JPH03213327A - 加熱されると溶融するプラスチック製の配管部材を融接する方法およびそれに使用する連結スリーブ - Google Patents

加熱されると溶融するプラスチック製の配管部材を融接する方法およびそれに使用する連結スリーブ

Info

Publication number
JPH03213327A
JPH03213327A JP2326084A JP32608490A JPH03213327A JP H03213327 A JPH03213327 A JP H03213327A JP 2326084 A JP2326084 A JP 2326084A JP 32608490 A JP32608490 A JP 32608490A JP H03213327 A JPH03213327 A JP H03213327A
Authority
JP
Japan
Prior art keywords
resistor
plastic
melting temperature
temperature
layer
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
JP2326084A
Other languages
English (en)
Other versions
JP2961443B2 (ja
Inventor
Denis Dufour
デニ・デュフオ
Francois Fortin
フランソア・フオルタン
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Engie SA
Original Assignee
Gaz de France SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Gaz de France SA filed Critical Gaz de France SA
Publication of JPH03213327A publication Critical patent/JPH03213327A/ja
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of JP2961443B2 publication Critical patent/JP2961443B2/ja
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/50—General aspects of joining tubular articles; General aspects of joining long products, i.e. bars or profiled elements; General aspects of joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; General aspects of joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
    • B29C66/51—Joining tubular articles, profiled elements or bars; Joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; Joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
    • B29C66/52—Joining tubular articles, bars or profiled elements
    • B29C66/522—Joining tubular articles
    • B29C66/5221—Joining tubular articles for forming coaxial connections, i.e. the tubular articles to be joined forming a zero angle relative to each other
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
    • B29C65/34—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement"
    • B29C65/3404—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" characterised by the type of heated elements which remain in the joint
    • B29C65/344—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" characterised by the type of heated elements which remain in the joint being a woven or non-woven fabric or being a mesh
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
    • B29C65/34—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement"
    • B29C65/3472—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" characterised by the composition of the heated elements which remain in the joint
    • B29C65/3476—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" characterised by the composition of the heated elements which remain in the joint being metallic
    • B29C65/348—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" characterised by the composition of the heated elements which remain in the joint being metallic with a polymer coating
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01—General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/05—Particular design of joint configurations
    • B29C66/10—Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint cross-sections
    • B29C66/11—Joint cross-sections comprising a single joint-segment, i.e. one of the parts to be joined comprising a single joint-segment in the joint cross-section
    • B29C66/112—Single lapped joints
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01—General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/05—Particular design of joint configurations
    • B29C66/10—Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint cross-sections
    • B29C66/11—Joint cross-sections comprising a single joint-segment, i.e. one of the parts to be joined comprising a single joint-segment in the joint cross-section
    • B29C66/112—Single lapped joints
    • B29C66/1122—Single lap to lap joints, i.e. overlap joints
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01—General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/05—Particular design of joint configurations
    • B29C66/10—Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint cross-sections
    • B29C66/13—Single flanged joints; Fin-type joints; Single hem joints; Edge joints; Interpenetrating fingered joints; Other specific particular designs of joint cross-sections not provided for in groups B29C66/11 - B29C66/12
    • B29C66/131—Single flanged joints, i.e. one of the parts to be joined being rigid and flanged in the joint area
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01—General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/32—Measures for keeping the burr form under control; Avoiding burr formation; Shaping the burr
    • B29C66/324—Avoiding burr formation
    • B29C66/3242—Avoiding burr formation on the inside of a tubular or hollow article
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/50—General aspects of joining tubular articles; General aspects of joining long products, i.e. bars or profiled elements; General aspects of joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; General aspects of joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
    • B29C66/51—Joining tubular articles, profiled elements or bars; Joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; Joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
    • B29C66/52—Joining tubular articles, bars or profiled elements
    • B29C66/522—Joining tubular articles
    • B29C66/5224—Joining tubular articles for forming fork-shaped connections, e.g. for making Y-shaped pieces
    • B29C66/52241—Joining tubular articles for forming fork-shaped connections, e.g. for making Y-shaped pieces with two right angles, e.g. for making T-shaped pieces
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/50—General aspects of joining tubular articles; General aspects of joining long products, i.e. bars or profiled elements; General aspects of joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; General aspects of joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
    • B29C66/51—Joining tubular articles, profiled elements or bars; Joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; Joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
    • B29C66/52—Joining tubular articles, bars or profiled elements
    • B29C66/522—Joining tubular articles
    • B29C66/5229—Joining tubular articles involving the use of a socket
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/73—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
    • B29C66/739—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
    • B29C66/7392—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of at least one of the parts being a thermoplastic
    • B29C66/73921—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of at least one of the parts being a thermoplastic characterised by the materials of both parts being thermoplastics
