JP2022106800A - エネルギー貯蔵装置及びシステム - Google Patents
エネルギー貯蔵装置及びシステム Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
本出願は、2017年1月2日に出願された米国仮特許出願第62/441,462号及び同第62/441,463号の優先権の利益を主張し、その内容は本明細書に完全に記載されているかのように参照により組み込まれる。
本発明のいくつかの実施形態は、エネルギー貯蔵装置及びシステムに関し、より詳細には、これに限定されないが、電極、電解質及び包装材料を含む、エネルギー貯蔵装置及びシステム用の構成要素に関する。
本発明のいくつかの実施形態の態様によれば、ポリマー層を含み10~200μmの厚さを有する包装要素が提供され、この場合に、包装要素は、エネルギー貯蔵装置の本質的に封止された、空隙のない囲いを提供するのに使用するためのものであり、ポリマーは、ポリ(パラ-キシリレン)、ポリ-m-キシリレンアジパミド、誘電性ポリマー、シリコーン系ポリマー、ポリウレタン、アクリルポリマー、硬質ガス不透過性ポリマー、フッ素化ポリマー、エポキシ、ポリイソシアネート、PET、シリコーンゴム、シリコーンエラストマー、ポリアミド及びこれらの任意の組み合わせから選択される。
本発明のいくつかの実施形態は、添付の図及び画像を参照して、例としてのみ本明細書に記載される。ここで詳細に図を具体的に参照すると、示されている詳細は、例示であり本発明の実施形態の例示的な記載のためであることが強調される。この点に関して、図と共に行われる記載は、本発明の実施形態がどのように実施され得るかを当業者に明らかにする。
本発明のいくつかの実施形態は、エネルギー貯蔵装置及びシステムに関し、より具体的には、これに限定されないが、エネルギー貯蔵装置及びシステム用の構成要素、電極、電解質及び包装材料を含むエネルギー貯蔵装置及びシステム用の構成要素に関する。
引張り強度、即ち、材料が張力下で破損する又は永久的に変形する応力。
屈曲強度(場合には曲げ強度という用語でも称される)、即ち、破断の瞬間に材料にかかる応力。
屈曲弾性率は、材料の曲げ剛性、即ち、加えられた力による変形に対する材料の抵抗を指す。
シャルピー衝撃(シャルピーVノッチ試験)は、屈曲衝撃下で試験片を破壊するのに必要な単位面積当たりのエネルギーを指す。
実施例1及び2:本発明のいくつかの実施形態による包装要素を含む薄膜電池の製造(連続層)
基板、ポリマー-セラミックセパレータ(アルミナ及びPVDFバインダー)及びグラファイトアノードへのLiCoO2カソードの電気泳動堆積(EPD)によって2つの試料を調製した。実施例1は、アルミニウム基板に調製し、実施例2は57%のポリエステル、23%の銅及び20%のニッケルからなる導電性繊維に調製した。
パリレンポリマーを約0.1トールの圧力で堆積させ、これにより堆積チャンバ内のガス分子の平均自由経路を約0.1cmとした。電池の全ての面に、均一に気体状のモノマーが衝突し、真に共形的なピンホールのないコーティングが生成する。パリレン堆積プロセスは、3つの異なる工程からなる:(i)約150℃で固体ダイマーを蒸発させる工程、(ii)約680℃で2つのメチレン-メチレン結合にてダイマー蒸気を熱分解し、安定なモノマージラジカル、パラ-キシリレンを得る工程、(iii)モノマー蒸気が室温堆積チャンバに入り、基板上で自発的に重合する工程。
本発明の実施例3及び実施例4によるアルミニウム基板及び純粋な導電性繊維基板における純粋な試料を、パリレン包装層を通る溶媒浸透について試験した。使用した溶媒は、アセトンと、市販の電解質、体積比1:1で1M LiPF6エチレンカーボネート及びジメチルカーボネートであった。試料それぞれを、両方の溶媒中で、密閉して封止したフラスコに、(i)室温、(ii)60℃の温度で1時間、個別に入れた。印は、全ての試料で実質的に消えなかった。
LiCoO2カソード層をアルミニウム基板のEPDによって調製し、グラファイトアノードをEPD又はドクターブレードによって調製し、Celgard(登録商標)(25μm厚)セパレータ層を、アノード層とカソード層との間に配置した。実施例5は、アルミニウム基板に調製し、実施例6は、57%のポリエステル、23%の銅及び20%のニッケルからなる導電性繊維に調製した。
