JP2019506738A - スーパーキャパシタのためのグラフェンフレームワーク - Google Patents
スーパーキャパシタのためのグラフェンフレームワーク Download PDFInfo
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- JP2019506738A JP2019506738A JP2018535031A JP2018535031A JP2019506738A JP 2019506738 A JP2019506738 A JP 2019506738A JP 2018535031 A JP2018535031 A JP 2018535031A JP 2018535031 A JP2018535031 A JP 2018535031A JP 2019506738 A JP2019506738 A JP 2019506738A
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- mah
- electrode
- acid
- sulfur
- composite material
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- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 208
- 229910021389 graphene Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 204
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 504
- 238000004146 energy storage Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 154
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 69
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 324
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 324
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 claims description 324
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 60
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 57
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 57
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 51
- -1 lithium hexafluorophosphate Chemical group 0.000 claims description 47
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 claims description 39
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 33
- BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N methanoic acid Natural products OC=O BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 32
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 claims description 28
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 27
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N Ascorbic acid Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1O CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000011133 lead Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butanol Chemical compound CCCCO LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- 235000011054 acetic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 17
- OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(3-methoxyphenyl)aniline Chemical compound COC1=CC=CC(C=2C=CC(N)=CC=2)=C1 OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorane Chemical compound F KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 235000019253 formic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 16
- LELOWRISYMNNSU-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen cyanide Chemical compound N#C LELOWRISYMNNSU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N perchloric acid Chemical compound OCl(=O)(=O)=O VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- XTEGARKTQYYJKE-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chlorate Chemical compound [O-]Cl(=O)=O XTEGARKTQYYJKE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 10
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- GQPLMRYTRLFLPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrous Oxide Chemical compound [O-][N+]#N GQPLMRYTRLFLPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000011668 ascorbic acid Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 235000010323 ascorbic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 10
- 229960005070 ascorbic acid Drugs 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- FGIUAXJPYTZDNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium nitrate Chemical compound [K+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O FGIUAXJPYTZDNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- LEHBURLTIWGHEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridinium chlorochromate Chemical compound [O-][Cr](Cl)(=O)=O.C1=CC=[NH+]C=C1 LEHBURLTIWGHEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dihydrogen sulfide Chemical compound S RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- AFVFQIVMOAPDHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanesulfonic acid Chemical compound CS(O)(=O)=O AFVFQIVMOAPDHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical group [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- KRVSOGSZCMJSLX-UHFFFAOYSA-L chromic acid Substances O[Cr](O)(=O)=O KRVSOGSZCMJSLX-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910000037 hydrogen sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000011135 tin Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- JOXIMZWYDAKGHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N toluene-4-sulfonic acid Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(S(O)(=O)=O)C=C1 JOXIMZWYDAKGHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- YNJBWRMUSHSURL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trichloroacetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(Cl)(Cl)Cl YNJBWRMUSHSURL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910000906 Bronze Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000010974 bronze Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- KUNSUQLRTQLHQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper tin Chemical compound [Cu].[Sn] KUNSUQLRTQLHQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-acetylene Natural products C#C HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011255 nonaqueous electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920000553 poly(phenylenevinylene) Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920001197 polyacetylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine Chemical compound FF PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Gallium Chemical compound [Ga] GYHNNYVSQQEPJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ozone Chemical compound [O-][O+]=O CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910010413 TiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- ZJRXSAYFZMGQFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium peroxide Chemical compound [Ba+2].[O-][O-] ZJRXSAYFZMGQFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000007844 bleaching agent Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- WUKWITHWXAAZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium difluoride Chemical compound [F-].[F-].[Ca+2] WUKWITHWXAAZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910001919 chlorite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052619 chlorite group Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- QBWCMBCROVPCKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorous acid Chemical compound OCl=O QBWCMBCROVPCKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- JOPOVCBBYLSVDA-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium(6+) Chemical compound [Cr+6] JOPOVCBBYLSVDA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- CMMUKUYEPRGBFB-UHFFFAOYSA-L dichromic acid Chemical compound O[Cr](=O)(=O)O[Cr](O)(=O)=O CMMUKUYEPRGBFB-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000010436 fluorite Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- WQYVRQLZKVEZGA-UHFFFAOYSA-N hypochlorite Inorganic materials Cl[O-] WQYVRQLZKVEZGA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- HPGPEWYJWRWDTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium peroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-][O-] HPGPEWYJWRWDTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000006262 metallic foam Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000001272 nitrous oxide Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-M perchlorate Inorganic materials [O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O VLTRZXGMWDSKGL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 5
- JRKICGRDRMAZLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N peroxydisulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)OOS(O)(=O)=O JRKICGRDRMAZLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- FHHJDRFHHWUPDG-UHFFFAOYSA-N peroxysulfuric acid Chemical compound OOS(O)(=O)=O FHHJDRFHHWUPDG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000004323 potassium nitrate Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000010333 potassium nitrate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000012286 potassium permanganate Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229960001922 sodium perborate Drugs 0.000 claims description 5
