JP2020130034A - Method for cultivating mushrooms - Google Patents

Abstract

To provide a method for cultivating mushrooms such as shiitake mushrooms, in which one generation of fungal beds is promoted to develop once so as to be harvested.SOLUTION: The method for cultivating mushrooms includes: 1) in a cultivation container 1 made of a non-transmissive material with the bottom and sides closed and only the top opened, medium 2 is laid in an area having 2500 mmor more of top surface area and 20 to 50 mm in height; 2) a suspension of 5 g to 100 g/1l in a solvent is inoculated on the surface of the medium at 0.02 to 0.10 ml/100 mm; 3) the upper surface of the container is covered with a lid made of a material having breathability and translucency; 4) hyphal spread, primordium is formed and grown; and 5) one generation of the fungal bed is promoted to develop fruiting body grown to a required size to be harvested.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

Description

The present invention relates to a method for cultivating mushrooms mainly for shiitake mushrooms, which are harvested by promoting the outbreak once for one generation of fungal beds.

Conventionally, in the cultivation of mushrooms such as shiitake mushrooms, it has been common to promote the occurrence of mushrooms such as shiitake mushrooms three to eight times per generation and harvest them.
It is necessary that the entire fungus bed has been aged to some extent at the completion of culturing, and in order to secure a certain amount of shiitake mushrooms from the aged fungus bed, not once but multiple times per generation of fungus bed. This is because it was thought that it would be a more efficient cultivation method to obtain by harvesting once.
However, with this method, it takes at least 50 days to decompose and rot the medium until the spread hyphae can form a primordium, and ripening is delayed in the lower part of the fungus bed where carbon dioxide tends to accumulate, so in actual cultivation It takes 60 to 70 days after the epidemic, and when the outbreak period is added to it, the total cultivation period tends to be 180 days or more.
In addition, if the cultivation period is prolonged, watering must be performed many times to continue the outbreak, and during that time, it is necessary to exterminate the growing pests and take measures against diseases.
Furthermore, if shiitake mushrooms are generated from the left, right, front and back surfaces of the fungus bed, the direction of the fungus bed must be changed or lifted at the time of harvesting, and the generated shiitake mushrooms are upland and phototropic. The shape was curved toward it, which made it unsuitable for boxing, and the product form was not of high quality.

It is doubtful whether the conventional method of long-term cultivation is truly efficient in terms of management. On the other hand, the present inventor considers the occurrence to be only once for one generation of the fungus bed. In addition, we focused on the means of generating mushrooms from only one top surface, avoiding the side surfaces and bottom surface.
That is, the mushrooms are harvested once for one generation of the fungus bed for a short period of time, and by avoiding the curved mushroom shape and forming a straight stretched form, the cultivation efficiency is improved and the high quality shiitake mushrooms are commercialized. I wondered if I could get mushrooms.

However, when the cultivation surface is limited to only one surface of the upper surface while avoiding the multiple surfaces of the bottom surface and the side surface and the culture period is shortened, is it possible to obtain sufficient ripening of the fungus bed within the shortened period? As a result, there remains a problem as to whether or not the mushrooms can be obtained in a size (individual weight) and a sufficient number (raw weight) that meet the product standards required by the mushrooms.

Nagano Forestry Research Center / Technical Information No. 82 ・ 1993.1 ・ Fungus bed Shiitake cultivation technique 2 <Culture to harvest process> p. 3 Table 1. Temperature and number of days for primordium formation ・ Japan Mushroom Center Fungus Research Institute Nichibayashi Kyushu Research Papers (Japanese Forest Society Kyushu Branch Research Papers), No. 43.1990.9-Cultivation of shiitake mushrooms by the fungal bed method-Effects on primordium formation of light and fruiting body development-Faculty of Agriculture, Miyazaki University

The present invention has been made to solve the above problems, and in order to improve the efficiency of mushroom cultivation such as shiitake mushrooms, the harvest is performed once for one generation of the fungal bed, and the bottom and sides of the cultivation surface are closed. This is an attempt to realize a cultivation method that can meet the required commercial standards, with only the upper surface, and sufficient maturation of the fungal bed and generation of fruiting bodies are observed within a shortened period.