1:1の体積比で1M LiPF6エチレンカーボネート及びジメチルカーボネートを含む電解質0.5mlを、実施例5に詳述された試料中の針を通して挿入した(セルを本発明のパリレン包装要素で覆った)。試料を7日間室温に保った。試料からの電解質漏れは見られなかった。
p-フェニレンジアミンの酸化生成物(OPPD)によって改質された安定なグラフェンコロイドを合成する。剥離されたグラフェンオキシド(rGO)/グラフェンオキシド(GO)を天然グラファイトから調製する。グラファイト酸化物は、粉末フレーク状グラファイトと硝酸ナトリウムとを2:1の重量比で硫酸に添加することによって調製した。酸化グラファイトに対して3:1の重量比の過マンガン酸カリウムを懸濁液に添加した。30分後、懸濁液を希釈し、過酸化水素で処理して残留した過マンガン酸塩及び二酸化マンガンを無色の可溶性硫酸マンガンに還元した。懸濁液を濾過して酸化グラファイトを収集した。
電気泳動浴は、超音波処理によりアセトン系溶液(エタノール、イソプロパノール、DDH2O又はアセトン)に分散された、0.1~5g/lの酸化グラフェン(実施例7に記載の通り調製)及び0.1~5g/lの酸化ケイ素(実施例7に記載の通り処理)、0~1体積/体積%の界面活性剤、及び0.01~0.5g/lのヨウ素(I2)、0.001~0.5g/lのMg(NO3)2又はTEAを含んだ。
電気泳動浴は、超音波処理によってアセトン系溶液(エタノール、イソプロパノール、DDH2O又はアセトン)に分散された、0.01~5g/lの界面活性剤でコーティングされたCNT(多壁、二重壁、及び単壁)、及び0.1~5g/lのケイ素マイクロ粒子、0~1体積/体積%の界面活性剤、及び0.01~0.5g/lのヨウ素(I2)を含んだ。
電気泳動浴は、超音波処理によってアセトン系溶液(エタノール、イソプロパノール、DDH2O又はアセトン)に分散された、0.01~5g/lの界面活性剤でコーティングされたCNT(多壁、二重壁、及び単壁)及び0.1~5g/lの活性炭粉末、0~1体積/体積%の界面活性剤及び0.01~0.5g/lのヨウ素(I2)を含んだ。
水での5~50g/lの濃度のMnO2粉末を、エタノールに溶解した0.1~1g/lのリン酸エステル(PE)と混合し、超音波処理した。実施例7に記載した通りPPDで活性化した後、0.1~1g/lの酸化グラフェンをEPD浴に添加した。更に、粒径1~10マイクロメートルの活性炭を0~1g/lの濃度で添加し、0~1体積/体積%の界面活性剤を添加した。
電気泳動浴は、超音波処理によりアセトン系溶液(エタノール、イソプロパノール、DDH2O又はアセトン)に分散された、0~1g/lのアルミナ分散粉末及び0.1~5g/lのポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVDF)、0~1体積/体積%の界面活性剤及び0.01~0.5g/lのヨウ素(I2)を含んだ。
アノード、セパレータ、及びカソードを含み得る電極スタックは、リチウムイオン電池適合レベルまで乾燥される。ほとんどの場合、この工程は真空下で行われる。
この工程は、エネルギー貯蔵システムに必要な量の電解質溶液をスタックに噴霧(例えば)することによって電解質溶液を挿入する前のものである。
これは、電極スタックに電解質溶液を直接スプレーすることによって、又は注入によって、又はエネルギー貯蔵装置の将来の正しい動作のためにスタックに適切な量の電解質溶液を与える任意の他の方法によって行うことができる。
この段階は、液体含有スタック(例えば電解質溶液)にて直接第1の保護層を形成し、次の段階の前に電解質を保護することを意味する。
この層は、
Dl.パリレン膜
D2.Kapton/PETテープ(又はスタック及び電解質溶液に対して反応性がない他のテープ)
D3.プラズマ有り又は無しの大気圧パリレン堆積
D4.ケイ酸リチウム/メタケイ酸リチウムを有する又は有さないシリコーンポリマー
であることができる。
E.第2の封止層堆積:
この段階は厚さと安定性を増し、エネルギー貯蔵装置の必要性に適するように封止層を完成することを目的とする。