- YKLJGMBLPUQQOI-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;oxidooxy(oxo)borane Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]OB=O YKLJGMBLPUQQOI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- FBOUIAKEJMZPQG-AWNIVKPZSA-N (1E)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pent-1-en-3-ol Chemical compound C1=NC=NN1/C(C(O)C(C)(C)C)=C/C1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1Cl FBOUIAKEJMZPQG-AWNIVKPZSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- BMYNFMYTOJXKLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-azaniumyl-2-hydroxypropanoate Chemical compound NCC(O)C(O)=O BMYNFMYTOJXKLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- JBRZTFJDHDCESZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N AsGa Chemical compound [As]#[Ga] JBRZTFJDHDCESZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethylsulphoxide Chemical compound CS(C)=O IAZDPXIOMUYVGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910001218 Gallium arsenide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 4
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N bismuth atom Chemical compound [Bi] JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229940117975 chromium trioxide Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
- WGLPBDUCMAPZCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium trioxide Inorganic materials O=[Cr](=O)=O WGLPBDUCMAPZCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- GAMDZJFZMJECOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium(6+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Cr+6] GAMDZJFZMJECOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- AWJWCTOOIBYHON-UHFFFAOYSA-N furo[3,4-b]pyrazine-5,7-dione Chemical compound C1=CN=C2C(=O)OC(=O)C2=N1 AWJWCTOOIBYHON-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen iodide Chemical compound I XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229940071870 hydroiodic acid Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium atom Chemical compound [In] APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- IIPYXGDZVMZOAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium nitrate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O IIPYXGDZVMZOAP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229940098779 methanesulfonic acid Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920006254 polymer film Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- AKHNMLFCWUSKQB-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium thiosulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=S AKHNMLFCWUSKQB-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 4
- 235000019345 sodium thiosulphate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000002194 synthesizing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- WNXJIVFYUVYPPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dioxolane Chemical compound C1COCO1 WNXJIVFYUVYPPR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- XWUCFAJNVTZRLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7-thiabicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-1,3,5-triene Chemical compound C1=C(S2)C=CC2=C1 XWUCFAJNVTZRLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001369 Brass Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- UJOBWOGCFQCDNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbazole Natural products C1=CC=C2C3=CC=CC=C3NC2=C1 UJOBWOGCFQCDNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000975 Carbon steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920000265 Polyparaphenylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010951 brass Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010962 carbon steel Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910003473 lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- QSZMZKBZAYQGRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Li+].FC(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F QSZMZKBZAYQGRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920000767 polyaniline Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920000323 polyazulene Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920001088 polycarbazole Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920002098 polyfluorene Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920000417 