JP2023529407A - ブラインからリチウムを回収する方法 - Google Patents
ブラインからリチウムを回収する方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2023529407A JP2023529407A JP2022575325A JP2022575325A JP2023529407A JP 2023529407 A JP2023529407 A JP 2023529407A JP 2022575325 A JP2022575325 A JP 2022575325A JP 2022575325 A JP2022575325 A JP 2022575325A JP 2023529407 A JP2023529407 A JP 2023529407A
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- Prior art keywords
- lithium ion
- lithium
- ion sieve
- reactor
- sieve
- Prior art date
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- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 141
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 140
- 239000012267 brine Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 111
- HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;chloride;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Na+].[Cl-] HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 title claims abstract description 111
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 290
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 287
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 68
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 67
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 62
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 54
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 46
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 40
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 claims description 34
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 31
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- 238000010828 elution Methods 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- VTHJTEIRLNZDEV-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Mg+2] VTHJTEIRLNZDEV-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000347 magnesium hydroxide Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910001862 magnesium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 9
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 9
- VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [NH4+].[OH-] VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000908 ammonium hydroxide Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000001471 micro-filtration Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000000108 ultra-filtration Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Ca+2] AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000920 calcium hydroxide Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001861 calcium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011260 aqueous acid Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000484 niobium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- URLJKFSTXLNXLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium(5+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Nb+5].[Nb+5] URLJKFSTXLNXLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 16
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 29
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 28
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 20
- KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium chloride Chemical compound [Li+].[Cl-] KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 18
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 16
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 16
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 15
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 15
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 15
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 14
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 13
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 230000008929 regeneration Effects 0.000 description 11
- 238000011069 regeneration method Methods 0.000 description 11
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 10
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000003463 adsorbent Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 9
- 238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 description 9
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 7
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 6
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 229910019440 Mg(OH) Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000003480 eluent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- -1 hydrogen ions Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000003456 ion exchange resin Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920003303 ion-exchange polymer Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 4
- WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lithium hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[OH-] WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 3
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000018044 dehydration Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000006297 dehydration reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000001172 regenerating effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000012266 salt solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000002351 wastewater Substances 0.000 description 3
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003729 cation exchange resin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229940023913 cation exchange resins Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002019 doping agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000013505 freshwater Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005469 granulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003179 granulation Effects 0.000 description 2