これは、
El.プラズマ有り又は無しの低圧パリレン堆積
E2.いくつかの方法でのフルオロポリマー
E2a.電界紡糸
E2b.プラズマCVD
E2c.電気泳動堆積(EPD)で行うことができる。
Eは、同じ又は異なる物質でn回繰り返すことができる。
実施例1:水性電気泳動浴からの複合材料グラフェン及びケイ素-グラフェンアノードの電気泳動堆積
p-フェニレンジアミンの酸化生成物(OPPD)によって改質された安定なグラフェンコロイドを合成する。剥離されたグラファイト酸化物(GO)/グラフェン酸化物は、天然グラファイトから調製される。グラファイト酸化物は、粉末フレーク状グラファイトと硝酸ナトリウムとを2:1の重量比で硫酸中に添加することによって調製した。酸化グラファイトに対して3:1の重量比の過マンガン酸カリウムを懸濁液に添加した。30分後、懸濁液を希釈し、過酸化水素で処理して残留した過マンガン酸及び二酸化マンガンを無色の可溶性硫酸マンガンに還元した。懸濁液を濾過して酸化グラファイトを収集した。水での0.5~2g/lの濃度のGOを、N,N-ジメチルホルムアミド(DMF)又はTriton X100界面活性剤に溶解した5~10g/lのp-フェニレンジアミン(PPD)と混合し超音波処理する。コロイドと溶液とを混合し、水浴中90℃で24時間還流する。
電気泳動浴は、超音波処理によってアセトン系溶液(エタノール、イソプロパノール、DDH2O又はアセトン)に分散させた、0.1~5g/lの酸化グラフェン(実施例1に記載の通り調製)及び0.1~5g/lの酸化ケイ素(実施例1に記載の通り処理)、0~1体積/体積%の界面活性剤及び0.01~0.5g/lのヨウ素(I2)、0.001~0.5g/lのMg(NO3)2又はTEAを含んだ。
電気泳動浴は、超音波処理によってアセトン系溶液(エタノール、イソプロパノール、DDH2O又はアセトン)に分散された、0.01~5g/lの界面活性剤でコーティングされたCNT(多壁、二重壁、及び単壁)、及び0.1~5g/lのケイ素マイクロ粒子、0~1体積/体積%の界面活性剤、及び0.01~0.5g/lのヨウ素(I2)を含んだ。
電気泳動浴は、超音波処理によってアセトン系溶液(エタノール、イソプロパノール、DDH2O又はアセトン)に分散された、0.01~5g/lの界面活性剤でコーティングされたCNT(多壁、二重壁、及び単壁)、及び0.1~5g/lの活性炭粉末、0~1体積/体積%の界面活性剤、及び0.01~0.5g/lのヨウ素(I2)を含んだ。
水での5~50g/lの濃度のMnO2粉末を、エタノールに溶解した0.1~1g/lのリン酸エステル(PE)と混合して超音波処理した。実施例4に記載した通りPPDで活性化した後、0.1~1g/lの酸化グラフェンをEPD浴に添加した。更に、粒径1~10マイクロメートルの活性炭を0~1g/lの濃度で添加し、0~1体積/体積%の界面活性剤を添加した。
カソード電気泳動堆積プロセスを使用して、ポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVDF)系セパレータを堆積させた。電気泳動プロセスによってセパレータ層を堆積させるために、固体ヨウ素(I2)を帯電体として添加した。反応(1)及び(2)によれば、ヨウ素及びアセトンは、以下の機構を介して反応してヒドロニウムイオンを生成し、これは次に帯電体として機能する:
CH3COCH3⇔CH3C(OH)CH2 (1)
CH3C(OH)CH2+I2⇔CH3COCH2I+H++I- (2)
Claims (28)
- ポリマー層を含み10~200μmの厚さを有する包装要素であって、前記包装要素は、エネルギー貯蔵装置の本質的に封止された、空隙のない囲いを提供するのに使用するためのものであり、前記ポリマーは、ポリ(パラ-キシリレン)、ポリ-m-キシリレンアジパミド、誘電性ポリマー、シリコーン系ポリマー、ポリウレタン、アクリルポリマー、硬質ガス不透過性ポリマー、フッ素化ポリマー、エポキシ、ポリイソシアネート、PET、シリコーンゴム、シリコーンエラストマー、ポリアミド及びこれらの任意の組み合わせから選択される、包装要素。
- 前記ポリ(パラ-キシリレン)は、クロロ置換パリレンである、請求項1に記載の包装要素。