polynaphthalene Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920000128 polypyrrole Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920000123 polythiophene Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- YXHKONLOYHBTNS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diazomethane Chemical compound C=[N+]=[N-] YXHKONLOYHBTNS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- OKIZCWYLBDKLSU-UHFFFAOYSA-M N,N,N-Trimethylmethanaminium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].C[N+](C)(C)C OKIZCWYLBDKLSU-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- OKJPEAGHQZHRQV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triiodomethane Natural products IC(I)I OKJPEAGHQZHRQV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- XYXNTHIYBIDHGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium thiosulfate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=S XYXNTHIYBIDHGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- ONPIOWQPHWNPOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L barium(2+);dioxido-oxo-sulfanylidene-$l^{6}-sulfane Chemical compound [Ba+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=S ONPIOWQPHWNPOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- FSAJRXGMUISOIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N bismuth sodium Chemical compound [Na].[Bi] FSAJRXGMUISOIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- FAYYUXPSKDFLEC-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium;dioxido-oxo-sulfanylidene-$l^{6}-sulfane Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=S FAYYUXPSKDFLEC-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- VAYGXNSJCAHWJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl sulfate Chemical compound COS(=O)(=O)OC VAYGXNSJCAHWJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- FGRVOLIFQGXPCT-UHFFFAOYSA-L dipotassium;dioxido-oxo-sulfanylidene-$l^{6}-sulfane Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=S FGRVOLIFQGXPCT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
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- 238000000634 powder X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006479 redox reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011946 reduction process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002040 relaxant effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000979 retarding effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- WXBOMIKEWRRKBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhenium(iv) oxide Chemical compound O=[Re]=O WXBOMIKEWRRKBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004626 scanning electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003376 silicon Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- 239000007790 solid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007614 solvation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002336 sorption--desorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002269 spontaneous effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium atom Chemical compound [Sr] CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VEALVRVVWBQVSL-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium titanate Chemical compound [Sr+2].[O-][Ti]([O-])=O VEALVRVVWBQVSL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000859 sublimation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008022 sublimation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000014233 sulfur utilization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010414 supernatant solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- GJVBKDIXWWWCSH-UHFFFAOYSA-J tetrasodium;carbonate;sulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O GJVBKDIXWWWCSH-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- 229910052716 thallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BKVIYDNLLOSFOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N thallium Chemical compound [Tl] BKVIYDNLLOSFOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002341 toxic gas Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 238000004627 transmission electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001934 tungsten pentoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000003828 vacuum filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011800 void material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004580 weight loss Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000013585 weight reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021521 yttrium barium copper oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NWONKYPBYAMBJT-UHFFFAOYSA-L zinc sulfate Chemical compound [Zn+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O NWONKYPBYAMBJT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910000368 zinc sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229960001763 zinc sulfate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- DODDNMJLVBGXAU-UHFFFAOYSA-J zinc;manganese(2+);disulfate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[Zn+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O DODDNMJLVBGXAU-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/15—Nano-sized carbon materials
- C01B32/158—Carbon nanotubes
- C01B32/168—After-treatment
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
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- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/04—Hybrid capacitors
- H01G11/06—Hybrid capacitors with one of the electrodes allowing ions to be reversibly doped thereinto, e.g. lithium ion capacitors [LIC]
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- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/24—Electrodes characterised by structural features of the materials making up or comprised in the electrodes, e.g. form, surface area or porosity; characterised by the structural features of powders or particles used therefor
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- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/26—Electrodes characterised by their structure, e.g. multi-layered, porosity or surface features
- H01G11/28—Electrodes characterised by their structure, e.g. multi-layered, porosity or surface features arranged or disposed on a current collector; Layers or phases between electrodes and current collectors, e.g. adhesives
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- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
- H01G11/32—Carbon-based
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- H01G11/84—Processes for the manufacture of hybrid or EDL capacitors, or components thereof
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/136—Electrodes based on inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/1397—Processes of manufacture of electrodes based on inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy
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- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
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- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/54—Electrolytes
- H01G11/58—Liquid electrolytes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/66—Current collectors
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/13—Energy storage using capacitors
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
- Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Nanotechnology (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Electric Double-Layer Capacitors Or The Like (AREA)
- Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
- Carbon And Carbon Compounds (AREA)
Abstract
Description
本出願は、2016年1月26日に出願された米国仮出願番号第62/287,402号、および2016年1月26日に出願された米国仮出願番号第62/287,403号の利益を主張しており、これらの仮出願は参考として本明細書中に援用される。
現代生活においてエネルギーへの必要性が急速に高まりつつあるが、その結果として、高性能電気エネルギー貯蔵デバイスの開発が著しい注目を集めている。スーパーキャパシタは、バッテリの特性と伝統的なキャパシタの特性との間の中間の特性を有する有望な電気エネルギー貯蔵デバイスであるが、それらよりも急速な改善がなされている。過去数十年にわたり、スーパーキャパシタは、適用例の増加に伴い、バッテリおよびキャパシタの代わりになることにより、日用品の重要な構成要素になってきた。この技術の将来の成長は、エネルギー密度、電力密度、サイクル寿命、および生産コストのさらなる改善に依存する。
本発明者らは、より高い性能の電気エネルギー貯蔵デバイス(EESD)の必要性に対する解決策を理解し、提供した。本明細書では、グラフェン材料、物質の組成物、製作プロセス、および改善された性能を有するデバイスを提供する。本明細書に記述される主題の特色は、バックアップ電力、コールドスタート、フラッシュカメラ、回生制動、およびハイブリッド電気自動車の適用例を含むがこれらに限定することのない、高電力密度および優れた低温性能を提供する。
本明細書では、グラフェン材料、製作プロセス、および性能が改善されたデバイスを提供する。一部の実施形態では、本開示は、グラフェン材料を含むスーパーキャパシタ(SC)と、その製作プロセスとを提供する。そのようなSCは、現行のエネルギー貯蔵技術の欠点を回避する。本開示のSCは、1つまたは複数のスーパーキャパシタセルを含んでいてもよい。SCは、正極および負極を含んでいてもよい。SCの正極および負極は、セパレータによって切り離されていてもよい。セパレータは、電解質を含んでいてもよい。正極は、放電中のカソードであってもよい。負極は、放電中のアノードであってもよい。一部の実施形態では、複数のスーパーキャパシタセルはパックに配置(例えば、相互接続)されていてもよい。
