JP2017529672A - Pvdfバインダを含むプレリチウム化されたシリコンアノード - Google Patents
Pvdfバインダを含むプレリチウム化されたシリコンアノード Download PDFInfo
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- JP2017529672A JP2017529672A JP2017516498A JP2017516498A JP2017529672A JP 2017529672 A JP2017529672 A JP 2017529672A JP 2017516498 A JP2017516498 A JP 2017516498A JP 2017516498 A JP2017516498 A JP 2017516498A JP 2017529672 A JP2017529672 A JP 2017529672A
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- anode
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- ion battery
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- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 65
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 61
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 61
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 60
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 92
- 239000002482 conductive additive Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 48
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 21
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000002070 nanowire Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000002086 nanomaterial Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000010405 anode material Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011301 petroleum pitch Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002134 carbon nanofiber Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 239000010406 cathode material Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000011856 silicon-based particle Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 abstract description 38
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 58
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 26
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 16
- 229920002125 Sokalan® Polymers 0.000 description 15
- 239000011263 electroactive material Substances 0.000 description 14
- 239000004584 polyacrylic acid Substances 0.000 description 13
- -1 nanowires Chemical compound 0.000 description 10
- 229920002134 Carboxymethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 9
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 235000010948 carboxy methyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 8
- 239000001768 carboxy methyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000008112 carboxymethyl-cellulose Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 8
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000006138 lithiation reaction Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 229910013870 LiPF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000011262 electrochemically active material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000006183 anode active material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000006182 cathode active material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000001351 cycling effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 3
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000022131 cell cycle Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000003487 electrochemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- GAEKPEKOJKCEMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N gamma-valerolactone Chemical compound CC1CCC(=O)O1 GAEKPEKOJKCEMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000765 intermetallic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910021450 lithium metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000005012 migration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000013508 migration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZZXUZKXVROWEIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-butylene carbonate Chemical compound CCC1COC(=O)O1 ZZXUZKXVROWEIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IUVGGESEBFJHPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethoxy-1,3,2$l^{5}-dioxaphospholane 2-oxide Chemical compound CCOP1(=O)OCCO1 IUVGGESEBFJHPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LDMIKSKELVYBIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methoxy-1,3,2$l^{5}-dioxaphospholane 2-oxide Chemical compound COP1(=O)OCCO1 LDMIKSKELVYBIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JWUJQDFVADABEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methyltetrahydrofuran Chemical compound CC1CCCO1 JWUJQDFVADABEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BJWMSGRKJIOCNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-ethenyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-one Chemical compound C=CC1COC(=O)O1 BJWMSGRKJIOCNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SBLRHMKNNHXPHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-fluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one Chemical compound FC1COC(=O)O1 SBLRHMKNNHXPHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OCC OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethoxyethane Chemical compound COCCOC XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910013063 LiBF 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013188 LiBOB Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013684 LiClO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RJUFJBKOKNCXHH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl propionate Chemical compound CCC(=O)OC RJUFJBKOKNCXHH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M Propionate Chemical compound CCC([O-])=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002174 Styrene-butadiene Substances 0.000 description 1