- 前記ポリイソシアネートは、キシリレンジイソシアネート及びビス(イソシアナトメチル)シクロヘキサンからなる群から選択される少なくとも1つのイソシアネートから誘導される、請求項1に記載の包装要素。
- 前記エネルギー貯蔵装置は、キャパシタ、スーパーキャパシタ、ハイブリッドキャパシタ、及び電池から選択される、請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の包装要素。
- 前記エネルギー貯蔵装置は、リチウム電池又はリチウムイオン二次電池である、請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載の包装要素。
- 前記エネルギー貯蔵装置は、液体電解質、イオン液体、ゲル電解質、又はリチウム塩を含む水性電解質の1つ以上を含む、請求項1~5のいずれか一項に記載の包装要素。
- 2つの電極層とこれらの間に配置されたセパレータ層とを含むアセンブリを含むエネルギー貯蔵モジュールであって、前記エネルギー貯蔵モジュールは薄膜ポリマー層を含み10~200μmの厚さを有する包装要素によって囲まれ、前記包装要素は、前記エネルギー貯蔵モジュールの本質的に封止された、空隙のない囲いを提供するように構成され、前記ポリマーは、ポリ(パラ-キシリレン)、ポリ-m-キシリレンジアジパミド、誘電性ポリマー、シリコーン系ポリマー、ポリウレタン、アクリルポリマー、硬質ガス不透過性ポリマー、フッ素化ポリマー、エポキシ、ポリイソシアネート、PET、シリコーンゴム、シリコーンエラストマー、ポリアミド及びこれらの任意の組み合わせから選択される、エネルギー貯蔵モジュール。
- 前記エネルギー貯蔵モジュールが0.01mA/cm2の電流で放電されたときに決定される、少なくとも1リットル当たり200mAh(mAh/1)の体積エネルギー密度を有する、請求項7に記載のエネルギー貯蔵モジュール。
- 前記エネルギー貯蔵モジュールが公称電圧まで充電され、公称電圧の50%まで放電されるときに決定される、少なくとも1g当たり40mAh(mAh/g)の重量エネルギー密度を有する、請求項7に記載のエネルギー貯蔵モジュール。
- (i)複数の内面穿孔を備えた、又は2を超えるアスペクト比を有する多孔質構造を備えた基板と、
(ii)アノードと、
(iii)カソードと、
(iv)前記アノード層と前記カソード層の間に配置された電解質層と、
を含むエネルギー貯蔵モジュールであって、前記層は、前記基板の表面領域において及び前記穿孔の内面全体に渡って、又は前記多孔質構造全体に渡って形成され、前記エネルギー貯蔵モジュールは、10~200μmの厚さを有しポリマーを含む薄膜包装要素によって囲まれ、前記エネルギー貯蔵モジュールの本質的に封止された、空隙のない囲いを提供するように構成され、前記ポリマーは、ポリ(パラ-キシリレン)、ポリ-m-キシリレンアジパミド、誘電性ポリマー、シリコーン系ポリマー、ポリウレタン、アクリルポリマー、硬質ガス不透過性ポリマー、フッ素化ポリマー、エポキシ、ポリイソシアネート、PET、シリコーンゴム、シリコーンエラストマー、ポリアミド及びこれらの任意の組み合わせから選択される、エネルギー貯蔵モジュール。 - オンチップエネルギー貯蔵装置である、請求項10に記載のエネルギー貯蔵モジュール。
- 前記オンチップエネルギー貯蔵装置は、キャパシタ、スーパーキャパシタ、ハイブリッドキャパシタ、及び電池から選択される、請求項11に記載のエネルギー貯蔵モジュール。
- 積層構成で配置されている、請求項7~12のいずれか一項に記載の複数のエネルギー貯蔵モジュール。
- (i)溶媒を含む分散液を提供することであって、前記分散液はその中に分散された帯電剤及び帯電粒子を含むことと、
(ii)前記粒子を含む膜を基板の表面領域に堆積させるのに十分な電流を印加することと、
を含み、前記粒子は、官能化多孔質カーボン、グラファイト、グラフェン、カーボンナノ粒子、カーボンナノチューブ、カーボン繊維、及びカーボンロッド、ナノワイヤ、フラーレン、ケイ素粒子、及びチタン酸リチウム(LTO)粒子の1つ以上を含み、前記帯電粒子と前記帯電剤の前記比は、1:10~10:1重量/重量%である、基板に電極膜を電気泳動的に堆積させるための方法。 - 前記帯電粒子と前記帯電剤の前記比は、1:5~5:1重量/重量%である、請求項14に記載の方法。