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
    • B29C66/91—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/912—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/9131—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux
    • B29C66/91311—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux by measuring the heat generated by Joule heating or induction heating
    • B29C66/91313—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux by measuring the heat generated by Joule heating or induction heating by measuring the voltage, i.e. the electric potential difference or electric tension
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
    • B29C66/91—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/912—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/9131—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux
    • B29C66/91311—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux by measuring the heat generated by Joule heating or induction heating
    • B29C66/91315—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux by measuring the heat generated by Joule heating or induction heating by measuring the current intensity
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
    • B29C66/91—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/914—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/9141—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature
    • B29C66/91411—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature of the parts to be joined, e.g. the joining process taking the temperature of the parts to be joined into account
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
    • B29C66/91—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/914—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/9161—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux
    • B29C66/91651—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux by controlling or regulating the heat generated by Joule heating or induction heating
    • B29C66/91655—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux by controlling or regulating the heat generated by Joule heating or induction heating by controlling or regulating the current intensity
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
    • B29C66/91—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/919—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux characterised by specific temperature, heat or thermal flux values or ranges
    • B29C66/9192—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux characterised by specific temperature, heat or thermal flux values or ranges in explicit relation to another variable, e.g. temperature diagrams
    • B29C66/91921—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux characterised by specific temperature, heat or thermal flux values or ranges in explicit relation to another variable, e.g. temperature diagrams in explicit relation to another temperature, e.g. to the softening temperature or softening point, to the thermal degradation temperature or to the ambient temperature
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
    • B29C66/91—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/919—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux characterised by specific temperature, heat or thermal flux values or ranges
    • B29C66/9192—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux characterised by specific temperature, heat or thermal flux values or ranges in explicit relation to another variable, e.g. temperature diagrams
    • B29C66/91921—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux characterised by specific temperature, heat or thermal flux values or ranges in explicit relation to another variable, e.g. temperature diagrams in explicit relation to another temperature, e.g. to the softening temperature or softening point, to the thermal degradation temperature or to the ambient temperature
    • B29C66/91931—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux characterised by specific temperature, heat or thermal flux values or ranges in explicit relation to another variable, e.g. temperature diagrams in explicit relation to another temperature, e.g. to the softening temperature or softening point, to the thermal degradation temperature or to the ambient temperature in explicit relation to the fusion temperature or melting point of the material of one of the parts to be joined
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16L47/00—Connecting arrangements or other fittings specially adapted to be made of plastics or to be used with pipes made of plastics
    • F16L47/02—Welded joints; Adhesive joints
    • F16L47/03—Welded joints with an electrical resistance incorporated in the joint
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/71—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the composition of the plastics material of the parts to be joined
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
    • B29C66/91—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/914—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/9161—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux
    • B29C66/91651—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux by controlling or regulating the heat generated by Joule heating or induction heating
    • B29C66/91653—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux by controlling or regulating the heat generated by Joule heating or induction heating by controlling or regulating the voltage, i.e. the electric potential difference or electric tension
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
    • B29C66/91—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/919—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux characterised by specific temperature, heat or thermal flux values or ranges
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
    • B29C66/94—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the time
    • B29C66/949—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the time characterised by specific time values or ranges
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
    • B29C66/95—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling specific variables not covered by groups B29C66/91 - B29C66/94
    • B29C66/959—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling specific variables not covered by groups B29C66/91 - B29C66/94 characterised by specific values or ranges of said specific variables
    • B29C66/9592—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling specific variables not covered by groups B29C66/91 - B29C66/94 characterised by specific values or ranges of said specific variables in explicit relation to another variable, e.g. X-Y diagrams