The method for cultivating mushrooms according to claim 1 is as follows: 1) The width of the upper surface is 2500 mm ² or more and the height is high in a cultivation container formed of a non-transmissive material in which the bottom surface and the side surface are closed and only the upper surface is open. A medium was laid in a range of 20 to 50 mm, and 2) a suspension in which the inoculum was stirred and mixed at a ratio of 5 g to 100 g / 1 l in a container that did not interfere with the growth of bacterial cells was added to the surface of the medium. Inject at a ratio of 0.02 to 0.10 ml / 100 mm ² ) 3) Cover the upper surface of the container with a lid made of a material having breathability and translucency, and 4) form a primordium and grow. It is characterized in that 5) fruiting bodies grown to the required standard are harvested by promoting the occurrence once for one generation of the fungus bed.

The method for cultivating mushrooms according to claim 2 is as follows: 1) The width of the upper surface is 2500 mm ² or more and high in a cultivation container formed of a non-transmissive material in which the bottom surface and the side surfaces are closed and only the upper surface is open. A medium was laid in a range of 20 to 50 mm, and 2) the inoculum cultured on the surface of the medium at a concentration of 2 to 200 g / L (cell weight / medium solution amount) in a liquid medium was 0.02 to 0. .Inoculate at a ratio of 10 ml / 100 mm ² ) 3) Cover the upper surface of the container with a lid formed of a material having breathability and translucency, 4) Spread hyphae and form a base on the medium, and It is characterized in that, after growing, 5) fruiting bodies grown to the required standard are harvested by promoting the occurrence once for one generation of the bacterial bed.

The method for cultivating mushrooms according to claim 3 is characterized in that the lid is made of a plastic film having malleability, breathability and translucency.

When the inoculum is sprayed on the upper surface of the fungus bed, hyphae spread in the medium, and when the fungus bed is decomposed and decayed, the growth stage of the whole fungus bed is changed to the formation of a primordium toward reproductive growth. Become. The change depends on the maturity of the bacterial bed. At this time, in this method, since the upper surface open to the medium is formed, oxygen and light are supplied from the open surface. Since the height is in the range of 20 mm to 50 mm with respect to the medium, the difference in the amount of oxygen supplied above and below the medium is small, carbon dioxide does not stay, the difference in the light receiving conditions on the medium generation surface is also small, and the hyphae The conditions for the spread will be in place.

At this time, 0.02 was obtained by stirring and mixing the inoculum at a ratio of 5 g to 100 g / 1 l in a solvent having an upper surface area of 2500 mm ² or more and not hindering the growth of bacterial cells on the medium surface. Inoculate at a ratio of ~ 0.10 ml / 100 mm ² or inoculate the inoculum at a concentration of ² to 200 g / L (cell weight / medium solution amount) in a liquid medium at 0.02 to 0.10 ml / 100 mm ² . Inoculate at a rate.
As a result, biomass that can obtain a constant weight is secured, and uniform maturation of the inoculated surface and generation of fruiting bodies in a short period of time are promoted.

Under such conditions, the rate of decomposition and decay is high, and the ripening of the bacterial bed required for primordium formation is achieved at an early stage. For example, if 60 days are required, the primordium formation The aging conditions are satisfied, and the culture period can be set within 60 days.
As a result, the setting of the culture period is shortened to about 1/2 to 2/3 of the conventional culture period, and it is also manageable for cultivating mushrooms such as shiitake mushrooms that are harvested once per generation of the fungus bed. It will be sufficiently efficient.

When the width of the upper surface of the medium is 2500 mm ² or more and the height is in the range of 20 to 50 mm, and the height of the medium is set to 20 mm or less, for example, the weight of shiitake mushrooms generated is small and the height is not satisfied. If the height is 50 mm or more, the number and the raw weight of the fungus bed will be zero without aging. On the other hand, when the medium has a width of 2500 mm ² or more and a height of 20 to 50 mm, the number, individual weight and raw weight of shiitake mushrooms generated per medium may be sufficient. It was also confirmed experimentally.
That is, in a medium having a top surface width of 2500 mm ² or more and a height in the range of 20 mm to 50 mm, the mushrooms grow into shiitake mushrooms of an appropriate size (individual weight) as a commercial product, and the number (number) thereof is large. It is more than a certain amount, and the total raw weight reaches a considerable amount, which means that mushrooms such as shiitake mushrooms of excellent quality as a product can be obtained in a quantity that is sufficiently profitable in terms of management.

