその他の連結部材、例えば
枝管取り出し部、第７図参照）の端子12及び14に直接的
に接続することによって端子12及び14に電気的に接続す
ることができ、補助導体を付け加える必要がないという
利点が得られる。そのような代表的実施例が第１図に示
されている。
しかし、抵抗体100のその他の実施例も考えることが
できる。
さらに、第５図に示されている例では、抵抗体が一連
の蛇行で形成されており、本質的な要素は、線が重なり
合った交点が存在して、抵抗体の被覆層の溶融温度で短
絡を発生できるようにすることである。
さらに、第７図は第１図に示されているスリーブとは
異なった連結部材を示しているが、これは公知のもの
で、２本のパイプを横向き連結するガス技術に用いられ
る「枝管取り出し部」として知られている形式のもので
ある。
この枝管取り出し部40の一部分は、パイプ44の一部分
を覆うことができるサドル42になっている。
第１図のスリーブと同様に、取り出し部40には取り外
し可能な接続端子12及び14が設けられている。
本実施例では、使用されている加熱抵抗体が第１図の
ものと同様に形成されているが、ほぼ半円筒形になって
いる。
スリーブの場合と同様に、好都合にも抵抗体26は枝管
取り出し部の厚みの中に埋め込まれているため、素材の
連続性が得られる。
取り出し部40とパイプ44とを溶接する前には、抵抗体
はほぼ均一な表面を備えており、切口がない。
それに対して、第７図からわかるように、部材を溶接
して冷却した後では、この同じ抵抗体に開口27がパイプ
44の開口54と同軸的に貫設されており、これを通ってパ
イプ44の開口54が枝管取り出し部の軸部58の内通路56を
介して他方のパイプと連通しており、軸部58の自由端部
で第２パイプ（図示せず）を分岐するようにして第１パ
イプ44を他方のパイプに連結することができる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
第１図は本発明による加熱抵抗体を形成している網状の
導電性ネットを備えたスリーブを用いて２本のパイプを
端部同志で連結するための連結装置の中心を通る全体的
断面図、第２図は第１図の連結装置に使用できるように
円筒形にした網み地ソックスまたは一種の「鎖かたび
ら」のような形状の導電性ネットの斜視図、第３図は第
２図のIIIで示された部分の拡大した長手方向断面図、
第４図は第２図のIVで示された部分の同様な拡大図、第
５図は第１図の抵抗線の別の形状の概略図、第６図は第
１図の部材の抵抗体を流れる電流の変化を時間の関数と
して示しており、第７図はパイプに横方向連結を行う枝
管取り出し部を用いた別の連結装置の中心を通る断面図
である。 2,40……連結部材、10……抵抗体、11a,11b……線の交
点、13……絶縁被覆層。
───────────────────────────────────────────────────── フロントページの続き (58)調査した分野(Int.Cl.6，ＤＢ名) B29C 65/34 - 65/36 F16L 47/02

Claims (2)