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Abstract

(57)【要約】本公報は電子出願前の出願データであるた
め要約のデータは記録されません。

Description

【発明の詳細な説明】 ［発明の技術分野〕 本発明は、少なくとも一部分が熱溶融性の素材からなる
部材の組み付けに関するものである。
［従来の技術］ 現在のところ、そのような組み付けはほとんど熱溶接で
実施されている。さらに、この技術はとくにガス業界に
おいて配管網のパイプ（特に密度カ約９２５ｋｇ　／ｍ
３のポリエチレンパイプ）間を連結するために広く用い
られている。
今日一般的に普及している方法によれば、連結すべき部
材、一般的にパイプは連結部材によって組み付けられる
。
この部材がどの様な形式（スリーブ、枝管取り出し部等
）であっても、パイプの表面に向き合う部材の表面付近
の位置で一般的にコイル導線からなる加熱電気抵抗体を
その厚みの中に埋め込んで設けているのが一般的である
。
溶接作業は、部材の溶接しようとする部分を互いに向き
合わせて配置してから、コイル導線を電源（整流した交
流源等）に接続して、ジュール効果によって抵抗体を発
熱させて周囲の部材のプラスチックを軟化して溶融させ
ることにより、溶接を実施するようにして行われる。
この溶接を高品質のものにするため、すなわちガス流体
を密封する接合と共に十分な機械的抵抗力を得るために
は、加熱時間が、冷却後に部材間に適切な溶接が得られ
るようにする最短時間から、部材が熱破壊を受は易くな
る時間より短い最長時間までの間に入ってｔｌなければ
ならない。
今日直面している重大な問題点は、加熱帯の分布と、こ
の加熱をまさに最適時に、例えば良好な溶接条件が同時
に出現する時に遮断できるように制御できるかどうかで
ある。
しかし、この「理想的」瞬間を検出するために現在用い
られている手段及び技術が場合によっては無効であるこ
とがわかっている。
［発明の目的および構成］ 従って、本発明が最初に提供している方法は、最良の加
熱状態を検出して、絶縁材からなる層で通常は被覆され
ている１本の線から本目的用に形成されている、被加熱
部材を構成しているプラスチック内に配置された抵抗体
への電気供給を遮断する方法であって、 前記被覆抵抗線を交点で重なり合わせて、それの絶縁被
覆層を構成している素材の溶融温度を、部材のプラスチ
ックの溶融温度よりも高い最低温度から同部材が熱破壊
を受ける温度よりも低い最高温度までの間で選択する段
階と、 前記抵抗体を被覆している絶縁層が溶融温度まで加熱さ
れて、抵抗線の交点の少なくとも一部分で短絡が発生す
るまで、前記抵抗体に電気を供給する段階と、 これらの短絡に伴った電圧及び／または電流強さの変化
を検出する段階と、 その時点で抵抗体への電流の供給を遮断する段階とを有
していることを特徴とする方法である。
これにより、熱交換表面がコイル線の場合よりも広くな
るので、部材の加熱を均一化することができる。さらに
、抵抗線の絶縁層が溶融していない限り、抵抗体が短絡
を生じる危険をな（すことができる。また、この層の溶
融時には、最初の短絡の発生を利用して、部材が熱破壊
を受ける前に加熱を中止することができる。
この方法に加えて、本発明は、熱溶融性のプラスチック
からなる部品を連結するための、これらの部品の対応表
面に接合する表面を備えた形式の連結部材であって、周
囲の素材を溶融させて前記部材と部品とを溶接できるよ
うにするため、電気的絶縁材からなる層で被覆された１
本の線から形成されて前記接合表面付近に配置された電
気抵抗体を有しており、被覆抵抗線は交点を備えており
、それの絶縁被覆層を構成している素材の溶融温度が、
部材のプラスチックの溶融温度よりも高い最低温度から
同部材が熱破壊を受ける温度よりも低い最高温度までの
間に入っていることを特徴とする接続部材も提供してい
る。
さらに本発明は、最良の加熱状態を検出して、上記形式
の部材の抵抗体への電気供給を遮断する装置であって、
さらに、被覆抵抗線をそれの絶縁被覆層の溶融温度まで
加熱できるように、被覆抵抗線に電気エネルギを供給す
る手段と、ほぼそれの結締被覆層の溶融温度で前記抵抗
線の短絡を検出する検出手段と、前記検出手段がそのよ
うな短絡を検出した時点で抵抗線への電気供給を遮断す
る停止手段とを有していることを特徴とする装置も提供
している。