Since the cultivation container was in a state where only the upper surface was opened to almost block the light from the bottom surface and the side surface, the fruiting bodies generated were only in the form of extending straight from the upper surface without extending from the side surface or the like and being curved. Therefore, the quality is excellent and there is no need to spend time on cutting and boxing.

In addition, since the upper surface of the container is covered with a lid made of a material having oxygen permeability and translucency, the invasion of pathogens and pests during the hyphal spread period is blocked, and the work and cost required for its extermination are also incurred. do not do.

Watering is not necessary because it is harvested only once for one generation of the fungus bed, and it is freed from repeated watering work over a long period of time, and the efficiency from the work side is greatly improved.

In general, this method can obtain a sufficient number of mushrooms to be generated and a raw weight with individual weight by one generation and harvesting for one generation of fungus bed, and can also be used for watering, pest control, etc. No work is required, and both production efficiency and work efficiency have been achieved.

In the cultivation method according to claim 3, since the lid is made of a plastic film having extensibility, breathability and translucency, oxygen and light are sufficiently supplied and mycelial mass is formed. When the mycelium rises, the film body can follow the uplift, and proper primordium formation can be promoted without interfering with the increase in the amount of mycelium.

It is sectional drawing which shows the cultivation container for carrying out the cultivation method of this invention. It is a schematic diagram which shows each step of the cultivation method of this invention. It is a graph which shows the experimental result of the cultivation method of this invention.

A mode for carrying out the present invention will be described below.
Although the present invention mainly targets shiitake mushrooms, it can also be applied to mushroom cultivation belonging to fungal bed cultivation such as oyster mushrooms and maitake mushrooms, and shiitake mushrooms will be described below on behalf of these mushrooms.
First, in practicing the present invention, the following cultivation container can be used. The shape of the container 1 is, in principle, a rectangular parallelepiped, the bottom surface and the side surface thereof are made of a non-translucent material, and only the top surface is open. , The open surface shall be covered with a material having breathability and light transmission.
Here, the non-transmissive material refers to a material that can block light to the extent that it does not affect the formation of the primordium from the upper surface, and is, for example, polypropylene or other plastic or wood material. The material covering the upper surface is a lid having oxygen permeability and translucency, for example, a plastic film body 4.
This is to promote the generation of mushrooms from the fungus bed only from the upper surface. That is, if the growth from the side of the fungus bed is allowed, the handle of the mushroom that protrudes sideways from the side extends upward from the backland and phototropism to become a curved state, which reduces the quality and commercializes it. This is because it causes the curved portion to be cut off, the arrangement to be changed, and the work efficiency to be lowered when packing with.

A medium 2 is laid in the container 1, and soil suitable for shiitake cultivation can be generally used for the medium 2. For example, hardwood ogako and fusuma can be used as a nutrient.
Then, the width of the upper surface of the medium shall be 2500 mm ² or more, and the height thereof shall be laid in the range of 20 mm to 50 mm from the bottom surface, the details of which will be described later. It is an important requirement to complete.

Next, the shiitake inoculum 3 is sprayed on the surface of the medium 2, and the spraying is such that 5 g to 100 g / 1 l of the inoculum crushed and subdivided by a mixer or the like is placed in a solvent that does not hinder the growth of the cells. The suspension is inoculated at a ratio of 0.02 to 0.10 ml / 100 mm ² .
This is to promote uniform maturation of the inoculated surface and increase the amount of fruiting bodies generated from the inoculated surface in a short period of culture.
That is, when mushrooms are generated only from the upper surface, the inoculum 3 sprayed on the surface is not sufficiently small particles, or the inoculum 3 sprayed is not uniform due to a bias in shade. , The entire fungus bed cannot be used effectively.
Therefore, in this inoculation, the inoculum for growing shiitake mushrooms is crushed and the suspended inoculum 3 is inoculated to promote uniform ripening on the inoculation surface based on the upper surface and increase the amount of fruiting bodies generated from the inoculation surface. By promoting the outbreak from the upper surface with higher priority, the outbreak from the site other than the inoculation surface is suppressed. In addition, the reason why the upper limit is set is that when the concentration of the suspension becomes excessive, the mutual relationship between hyphae, fruiting bodies, etc. becomes too close, and on the contrary, proper growth is inhibited.