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DHXVGJBLRPWPCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydropyran Chemical compound C1CCOCC1 DHXVGJBLRPWPCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052770 Uranium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- KXKVLQRXCPHEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid trimethyl ester Natural products COC(C)=O KXKVLQRXCPHEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony atom Chemical compound [Sb] WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000010 aprotic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- MTAZNLWOLGHBHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N butadiene-styrene rubber Chemical class C=CC=C.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 MTAZNLWOLGHBHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001786 chalcogen compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008602 contraction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000004386 diacrylate group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000001891 dimethoxy group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])O* 0.000 description 1
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl methyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OC JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021389 graphene Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000010220 ion permeability Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002427 irreversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940017219 methyl propionate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000005543 nano-size silicon particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011255 nonaqueous electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000005677 organic carbonates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011295 pitch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010298 pulverizing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003346 selenoethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052814 silicon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002409 silicon-based active material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002210 silicon-based material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011863 silicon-based powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003048 styrene butadiene rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002195 synergetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- XSOKHXFFCGXDJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N telluride(2-) Chemical compound [Te-2] XSOKHXFFCGXDJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DQWPFSLDHJDLRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethyl phosphate Chemical compound CCOP(=O)(OCC)OCC DQWPFSLDHJDLRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WVLBCYQITXONBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl phosphate Chemical compound COP(=O)(OC)OC WVLBCYQITXONBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/386—Silicon or alloys based on silicon
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
- H01M4/0402—Methods of deposition of the material
- H01M4/0404—Methods of deposition of the material by coating on electrode collectors
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- H01M4/0459—Electrochemical doping, intercalation, occlusion or alloying
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- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/133—Electrodes based on carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
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- H01M4/134—Electrodes based on metals, Si or alloys
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- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/1395—Processes of manufacture of electrodes based on metals, Si or alloys
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
- H01M4/587—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx for inserting or intercalating light metals
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- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/621—Binders
- H01M4/622—Binders being polymers
- H01M4/623—Binders being polymers fluorinated polymers
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- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/027—Negative electrodes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
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Abstract
Description
上記要約は、詳細な説明でさらに述べる複数の概念からの選択を簡略化した形態で示すものであることは理解されよう。それは、請求項に記載の内容の要点および本質的な特徴を特定するものではなく、本発明の範囲は詳細な説明に続く特許請求の範囲によってのみ特定される。さらに、請求項に記載の内容は、上記のまたは本開示の一部で挙げた欠点を解決する実施態様に限定されない。
Claims (26)
- カソード集電材と当該カソード集電材の片面または両面上に配置された電気活性カソード材料とを含むカソード;
プレリチウム化されたアノード;
前記カソードと前記アノードとの間のセパレータ;
前記カソード、前記アノード、および前記セパレータに接している電解質;
を含むLiイオンバッテリであって、
前記プレリチウム化されたアノードは、アノード集電材と当該アノード集電材の片面または両面上に配置されたシリコン電気活性アノード材料とを含み、
前記シリコン電気活性アノード材料は、シリコンナノ構造と前記シリコン電気活性アノード材料中5wt.%以上の重量パーセントで存在しているPVDFバインダとを含む、Liイオンバッテリ。 - 前記シリコン電気活性アノード材料はさらに炭素系の導電性添加剤を含む、請求項1に記載のLiイオンバッテリ。
- 前記炭素系の導電性添加剤は、気相成長されたカーボンファイバ、伸長された黒鉛、カーボンブラック、またはこれらの組合せである、請求項2に記載のLiイオンバッテリ。
- 前記導電性添加剤は5wt.%未満で存在している、請求項2に記載のLiイオンバッテリ。
- 前記導電性添加剤は1wt.%以下で存在している、請求項2に記載のLiイオンバッテリ。
- 前記シリコンナノ構造はさらに表面コーティングを含む、請求項1に記載のLiイオンバッテリ。
- 前記表面コーティングは5wt.%以下である、請求項6に記載のLiイオンバッテリ。
- 前記表面コーティングは石油ピッチ粉末からなる、請求項6に記載のLiイオンバッテリ。
- 前記石油ピッチ粉末は炭化されたものである、請求項8に記載のLiイオンバッテリ。
- 前記電解質は、Li塩と少なくとも1種の有機溶剤とを含む、請求項1に記載のLiイオンバッテリ。
- 前記アノード集電材は銅からなる、請求項1に記載のLiイオンバッテリ。
- 前記PVDFバインダは12wt.%未満の重量パーセントで存在している、請求項1に記載のLiイオンバッテリ。
- 前記PVDFバインダは10wt.%で存在している、請求項1に記載のLiイオンバッテリ。
- 前記シリコンナノ構造はシリコンと黒鉛との複合粉末からなる、請求項1に記載のLiイオンバッテリ。
- 前記複合粉末はカーボン基材を含むシリコン粒子である、請求項14に記載のLiイオンバッテリ。
- 前記カーボン基材は黒鉛である、請求項15に記載のLiイオンバッテリ。
- 前記複合粉末は黒鉛基材上に成長したナノワイヤとして存在している、請求項14に記載のLiイオンバッテリ。
- Liイオンセル用のプレリチウム化されたアノードを作製する方法であって、
シリコンと黒鉛との複合粉末からなり、前記シリコンがナノ構造として存在している負極活材料を入手し、
前記負極活材料を5wt.%未満の導電性添加剤および5〜12wt.%の範囲のPVDFバインダと合わせて、混合物を得、
前記混合物を銅製の集電材上に塗工して積層物を形成し、
前記積層物を加圧してアノードを生成し、
前記アノードをプレリチウム化する、方法。 - 前記PVDFバインダは10wt.%で存在している、請求項18に記載の方法。
- 前記シリコンのナノ構造は黒鉛基材上に成長したシリコンナノワイヤである、請求項18に記載の方法。
- 前記導電性添加剤は、気相成長されたカーボンファイバ、伸長された黒鉛、カーボンブラック、またはこれらの組合せである、請求項18に記載の方法。
- 前記導電性添加剤は1wt.%以下で存在している、請求項18に記載の方法。
- 前記シリコンのナノ構造はさらに表面コーティングを含む、請求項18に記載の方法。
- 前記表面コーティングは5wt.%以下である、請求項23に記載の方法。
- 前記表面コーティングは石油ピッチ粉末からなる、請求項23に記載の方法。
- 前記石油ピッチ粉末は炭化されたものである、請求項25に記載の方法。
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