［実施例コ 本発明の詳細な説明、特徴及び利点は、非制限的な例と
して示されている添付の図面を参照した以下の説明から
明らかになるであろう。
第１図に示されている電気的に溶接可能な継手１は、熱
溶融性のプラスチックからなる本体部を備えた連結スリ
ーブ２を育しており、それの中央開口４には、スリーブ
の本体部と同様に熱溶融性のプラスチックからなるほぼ
円形横断面の２本の円筒形バイブロ、８の各々の端部６
ａ及び８ａがはめ込まれている。
バイブロ及び８は、スリーブの開口のほぼ軸線２ａ上に
おいて互いに同軸的に配置されており、その外形が開口
４の直径φよりもわずかに小さくなっているため、スリ
ーブ及びパイプに互いに向き合った対応表面４ｂ、６ｂ
、８ｂが設けられて、これによって溶接中にそれらを互
いに接合することができる。
スリーブの本体部及び連結すべきパイプを形成するため
に用いることができるプラスチックには、特にポリエチ
レン、ポリアミド、ポリブチレン及びポリプロピレン等
がある。
パイプを連結するため、スリーブ２に電気発熱式抵抗体
１０が設けられており、これは部材を互いに溶接できる
まで十分に抵抗体の温度を上昇させることができるエネ
ルギ源１５、例えば整流された交流源に２つの取り外し
可能な接続端子１２゜１４によって接続されており、こ
の溶接はほぼ気密に連結できると共に、これらの部材の
使用に耐えることができる機械的抵抗力を備えている。
本発明によれば、抵抗体ＩＯは１本の導電線で形成され
ており、第４図にｌｌａ、ｌｌｂ及び１１ｃで示されて
いるような交点が設けられ、その位置で線は重なり合う
ている。良好な状態で最良の加熱温度を得ることの妨げ
になる短絡を防止するため、線１０は電気的絶縁層１３
（第３図参照）で被覆されている。本発明によれば、こ
の層１３の溶融温度は、部材２（及び連結すべきパイプ
）の溶融可能な本体部を構成しているプラスチックの溶
融温度よりも高い最低温度から、同部材が熱破壊を受け
る温度よりも低い最高温度までの間にある。−船釣に、
「破壊温度」とは、これらの部材の組織を形成している
鎖が割れたり破壊される温度のことである。
プラスチック部材の熱破壊は、過剰な溶融後、及び分子
鎖が復元不能に破壊された後の発煙及び／または部材内
での空洞の形成によって明らかとなる。破壊溶接部分で
は、溶融材のしぶきや溶接部分の端部からの漏れも見ら
れる。
そのような問題は、部材の温度がこの破壊温度に達する
前に絶縁層が溶融するようにした本発明の方法を用いる
ことによって解決される。この層が溶融しようとすると
同時に、抵抗体の交点の少なくとも一部分において、む
き出しになった線同志が直接的に接触することによって
短絡が発生する。
部材の外部において、この線が電流または電圧測定手段
２１に接続しているので、第６図に示されているような
電流の急上昇（電圧の急上昇も示される）を生じるこれ
らの最初の短絡を直ちに検出することができる。
第６図の例では、約６４Ｖの定電圧で抵抗体に電流を供
給し始めてから１００−１２０秒後に最初の短絡が発生
する。従って、この１００〜１２０秒後のこの瞬間にこ
れらの変化が検出されて、それに従って電流の遮断が回
路２３を開くことで指令される（第１図）。
実際には、絶縁外被１３はそれの溶融温度に相当する約
３００〜３５０℃まではそれの電気絶縁性を保持できる
形式及び厚さに選択して、（本実施例ではポリエチレン
製である）部材が熱破壊の危険に陥るまでにある程度の
範囲が得られるようにすることが妥当であると考えられ
る。
特に第１図かられかるように、上記のように形成された
抵抗体１０をスリーブの開口４の表面４ｂのすぐ近くに
配置または埋め込むか、直接的にこの表面上に配置する
ことにより、部材の加熱帯を連結すべきパイプに可及的
に近ずけることができる。
さらに第１図かられかるように、抵抗体１０のバイブ側
の内表面付近の一部に保護手段が、例えば２本のパイプ
の互いに向き合つた端部間の隙間ｅに向き合うように延
在した薄いストリップ１６が設けられている。
このストリップ１６の機能は、パイプの互いに向き合９
た端部に向き合うように「低温帯」を設けることにより
、加熱中に溶融した素材が自由隙間ｅへ流入して少なく
とも部分的にパイプを詰まらせることを防止することで
ある。
従って、ストリップ１６は、それの機能を果たしさえす
れば、抵抗体の内表面全体に渡って設けることもでき、
パイプやスリーブ、さらには抵抗体の周囲プラスチック