The inoculum can be a liquid inoculum in addition to the above suspension.
The liquid inoculum refers to a liquid cell cultured in a liquid medium, and specific examples thereof include inoculum grown in an agar medium having a composition of 2% glucose, 1% peptone, and KH ₂ PO _{40. .5%, MgSO 4 · 7H 2} O0.5%, antifoam 0.005%, was inoculated into distilled water 95.995% of the liquid medium, shaking based on a proper temperature and days culturing this in Erlenmeyer flask Can be assumed to be.
The cells in this liquid inoculum are inoculated with the inoculum cultured in a liquid medium at a concentration of ² to 200 g / L (cell weight / medium solution amount) at a ratio of 0.02 to 0.10 ml / 100 mm ² .
This is to promote proper spread and maturation of hyphae and development of fruiting bodies in a short period of time from the inoculated surface, as in the case of the above suspension.
The amount of cells at this time was measured by centrifuging 10 cc of mycelial culture solution at 1000 g (RCP: relative centrifugal force) for 5 minutes and measuring the weight of the cells excluding the supernatant. Can be a quantity.

The upper surface of the container 1 inoculated with the inoculum 3 is coated on the surface of the medium 2 with a lid 4 made of a material having oxygen permeability and translucency, which is spread together with oxygen permeability and translucency. The plastic film body 4 having extensibility is preferable. The reasons are the extensible property that can be stretched following the uplift of the medium 2 due to the generation of hyphal mass, which will be described later, and the passage of oxygen-containing air required for the spread of hyphae and the formation of primordium. This is because it has the oxygen permeability to be obtained and the translucency that enables the collection of light necessary for the spread of hyphae and the formation of primordium.
As the plastic film body 4, a polymethylpentene or polyvinyl chloride film body having extensibility, oxygen permeability and translucency that covers the upper surface of the container 1 main body can be used.
At this time, the lid 4 is allowed to form a void at a maximum distance of about 20 mm from the state of being substantially in contact with the surface of the medium 1.
Further, the lid 4 can be removed as needed, and can be removed from the container 1 at any time after the time when the hyphal spread is completed and the primordium is formed.

By the way, when shiitake mushroom cultivation was carried out based on the above setting conditions, the following results could be obtained.
That is, a medium 2 was laid in a container 1 satisfying the above conditions at a height of 18 mm to 65 mm divided into six, and a shiitake inoculum 3 was sprayed therein, covered with a film body 4 and cultured. For comparison, medium heights under other conditions were combined.
The conditions of the experiment are as follows.
Container: Polypropylene container with a length and width of 600 mm x 400 mm and a size corresponding to the height of 18 mm to 65 mm. Set inoculum: Hokuken No. 788 (registered as a variety for fungal bed cultivation)
Suspension: 30 g of the above inoculum crushed with a mixer and stirred in 1 &#8467; of sterilized water. Film body: Expandable film of polyvinyl chloride film (trademark: Hitachi Wrap) Culture temperature: 20 ° C culture Period: 60 days Occurrence period: 10 days Measurement item: The amount of the obtained mushrooms generated is measured by dividing it into the number, individual weight and raw weight.

From the above results, when the height of the medium 2 is 18 mm, the number of mushrooms generated is 17, the individual weight is 21.2 g, the raw weight is 361 g, and mushrooms are generated, but the raw weight is It was a shortage. At 55 mm, the number was 7, the individual weight was 20, and the raw weight was 161. At 65 mm, there was no mushroom generation and the raw weight was zero, both of which could not be adopted as cultivation efficiency.
On the other hand, in the case of 28 mm, the individual weight tends to be as small as 6.9, but the number of generated pieces is as large as 62, and the total raw weight reaches 426 g. At 35 mm, the number is 42 and the individual weight is 17.4, which is an appropriate value, and the raw weight is 731, which is a sufficient value. At 44 mm, the number is 61 and the individual weight is 14.1, which is an appropriate value, and the raw weight is 860. And showed the maximum value.
Further, when this is graphed, it becomes as shown in FIG. 3, and the appropriate height of the medium capable of securing a raw weight of 400 or more was in the range of 20 to 50 mm.
From these facts, it was concluded that the optimum height of the medium 2 for the cultivation of the present invention is 20 mm to 50 mm.