    (57)【特許請求の範囲】
  1. 【請求項１】加熱されると溶融するプラスチック製の配
    管部材（2;6,8）を相互に電力を用いて融接するため、
    異なる配管部材の融接されるべき面（4b,6b;4b,8b）を
    相互に隣接させて配置した状態において、それらの配管
    部材の１つ（２）に取り付けられた単芯の電気加熱用抵
    抗によって溶融するまで加熱することによって融接する
    方法であって、 （ａ） 前記配管部材の溶融温度から熱破壊温度までの
    範囲内の温度で溶融する性質を有する電気絶縁層（13）
    を、前記単芯の電気加熱用抵抗（10）の芯線に被覆する
    過程を備え、 （ｂ） 前記電気絶縁層で被覆された芯線が交叉する複
    数の交点（11a,11b）が生じてそれに対応して潜在的な
    電気的短絡点が複数ヶ所できるように、前記電気加熱用
    抵抗（10）を配置する過程を備え、 （ｃ） 前記電気加熱用抵抗（10）に電流を流して、前
    記配管部材の前記融接されるべき面（4b,6b;4b,8b）を
    加熱する過程を備え、加熱によって、前記交点（11a,11
    b）の少なくとも１つで溶融が生じて少なくとも１つの
    電気的短絡が発生すると、前記電気加熱用抵抗（10）に
    流れる電流の変化により上記の電気的短絡を検出するこ
    とができ、 （ｄ） 前記電気加熱用抵抗（10）に流れる電流のモニ
    タによって電気的短絡の発生が検出されたとき、前記電
    流を遮断する過程を備える、 ことを特徴とする、配管部材を接融する方法。
  2. 【請求項２】加熱されると溶融するプラスチック製の配
    管部材（6,8）を相互に連結するための連結スリーブ
    （２）であって、加熱されると溶融するプラスチック製
    であり、前記配管部材に隣接する面（4b）を有し、当該
    面（4b）の加熱用の電気加熱用抵抗が少なくとも１つ備
    えらえ、加熱により当該面（4b）が前記配管部材（6,
    8）に融接される連結スリーブにおいて、 前記電気加熱用抵抗（10）は、電気絶縁層（13）で被覆
    された導電線で構成され、 前記電気絶縁層（13）は、前記配管部材の溶融温度より
    高く、前記配管部材の熱破壊温度より低い溶融温度を有
    し、 前記電気絶縁層で被覆された前記導電線は、複数の個所
    で交叉するよう配置されていて、電流が流されることに
    よって生じる発熱により、前記電気絶縁層の溶融温度よ
    り高い温度に加熱されると、前記複数の個所での交叉の
    うちの少なくとも１個所において電気的短絡が生じるよ
    うにされている ことを特徴とする連結スリーブ。
JP32608490A 1989-11-29 1990-11-29 加熱されると溶融するプラスチック製の配管部材を融接する方法およびそれに使用する連結スリーブ Expired - Lifetime JP2961443B2 (ja)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR89/15707 1989-11-29
FR8915707A FR2654978B1 (fr) 1989-11-29 1989-11-29 Piece de raccordement du type a resistance electrique perfectionnee pour la reunion par thermosoudage d'elements en matiere plastique.

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JPH03213327A JPH03213327A (ja) 1991-09-18
JP2961443B2 true JP2961443B2 (ja) 1999-10-12

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AT (1) ATE147322T1 (ja)
CA (1) CA2031032C (ja)
DE (1) DE69029647T2 (ja)
DK (1) DK0430762T3 (ja)
DZ (1) DZ1461A1 (ja)
ES (1) ES2095244T3 (ja)
FR (1) FR2654978B1 (ja)
GR (1) GR3022237T3 (ja)
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PT (1) PT96015B (ja)

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DE69029647T2 (de) 1997-04-24
PT96015B (pt) 1998-04-30
US5141580A (en) 1992-08-25
FR2654978B1 (fr) 1992-02-21
ATE147322T1 (de) 1997-01-15
PT96015A (pt) 1992-08-31
EP0430762A3 (en) 1993-04-07
GR3022237T3 (en) 1997-04-30
FR2654978A1 (fr) 1991-05-31
KR910009419A (ko) 1991-06-28
CN1052629A (zh) 1991-07-03
CA2031032C (fr) 2001-04-03
KR0178381B1 (ko) 1999-05-15
EP0430762B1 (fr) 1997-01-08
CN1034483C (zh) 1997-04-09
EP0430762A2 (fr) 1991-06-05
JPH03213327A (ja) 1991-09-18
MC2159A1 (fr) 1992-04-09
DK0430762T3 (da) 1997-01-27
DZ1461A1 (fr) 2004-09-13
CA2031032A1 (fr) 1991-05-30
DE69029647D1 (de) 1997-02-20
ES2095244T3 (es) 1997-02-16

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