- AMWRITDGCCNYAT-UHFFFAOYSA-L hydroxy(oxo)manganese;manganese Chemical compound [Mn].O[Mn]=O.O[Mn]=O AMWRITDGCCNYAT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 230000000670 limiting effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- GQYHUHYESMUTHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium niobate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Nb](=O)=O GQYHUHYESMUTHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000009285 membrane fouling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000006386 neutralization reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002572 peristaltic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005554 pickling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910001415 sodium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- NWUYHJFMYQTDRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-bis(ethenyl)benzene;1-ethenyl-2-ethylbenzene;styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1.CCC1=CC=CC=C1C=C.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1C=C NWUYHJFMYQTDRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GGZZISOUXJHYOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 8-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2-sulfonic acid Chemical compound C1=C(S(O)(=O)=O)C=C2C(N)=CC=CC2=C1O GGZZISOUXJHYOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BHPQYMZQTOCNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium cation Chemical compound [Ca+2] BHPQYMZQTOCNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000008733 Citrus aurantifolia Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910003890 H2TiO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- JLVVSXFLKOJNIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium ion Chemical compound [Mg+2] JLVVSXFLKOJNIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000011941 Tilia x europaea Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003929 acidic solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001154 acute effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001424 calcium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- IXCSERBJSXMMFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N hcl hcl Chemical compound Cl.Cl IXCSERBJSXMMFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 description 1
- NBZBKCUXIYYUSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N iminodiacetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CNCC(O)=O NBZBKCUXIYYUSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L lithium carbonate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-]C([O-])=O XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
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- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
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Images
Classifications
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- B01D15/26—Selective adsorption, e.g. chromatography characterised by the separation mechanism
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- C01D—COMPOUNDS OF ALKALI METALS, i.e. LITHIUM, SODIUM, POTASSIUM, RUBIDIUM, CAESIUM, OR FRANCIUM
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- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
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- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
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Abstract
Description
本出願は、2019年5月13日に出願された同時係属出願第16/410,523号の一部継続出願であり、2018年12月18日に出願された同時係属出願第16/224,463号の一部継続出願であり、2017年12月27日に出願された米国仮出願第62/610,575号の利益を主張し、これらの全ては、参照により本明細書に明示的に組み込まれる。
LIS.H+Li+→LIS.Li+H+ (1)
式中、LIS.Hは新たに再生された水素形態のリチウムイオンシーブを表し、LIS.Liは担持リチウム形態のリチウムイオンシーブを表す。
LIS.Li+H+→LIS.H+Li+ (2)
本発明の一実施形態による方法を実証するために試験ユニットを構築した。試験ユニットの概略図を図5に示す。
Chitrakarの図4aに示す、吸着剤からのリチウムおよびチタンの初期抽出に対するHCl濃度の影響を評価するために、Chitrakarでは重要な試験を行った。Chitrakarの図4aは、HCl濃度の関数として抽出されたリチウムおよびチタンの量を示す。Chitrakarのデータでは、HCl濃度が0.2M以上であるべきことが示されている。実際、本発明が作用する好ましい酸濃度である0.1Mの酸濃度未満での吸着剤からのリチウム抽出についてのデータは、Chitrakarの図4aには示されていない。本発明では、LTO吸着剤のリチウム成分およびチタン成分は、Chitrakarによって予測されるよりもはるかに低い酸濃度で抽出される。
Claims (30)
- リチウム含有ブラインからリチウムイオンを回収する方法であって、
第1の反応器内で前記リチウム含有ブラインをリチウムイオンシーブと約1時間未満接触させて、前記リチウムイオンシーブを含むリチウムイオン錯体を形成する工程と、
第2の反応器内で前記リチウムイオンシーブからリチウムイオンを脱錯化して、前記リチウムイオンシーブから分離された酸性リチウム塩溶出液を形成する工程と、
を含み、
前記リチウムイオンシーブが、チタンまたはニオブの酸化物を含み、
前記第1の反応器のpHが、アルカリを添加することにより一定値に維持されている、
方法。 - 前記脱錯化が、酸を用いた溶離によって行われる、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記酸の濃度が前記酸を添加することにより一定の値に維持される、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 前記酸の濃度が0.1M未満である、請求項2または請求項3に記載の方法。
- 前記酸のpHが1を超え3未満である、請求項2から4のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記酸のpHが約2である、請求項2から4のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記pHが4を超え9未満の一定値に維持される、請求項1から6のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記第1の反応器内のpHが6を超え8未満である、請求項1から7のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記リチウムイオンシーブの90%超が40μm未満の平均粒子直径を有し、前記リチウムイオンシーブの90%超が0.4μmより大きい平均粒子直径を有する、請求項1から8のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記リチウムイオンシーブの粒子の90体積%超が、直径100μm未満であり、かつ直径0.5μmを超える、請求項1から9のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記リチウムイオンシーブの粒子の90体積%超が、直径0.5μm超である、請求項1から9のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記リチウムイオンシーブがメタチタン酸を含む、請求項1から11のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 固体/液体分離装置により、前記リチウムイオンシーブを含むリチウムイオン錯体をブラインから分離する工程と、
前記第2の反応器内で脱錯化する前に、前記リチウムイオンシーブを含むリチウムイオン錯体を水と接触させる工程と、
をさらに含む、請求項1から12のいずれか1項に記の方法。 - 固体/液体分離装置により、前記酸性リチウム塩溶出液から前記リチウムイオンシーブを分離する工程と、
前記第2の反応器内での脱錯化後に前記リチウムイオンシーブを水と接触させて、再生リチウムイオンシーブおよび希釈酸水洗浄液を得る工程と、
前記再生リチウムイオンシーブを前記第1の反応器に添加する工程と、
をさらに含む、請求項1から13のいずれか1項に記載の方法。 - 前記希釈酸水洗浄液および追加の濃酸を前記第2の反応器に添加することをさらに含む、請求項14に記載の方法。
- 前記リチウムイオンシーブを含む前記リチウムイオン錯体と前記酸との平均接触時間が1時間未満である、請求項1から15のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記第1の反応器が限外濾過または精密濾過膜を備える、請求項1から16のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記第1の反応器の内容物を撹拌するために空気が使用される、請求項1から17のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記リチウムイオンシーブの濃度が50g/L超である、請求項1から18のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記限外濾過膜または前記精密濾過膜を通る流速が、30kPa未満の膜貫通圧で30LMHより大きい、請求項17に記載の方法。
- 前記リチウム含有ブラインを前記リチウムイオンシーブと接触させる前に、1μm未満の平均粒子直径を有するリチウムイオンシーブを除去する工程をさらに含む、請求項1から20のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記第2の反応器内で前記リチウムイオンシーブから前記リチウムイオンを脱錯化する前に、前記リチウムイオンシーブを含む前記リチウムイオン錯体を、水分含有量が90重量%未満になるまで脱水する工程をさらに含む、請求項14に記載の方法。
- 前記再生リチウムイオンシーブを前記第1反応器に添加する前に、前記再生リチウムイオンシーブを脱水する工程をさらに含む、請求項14に記載の方法。
- 前記リチウムイオンシーブを水と接触させる工程が、前記再生されたリチウムイオンシーブを前記第1の反応器に添加する前に、前記リチウムイオンシーブから脱錯化された前記リチウムイオンの50%超がリチウムイオンシーブから洗浄されるように、前記リチウムイオンシーブを十分な水と接触させる工程を含む、請求項13または14に記載の方法。
- 前記リチウムイオンシーブを水と接触させる工程が、前記再生されたリチウムイオンシーブを前記第1の撹拌反応器に添加する前に、前記リチウムイオンシーブから脱錯化された前記リチウムイオンの50%超がリチウムイオンシーブから洗浄されるように、前記リチウムイオンシーブを複数の向流段階で水と接触させる工程を含む、請求項24に記載の方法。
- 前記アルカリが、水酸化ナトリウム、水酸化アンモニウム、無水アンモニア、水酸化カリウム、炭酸ナトリウム、水酸化マグネシウム、または水酸化カルシウムを含む、請求項1から25のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記酸が塩酸または硫酸を含む、請求項2から6のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記リチウムイオンシーブの濃度が100g/L超である、請求項1から27のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記アルカリが、無水アンモニアまたは水酸化アンモニウムを含む、請求項1から28のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記リチウム含有ブラインおよび/または前記リチウムイオン錯体を、約5~約59分、約15~約59分、約25~約59分、約30~約55分、約40~約55分および約45~約55分からなる群から選択される期間、前記リチウムイオンシーブと接触させる、請求項1から29のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
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