Considering the reason, it is inferred as follows.
First, when the inoculum is sprayed on a container satisfying the above conditions with sufficient particle size and uniformity, hyphae start to grow from the sprayed surface portion, and when it spreads and spreads over the entire fungus bed, it matures. Sensing the degree, mushroom growth changes from vegetative growth to reproductive growth. After that, hyphal mass formation and browning on the upper surface to which oxygen and light are supplied proceed, and aging and primordium formation for generating mushrooms proceed.
At this time, as described above, the hyphae traveling in the container in which the side surface and the bottom surface are almost shielded from light spread while looking up at the light from the open upper surface, and a large area is secured for the medium. Therefore, a sufficient amount of oxygen and light irradiation can be obtained, and the rate of hyphal spread is high.
On the other hand, in the conventional cultivation method with a large (deep) medium height, even if the hyphal spread reaches the same height as the main cultivation method, the hyphal spread does not reach the stage of spreading to the entire fungal bed, and the fungus. The aging of the floor has not yet led to the formation of primordia. The hyphal spread continues, but the progress is further delayed because the height (depth) of the medium is large, so that oxygen is low and carbon dioxide is likely to accumulate. According to Table 1, in the medium having a height of 60 mm or more, the generation of fruiting bodies was zero even after 60 days. On the contrary, when the medium height is 20 mm or less, fruiting bodies are observed after 60 days, but the biomass is too small, and the raw weight is 360 g or less.
On the other hand, when the height of the medium is set to 20 mm to 50 mm, the height is considerably lower (shorter) than that of the conventional medium, so that the time for the hyphae to spread and spread over the entire bacterial bed is short, and the maturity level thereof. The time has come for the fungal bed that senses the above to move toward primordium formation as reproductive growth.
It is presumed that the medium of the present invention, which has been aged at the above-mentioned early stage, undergoes growth after the change to the formation of the primordium, and leads to the development of fruiting bodies and the securing of their raw weight in a short period of time. To.

As described above, when the hyphal spread is converted to primordium formation, it proceeds to the next stages of growth and fruiting body development.

When the fruiting body grows, it is then harvested and the size of the fruiting body that grows from the fungus bed is measured. The fruiting body gradually increases in size from a small stage of 10 mm or less, but shiitake mushrooms as a product are required to have a size that meets the quality standard. For example, when 50 mm or more is required, the fruiting body is 50 mm. Harvesting begins when the size is reached. Change to a larger or smaller one according to the grade, and select the size and shape that meet the quality standard.
After that, for the fruiting bodies that occur one after another, the fruiting bodies are harvested when the required size is reached, and this is repeated.
At this time, a certain amount of biomass of the bacterial bed is secured from the medium having an upper surface width of 2500 mm ² or more and a height of 20 mm to 50 mm, and the individual weight of the required size and a considerable number of raw materials are obtained. The fact that the weight can be obtained is supported by the above experiment.
That is, in a medium having an upper surface width of 2500 mm ² or more and a height of 20 mm to 50 mm, a certain volume or more can be obtained from the product of the area and height of the upper surface, and the ripening of the fungal bed by the spread of hyphae in the medium. If this is achieved, biomass that promotes the generation of fruiting bodies with a considerable raw weight will be secured there.
The period required for this harvest is about 7 to 12 days, and the fruiting bodies are not harvested from the fungus bed after the series of harvests in this period is completed.
In this sense, cultivation in the present invention is defined as one harvest per generation of fungal bed.
In the conventional cultivation method, multiple harvests for one generation of the fungus bed generally require 20 to 30 days from one harvest to the next, and this number of days and the number of times are multiplied. The combined cultivation period is the total cultivation period, and comparison with this period is meaningful.