用語および定義
電気エネルギー貯蔵デバイス
3Dグラフェンフレームワーク
3Dグラフェンフレームワークを形成する方法
3DGF電極を形成する方法
3DGF−S電極を形成する方法
Na2S2O3+2HCl→2NaCl+SO2+H2O+S
を開始するために、グラフェン含有材料/供給源(例えば、酸化グラフェン(GO)フレーク)の存在下、硫黄前駆体/供給源(例えば、Na2S2O3)および酸(例えば、HCl)混合することを含む、容易なワンポット合成によって調製した。
3DGF−TMO電極を形成する方法
電極性能を測定する方法
例示的な3Dグラフェンフレームワークの性能および特徴
3Dグラフェンフレームワーク電極を有する例示的なスーパーキャパシタの性能および特徴
Claims (36)
- 3Dグラフェンフレームワークを含む電極であって、
a)多孔質構造を有するグラフェンシートの相互接続された導電性網状構造と、
b)容量性または擬似容量性材料を含む複合材料と
を含む、電極。 - 集電体をさらに含む、請求項1に記載の電極。
- 前記3Dグラフェンフレームワークが、穴のある3Dグラフェンフレームワークを含む、請求項1に記載の電極。
- 約450m2/gから約3,000m2/gの比表面積を有する、請求項3に記載の電極。
- 約30%から約99%の負荷率を有する、請求項3に記載の電極。
- 約500サイクルから約2,000,000サイクルのサイクル寿命を有する、請求項3に記載の電極。
- 約0.1のCレートで、約250mAh/gから約4,000mAh/gの比容量を有する、請求項3に記載の電極。
- 約90%から約99%の多孔率を有する、請求項1に記載の電極。
- 約0.002μmから約100,000μmの細孔直径を有する、請求項1に記載の電極。
- 前記複合材料が、ケイ素、硫黄、Nb2O5、Al2O3、V2O5、Re2O7、CrO3、CeO2、RuO2、ZrO2、MoO3、WO3、TiO2、またはこれらの任意の組合せを含む、請求項1に記載の電極。
- a)第1の電極および第2の電極と、
b)電解質と
を含み、
前記第1の電極および前記第2の電極の少なくとも1つが、3Dグラフェンフレームワークを含み、前記3Dグラフェンフレームワークが、多孔質構造を有するグラフェンシートの相互接続された導電性網状構造を含み、
前記第1の電極および前記第2の電極の少なくとも1つが、容量性または擬似容量性材料を含む複合材料をさらに含む、エネルギー貯蔵デバイス。 - 前記3Dグラフェンフレームワークが、穴のある3Dグラフェンフレームワークを含む、請求項11に記載のエネルギー貯蔵デバイス。
- 前記電解質が、ヘキサフルオロリン酸リチウム、ヨードメタン、硫酸ジメチル、炭酸ジメチル、塩化テトラメチルアンモニウム、メチルトリフレート、ジアゾメタン、フルオロスルホン酸メチル、酢酸エチル、アセトン、ジメチルホルムアミド、アセトニトリル、ジメチルスルホキシド、ニトロメタン、炭酸プロピレン、炭酸エチレン、リチウムビス(トリフルオロメタンスルホニル)イミド、1−2ジメトキシエタン、1,3−ジオキソラン、硝酸リチウム、またはこれらの任意の組合せを含む、非水性電解質である、請求項11に記載のエネルギー貯蔵デバイス。
- 約16Wh/kgから約750Wh/kgの比スタックエネルギー密度を有する、請求項11に記載のエネルギー貯蔵デバイス。
- 約0.5kW/kgから約20kW/kgの比スタック電力密度を有する、請求項11に記載のエネルギー貯蔵デバイス。
- 約16Wh/kgから約900Wh/kgの比電極重量エネルギー密度を有する、請求項11に記載のエネルギー貯蔵デバイス。
- 約0.5kW/kgから約40kW/kgの比電極重量電力密度を有する、請求項11に記載のエネルギー貯蔵デバイス。
- 約1mFから約10Fの全キャパシタンスを有する、請求項11に記載のエネルギー貯蔵デバイス。
- a)酸化グラフェンおよび第1の溶媒の溶液を形成すること、
b)前記溶液を加熱して、穴のある酸化グラフェンを形成すること、
c)前記溶液中の前記穴のある酸化グラフェンを遠心分離すること、
d)前記穴のある酸化グラフェンを、第2の溶媒中で洗浄すること、
e)前記穴のある酸化グラフェンの分散体を第3の溶媒中で形成すること、および
f)前記分散体に酸を添加して、穴のある酸化グラフェンフレームワークを形成すること
を含む、電極を構成する方法。 - 電極をロールツーロール法で連続的に形成することが可能である、請求項19に記載の電極を構成する方法。
- 前記溶液中の酸化グラフェンの濃度が、約1.15g/Lから約4.6g/Lである、請求項19に記載の電極を構成する方法。
- 前記第1の溶媒が、酸素、オゾン、過酸化水素、二酸化フルオライト、過酸化リチウム、過酸化バリウム、フッ素、塩素、硝酸、硝酸塩化合物、硫酸、ペルオキシ二硫酸、ペルオキシ一硫酸、亜塩素酸塩、塩素酸塩、過塩素酸塩、ハロゲン化合物次亜塩素酸塩、次亜ハロゲン酸塩化合物、家庭用漂白剤、6価クロム化合物、クロム酸、二クロム酸、三酸化クロム、クロロクロム酸ピリジニウム、クロム酸化合物、二クロム酸化合物、過マンガン酸化合物、過マンガン酸カリウム、過ホウ酸ナトリウム、亜酸化窒素、硝酸カリウム、ビスマス酸ナトリウム、またはこれらの任意の組合せを含む酸化剤を含む、請求項19に記載の電極を構成する方法。
- 前記溶液が、約50℃から約200℃の温度に加熱される、請求項19に記載の電極を構成する方法。
- 前記第2の溶媒および前記第3の溶媒の少なくとも1つが、ギ酸、n−ブタノール、イソプロパノール、n−プロパノール、エタノール、メタノール、酢酸、水、またはこれらの任意の組合せを含む、請求項19に記載の電極を構成する方法。
- 前記酸が、ギ酸酢酸、酢酸、トリクロロ酢酸、フッ化水素酸、シアン化水素、硫化水素、またはこれらの任意の組合せを含む弱酸を含む、請求項19に記載の電極を構成する方法。
- 前記穴のある酸化グラフェンフレームワークを、鋼、ステンレスニッケル、アルミニウム、銅、ビスマス、クロム、コバルト、ガリウム、金、鉄、インジウム、鉛、マグネシウム、水銀、銀、ナトリウム、スズ、チタン、亜鉛、ジルコニウム、青銅、またはこれらの任意の組合せを含む金属フォーム上に押圧することをさらに含む、請求項19に記載の電極を構成する方法。
- 前記穴のある酸化グラフェンフレームワークを、
a)銀、銅、金、アルミニウム、カルシウム、タングステン、亜鉛、タングステン、黄銅、青銅、ニッケル、リチウム、鉄、白金、スズ、炭素鋼、鉛、チタン、ステンレス鋼、水銀、クロム、ヒ化ガリウム、もしくはこれらの任意の組合せを含む金属膜、または
b)ポリフルオレン、ポリフェニレン、ポリピレン、ポリアズレン、ポリナフタレン、ポリアセチレン、ポリp−フェニレンビニレン、ポリピロール、ポリカルバゾール、ポリインドール、ポリアゼピネム、ポリアニリン、ポリチオフェン、ポリ3,4−エチレンジオキシチオフェン、ポリp−フェニレンスルフィド、ポリアセチレン、ポリp−フェニレンビニレン、もしくはこれらの任意の組合せを含むポリマー膜
を含む集電体上に、堆積することをさらに含む、請求項19に記載の電極を構成する方法。 - 超高硫黄含量の3次元グラフェンフレームワークで電極を構成する方法であって、
a)i.酸化グラフェン懸濁液を形成すること、および
ii.前記懸濁液を乾燥させること
を含む、酸化グラフェンを合成すること、ならびに
b)i.硫黄前駆体を前記酸化グラフェン懸濁液および第1の溶媒に添加すること、
ii.第1の溶液を形成するために第1の酸を添加すること、
iii.前記第1の溶液を撹拌すること、
iv.第2の溶液を形成するために第2の酸を前記第1の溶液に添加すること、
v.前記第2の溶液を加熱すること、
vi.前記第2の溶液を第2の溶媒中で洗浄すること、および
vii.前記第2の溶液を凍結乾燥すること
を含む、前記酸化グラフェンから複合硫黄−酸化グラフェンを合成すること
を含む方法。 - 前記硫黄前駆体が、チオ硫酸ナトリウム、アルカリ性チオ硫酸ナトリウム、チオ硫酸アンモニウム、チオ硫酸バリウム、チオ硫酸カルシウム、金(I)チオ硫酸ナトリウム無水物、チオ硫酸カリウム、スルフェート、またはこれらの任意の組合せを含む、請求項28に記載の方法。
- 前記第1の溶媒および前記第2の溶媒の少なくとも1種が、ギ酸、n−ブタノール、イソプロパノール、n−プロパノール、エタノール、メタノール、酢酸、水、脱イオン水、またはこれらの任意の組合せを含む、請求項28に記載の方法。
- 前記第1の酸が、過塩素酸、ヨウ化水素酸、臭化水素酸、塩酸、硫酸、p−トルエンスルホン酸、メタンスルホン酸、またはこれらの任意の組合せを含む、請求項28に記載の方法。
- 前記第2の酸が、ギ酸、アスコルビン酸、酢酸、トリクロロ酢酸、フッ化水素酸、シアン化水素、硫化水素、または任意のこれらの組合せを含む、請求項28に記載の方法。
- 前記硫黄前駆体の濃度が、前記電極の負荷率を制御するために約0.5Mから約2Mに調整される、請求項28に記載の方法。
- 前記酸化グラフェン懸濁液の濃度が、約1.2g/Lから約4.6g/Lである、請求項28に記載の方法。
- 前記第1の酸および前記第2の酸の少なくとも1種の濃度が、約0.5Mから約4Mである、請求項28に記載の方法。
- 前記第2の溶液が、約47℃から約190℃の温度で加熱される、請求項28に記載の方法。
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