- 前記荷電粒子と前記帯電剤の前記比は、2:1~4:1重量/重量%である、請求項14に記載の方法。
- 前記荷電粒子と前記荷電剤の前記比は、3:1重量/重量%である、請求項14に記載の方法。
- 前記ケイ素粒子は、酸化ケイ素粒子、ケイ素ナノワイヤ、ケイ素ナノチューブ、ケイ素マイクロ粒子、及びケイ素ナノ粒子から選択される材料を含む、請求項14に記載の方法。
- 前記基板にナノ粒子を含むアノード膜を堆積させるのに十分な電流を誘導するために印加される電圧は、30V~100Vである、請求項14に記載の方法。
- 前記基板は、銀、金、銅、アルミニウム、ニッケル、ステンレス鋼、チタン、導電性紙、導電性繊維、多孔質導電性支持体、導電性ポリマー及び金属化プラスチックから選択される導電性材料を含む又はからなる、請求項14に記載の方法。
- 前記分散液はバインダーを本質的に含まない、請求項20に記載の方法。
- 請求項14~21のいずれか一項に記載の方法によって得られる電極膜。
- 5000の倍率及び11.6mmの作動距離で走査型電子顕微鏡によって決定される場合、50μm以下の凝集物を本質的に含まない、請求項22に記載の電極膜。
- バインダーを本質的に含まない、請求項22又は23に記載の電極膜。
- 基板と膜とを含む電極であって、前記膜は前記基板の表面領域に堆積された材料の粒子を含み、前記粒子は、官能化多孔質炭素、グラファイト、グラフェン、カーボンナノ粒子、カーボンナノチューブ、カーボン繊維、及びカーボンロッド、ナノワイヤ、フラーレン、ケイ素粒子、チタン酸リチウム(LTO)粒子の1つ以上を含み、前記電極は、エネルギー貯蔵装置に使用するためのものであり、リチウムイオンカソード又はリチウム金属に対してサイクル時に200~2000mAh/gの容量を有する電極。
- 前記ケイ素粒子は、酸化ケイ素粒子、ケイ素ナノワイヤ、ケイ素ナノチューブ、ケイ素マイクロ粒子、及びケイ素ナノ粒子から選択される材料を含む、請求項25に記載の電極。
- 前記膜は0.5~20mg/cm2の荷重密度で粒子を含む、請求項25に記載の電極。
- (i)溶媒を含む分散液を提供することであって、前記分散液はその中に分散された帯電剤及び帯電粒子を含むことと、
(ii)前記粒子を含む膜を基板の表面領域に堆積させるのに十分な電流を印加することと、
を含む、基板に複合絶縁セラミック材料を電気泳動的に堆積させるための方法であって、前記粒子は、ポリエチレンオキシド、ポリエチレンイミン、ポリエチレンイミド、ポリエチレングリコール、又はこれらの任意の混合物からなる群から選択されるポリマー材料、及びアルミナ、ジルコニア、シリカ、酸化セリウム粒子、YSZ、酸化リチウム、酸化グラフェン又はこれらの任意の混合物からなる群から選択されるセラミック材料の1つ以上を含み、前記帯電粒子と前記帯電剤の前記比は、10:1~100:1重量/重量%である方法。
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CN110574205A (zh) | 2019-12-13 |
IL267787A (en) | 2019-09-26 |
US20190341584A1 (en) | 2019-11-07 |
JP2020516011A (ja) | 2020-05-28 |
EP3563445A4 (en) | 2020-12-09 |
KR20190123265A (ko) | 2019-10-31 |
IL267787B2 (en) | 2023-11-01 |
IL303199A (en) | 2023-07-01 |
WO2018122827A1 (en) | 2018-07-05 |
US20220102791A1 (en) | 2022-03-31 |
JP7150730B2 (ja) | 2022-10-11 |
IL267787B1 (en) | 2023-07-01 |
EP3563445A1 (en) | 2019-11-06 |
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