よりも溶融温度が高い素材、例えば金属で形成される。
一般的に言えば、このストリップは導電性であることが
好ましく、その厚さは約０．　３〜０．　５ｍｍである
。
第２図は、第１図の部材上に用いることができる抵抗体
１０の第１の極めて好適な実施例を示している。
この実施例の抵抗体は、１本の線を編んで互いに絡み合
った連続状の「Ω」形（オメガ形）ループからなる断面
がほぼ円形のほとんど円筒形になった鎖かたびらの一部
と同じような外観をしており、これによって機械的付着
性が得られると共に、線の重なり合った交点１１ａ、ｌ
ｌｂ等が形成される。
例えば、そのようなネットは、直径が０．　３〜０．５
ｍｍ程度の銅線を２００〜３００ミクロン程度の厚さの
ポリエステルイミドを母材とした絶縁材で被覆したもの
で形成できる。ワイヤを編んで、約４ｍｍ’から８０−
１００ｍｍ’の間の面積Ｓの網目（特に第４図を参照さ
れたい）を形成でき、電気抵抗は約１〜１０Ωである。
出来上がった管形のネットは直径を６５ｍｍ程度、長さ
しを１６０ｍｍ程度にすることができる（第２図参照）
。
ネットの抵抗が約２．７０の場合、抵抗体に３２ボルト
の一定の溶接電圧を２８０秒間加えることによって十分
な結果を得ることができた。
製造の点からすれば、１本の線からなるそのようなネッ
トを用いることにより、線の両端部１１ａ、１ｉｅ（第
２図）をネットから延出させて、これらの端部をまった
〈従来通りにスリーブ（またはその他の連結部材、例え
ば枝管取り出し部、第７図参照）の端子１２及び１４に
直接的に接続することによって端子１２及び１４に電気
的に接続することができ、補助導体を付は加える必要が
ないという利点が得られる。そのような代表的実施例が
第１図に示されている。
しかし、抵抗体１００のその他の実施例も考えることが
できる。
さらに、第５図に示されている例では、抵抗体が一連の
蛇行で形成されており、本質的な要素は、線が重なり合
った交点が存在して、抵抗体の被覆層の溶融温度で短絡
を発生できるようにすることである。
さらに、第７図は第１図に示されているスリーブとは異
なった連結部材を示しているが、これは公知のもので、
２本のパイプを横向き連結するガス技術に用いられるｒ
枝管取り出し部」として知られている形式のものである
。
この枝管取り出し部４０の一部分は、パイプ４４の一部
分を覆うことができるサドル４２になっている。
第１図のスリーブと同様に、取り出し部４０には取り外
し可能な接続端子１２及び１４が設けられている。
本実施例では、使用されている加熱抵抗体が第１図のも
のと同様に形成されているが、はぼ半円筒形になってい
る。
スリーブの場合と同様に、好都合にも抵抗体２６は枝管
取り出し部の厚みの中に埋め込まれているため、素材の
連続性が得られる。
取り出し部４０とパイプ４４とを溶接する前には、抵抗
体はほぼ均一な表面を備えており、切口がない。
それに対して、第７図かられかるように、部材を溶接し
て冷却した後では、この同じ抵抗体に開口２７がパイプ
４４の開口５４と同軸的に貫設されており、これを通っ
てパイプ４４の開口５４が枝管取り出し部の軸部５８の
内通路５６を介して他方のパイプと連通しており、軸部
５８の自由端部で第２パイプ（図示せず）を分岐するよ
うにして第１バイブ４４を他方のパイプに連結すること
ができる。
【図面の簡単な説明】
第１図は本発明による加熱抵抗体を形成している網状の
導電性ネットを備えたスリーブを用いて２本のパイプを
端部同志で連結するための連結装置の中心を通る全体的
断面図、第２図は第１図の連結装置に使用できるように
円筒形にした網み地ソ、クスまたは一種の「鎖かたびら
」のような形状の導電性ネットの斜視図、第３図は第２
図の■で示された部分の拡大した長手方向断面図、第４
図は第２図の■で示された部分の同様な拡大図、第５図
は第１図の抵抗線の別の形状の概略図、第６図は第１図
の部材の抵抗体を流れる電流の変化を時間の関数として
示しており、第７図はパイプに横方向連結を行う枝管取
り出し部を用いた別の連結装置の中心を通る断面図であ
る。 ２．４０＠・・拳連結部材、１０−＠・嗜抵抗体、ｌｌ
ａ、１１ｂ・−・・線の交点、１３−−・・絶縁被覆層
。 代 理 人 山 川 政 樹 ＩＧ−７ 手 続 補 正 書 （方式） ％式％ 事件の表示 平成２年特許願第３２６０８４号 発明の名称 補正をする者 事件との関係 特 許 出 願 人 名称（氏名） ギャーズ・ドウ フランス