According to the above cultivation method, from the above experimental results, it is possible to set the culture period of the fungus bed to 60 days or less, the corresponding development period is also about 10 days, and the total cultivation period is 70 days before. It can be set later.
Comparing this with the conventional cultivation method, when the cultivation period is 3 to 8 times, the culture period is 80 to 150 days and the development period is 90 to 200 days. It will be 170 to 350 days.
When comparing the two, the cultivation method of the present invention has a cultivation period of about one-third or less of that of the conventional method.

In terms of quality, based on the above experiment, the individual weight satisfies the value of 12.5 or more, which is recognized as worthy of commercialization, and a certain amount of shiitake mushrooms satisfying the quality are secured. It was confirmed that it would be harvested.

At this time, since the cultivation container 1 is in a form in which light from the bottom surface and the side surface is blocked and only the top surface is open, the fruiting body generated does not extend from the side surface or the like and is not curved, and is straight upward. It becomes a stretched shape. Therefore, the quality is excellent, and the cutting work and the boxing work are not troublesome.

Further, since the upper surface of the container 1 is covered with a lid made of a material having oxygen permeability and translucency during the period of hyphal spread, for example, a plastic film body 4, the invasion of pathogens and pests is blocked. However, there is no work or expense required for its removal.
If the film body 4 is a malleable film, for example, a polymethylpentene or polyvinyl chloride film body, the work is easy and space-saving.

Since it occurs only once for one generation of the fungus bed, there is no need to sprinkle water, and it is freed from the labor of repeatedly sprinkling water over a long period of time in response to the conventional multiple harvests, and work efficiency is greatly improved. Will be done.

In this way, the present invention focuses on the cultivation method of harvesting once for one generation of the fungus bed, and depending on the maturity of the fungus bed based on the conditions such as the cultivation container and the inoculation of the inoculum. The height of the medium 2 that leads to the appropriate fruiting body development was determined, and the number of mushrooms generated and the raw weight accompanied by the individual weight could be obtained from it. At that time, the form of shiitake mushrooms It is excellent and does not require any work such as watering or pest control, and has realized efficiency in production and efficiency in work.

The cultivation method of the present invention is mainly intended for cultivation of shiitake mushrooms, but can also be applied to cultivation of mushrooms such as oyster mushrooms and maitake mushrooms, which also belong to fungal bed cultivation.

1 Cultivation container 2 Medium 3 Inoculum 4 Film

Claims (3)

1) In a cultivation container made of a non-translucent material with the bottom and side surfaces closed and only the top surface open, the medium is laid in a range of 2500 mm ² or more in width and 20 to 50 mm in height. And
2) On the surface of the medium, a suspension in which the inoculum was stirred and mixed at a ratio of 5 g to 100 g / 1 l in a solvent that does not hinder the growth of the cells was 0.02 to 0.10 ml / 100 mm ² (volume / volume /). Inoculate at the rate of area)
3) The upper surface of the container is covered with a lid made of a material having breathability and translucency.
4) After the hyphal spread on the medium, primordium formation and growth,
5) The fruiting bodies that have grown to the required standards are harvested by encouraging one outbreak for one generation of the fungus bed.
A method of cultivating mushrooms, which is characterized by this. 1) In a cultivation container made of a non-translucent material with the bottom and side surfaces closed and only the top surface open, the medium is laid in a range of 2500 mm ² or more in width and 20 to 50 mm in height. And
2) On the surface of the medium, inoculum cultured in a liquid medium at a concentration of 2 to 200 g / L (cell weight / medium solution amount) was added at a ratio of 0.02 to 0.10 ml / 100 mm ² (volume / area). Inoculate and
3) The upper surface of the container is covered with a lid made of a material having breathability and translucency.
4) After the hyphal spread on the medium, primordium formation and growth,
5) The fruiting bodies that have grown to the required standards are harvested by encouraging one outbreak for one generation of the fungus bed.
A method of cultivating mushrooms, which is characterized by this. A method for cultivating mushrooms, wherein the lid according to claim 1 or 2 is made of a plastic film having malleability, breathability and translucency.

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