Claims (1)

  1. 【特許請求の範囲】 （１）最適の加熱状態を検出して、電気的絶縁材からな
    る層（１３）で被覆された１本の線で形成されている、
    部材を構成しているプラスチック内に配置された抵抗体
    （１０）への電気供給を遮断する方法であって、 前記被覆抵抗線を交点（１１ａ、１１ｂ）で重なり合わ
    せて、それの絶縁被覆層（１３）を構成している素材の
    溶融温度を、部材のプラスチックの溶融温度よりも高い
    最低温度から同部材が熱破壊を受ける温度よりも低い最
    高温度までの間で選択する段階と 前記抵抗体を被覆している絶縁層が溶融温度まで加熱さ
    れて、抵抗線の交点の少なくとも一部分で短絡が発生す
    るまで、前記抵抗体に電気を供給する段階と、 これらの短絡に伴った電圧及び／または電流強さの変化
    を検出する段階と、 その時点で抵抗体への電流の供給を遮断する段階とを有
    していることを特徴とする方法。（２）熱溶融性のプラ
    スチックからなる部品を連結するための、少なくとも一
    部が前記部品のプラスチックと相溶性がある熱溶融性の
    素材からなり、部品（６、８）の対応表面（６ｂ、８ｂ
    ）に接合する表面（４ｂ）を備えた形式の連結部材（２
    、４０）であって、周囲の素材を溶融させて前記部材と
    部品とを溶接できるようにするため、電気的絶縁材から
    なる層（１３）で被覆された１本の線（１０）で形成さ
    れて前記接合表面付近に配置された電気抵抗体（１０）
    を有しており、電気抵抗体（１０）は被覆抵抗線が重な
    り合う交点（１１ａ、１１ｂ）を備えており、それの絶
    縁被覆層（１３）を構成している素材の溶融温度が、部
    材のプラスチックの溶融温度よりも高い最低温度から同
    部材が熱破壊を受ける温度よりも低い最高温度までの間
    に入っていることを特徴とする連結部材。 （３）最適の加熱状態を検出して、電気的絶縁材からな
    る層（１３）で被覆された１本の線で形成されている、
    部材（２、４０）を構成しているプラスチック内に配置
    された抵抗体（１０）への電気供給を遮断する装置であ
    って、前記被覆抵抗線（１０）に交点（１１ａ、１１ｂ
    他）が設けられて、それの絶縁被覆層（１３）を構成し
    ている素材の溶融温度が、前記部材（２、４０）のプラ
    スチックの溶融温度よりも高い最低温度から同部材が熱
    破壊を受ける温度よりも低い最高温度までの間に入って
    おり、さらに、被覆抵抗線をそれの絶縁被覆層（１３）
    の溶融温度まで加熱できるように、被覆抵抗線に電気エ
    ネルギを供給する手段（１５）と、ほぼそれの絶縁被覆
    層（１３）の溶融温度で前記抵抗線の短絡を検出する検
    出手段（２１）と、前記検出手段（２１）がそのような
    短絡を検出した時点で抵抗線への電気供給を遮断する停
    止手段（２３）とを有していることを特徴とする装置。
JP32608490A 1989-11-29 1990-11-29 加熱されると溶融するプラスチック製の配管部材を融接する方法およびそれに使用する連結スリーブ Expired - Lifetime JP2961443B2 (ja)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR89/15707 1989-11-29
FR8915707A FR2654978B1 (fr) 1989-11-29 1989-11-29 Piece de raccordement du type a resistance electrique perfectionnee pour la reunion par thermosoudage d'elements en matiere plastique.

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JPH03213327A true JPH03213327A (ja) 1991-09-18
JP2961443B2 JP2961443B2 (ja) 1999-10-12

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AT (1) ATE147322T1 (ja)
CA (1) CA2031032C (ja)
DE (1) DE69029647T2 (ja)
DK (1) DK0430762T3 (ja)
DZ (1) DZ1461A1 (ja)
ES (1) ES2095244T3 (ja)
FR (1) FR2654978B1 (ja)
GR (1) GR3022237T3 (ja)
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JP2007307906A (ja) * 2006-05-17 2007-11-29 Gaz De France 融解によって２個のポリマー部品を溶接するための装置と方法

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DK0430762T3 (da) 1997-01-27
PT96015A (pt) 1992-08-31
US5141580A (en) 1992-08-25
FR2654978B1 (fr) 1992-02-21
DE69029647D1 (de) 1997-02-20
ES2095244T3 (es) 1997-02-16
DZ1461A1 (fr) 2004-09-13
GR3022237T3 (en) 1997-04-30
DE69029647T2 (de) 1997-04-24
FR2654978A1 (fr) 1991-05-31
EP0430762A3 (en) 1993-04-07
EP0430762A2 (fr) 1991-06-05
ATE147322T1 (de) 1997-01-15
CA2031032C (fr) 2001-04-03
PT96015B (pt) 1998-04-30
KR910009419A (ko) 1991-06-28
EP0430762B1 (fr) 1997-01-08
CN1034483C (zh) 1997-04-09
KR0178381B1 (ko) 1999-05-15
JP2961443B2 (ja) 1999-10-12
CN1052629A (zh) 1991-07-03
CA2031032A1 (fr) 1991-05-30
MC2159A1 (fr) 1992-04-09

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