JP2017072367A - 車両の暖房および/または空調方法 - Google Patents
車両の暖房および/または空調方法 Download PDFInfo
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 24
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 16
- 238000004378 air conditioning Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 14
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 57
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- FXRLMCRCYDHQFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene Chemical compound FC(=C)C(F)(F)F FXRLMCRCYDHQFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 125000004805 propylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000013529 heat transfer fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- VOPWNXZWBYDODV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorodifluoromethane Chemical compound FC(F)Cl VOPWNXZWBYDODV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000009795 derivation Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 13
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 8
- LVGUZGTVOIAKKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane Chemical compound FCC(F)(F)F LVGUZGTVOIAKKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000010792 warming Methods 0.000 description 3
- CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N Ascorbic acid Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1O CIWBSHSKHKDKBQ-JLAZNSOCSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QIGBRXMKCJKVMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydroquinone Chemical compound OC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 QIGBRXMKCJKVMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KKEYFWRCBNTPAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Terephthalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=C(C(O)=O)C=C1 KKEYFWRCBNTPAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 2
- RWRIWBAIICGTTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N difluoromethane Chemical compound FCF RWRIWBAIICGTTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GTLACDSXYULKMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentafluoroethane Chemical compound FC(F)C(F)(F)F GTLACDSXYULKMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- -1 perfluorinated alkyl epoxides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UJPMYEOUBPIPHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1-trifluoroethane Chemical compound CC(F)(F)F UJPMYEOUBPIPHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- STMDPCBYJCIZOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2,4-dinitroanilino)-4-methylpentanoic acid Chemical compound CC(C)CC(C(O)=O)NC1=CC=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C1[N+]([O-])=O STMDPCBYJCIZOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YSUQLAYJZDEMOT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(butoxymethyl)oxirane Chemical compound CCCCOCC1CO1 YSUQLAYJZDEMOT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HJEORQYOUWYAMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[(2-butylphenoxy)methyl]oxirane Chemical compound CCCCC1=CC=CC=C1OCC1OC1 HJEORQYOUWYAMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HSDVRWZKEDRBAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[1-(oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)hexoxymethyl]oxirane Chemical compound C1OC1COC(CCCCC)OCC1CO1 HSDVRWZKEDRBAG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NLZUEZXRPGMBCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butylhydroxytoluene Chemical compound CC1=CC(C(C)(C)C)=C(O)C(C(C)(C)C)=C1 NLZUEZXRPGMBCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ABLZXFCXXLZCGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorous acid Chemical class OP(O)=O ABLZXFCXXLZCGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BGNXCDMCOKJUMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tert-Butylhydroquinone Chemical compound CC(C)(C)C1=CC(O)=CC=C1O BGNXCDMCOKJUMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003342 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 235000010323 ascorbic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229960005070 ascorbic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000011668 ascorbic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003851 azoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- QRUDEWIWKLJBPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzotriazole Chemical compound C1=CC=C2N[N][N]C2=C1 QRUDEWIWKLJBPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012964 benzotriazole Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010354 butylated hydroxytoluene Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002118 epoxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxyacetaldehyde Natural products OCC=O WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002596 lactones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- LYGJENNIWJXYER-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitromethane Chemical compound C[N+]([O-])=O LYGJENNIWJXYER-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002989 phenols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- AQSJGOWTSHOLKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphite(3-) Chemical class [O-]P([O-])[O-] AQSJGOWTSHOLKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003573 thiols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
- C09K5/02—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used
- C09K5/04—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa
- C09K5/041—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems
- C09K5/044—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems comprising halogenated compounds
- C09K5/045—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems comprising halogenated compounds containing only fluorine as halogen
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
- B60H1/00—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices
- B60H1/00642—Control systems or circuits; Control members or indication devices for heating, cooling or ventilating devices
- B60H1/00814—Control systems or circuits characterised by their output, for controlling particular components of the heating, cooling or ventilating installation
- B60H1/00878—Control systems or circuits characterised by their output, for controlling particular components of the heating, cooling or ventilating installation the components being temperature regulating devices
- B60H1/00899—Controlling the flow of liquid in a heat pump system
- B60H1/00907—Controlling the flow of liquid in a heat pump system where the flow direction of the refrigerant changes and an evaporator becomes condenser
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
- B60H1/00—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices
- B60H1/32—Cooling devices
- B60H1/3204—Cooling devices using compression
- B60H1/3228—Cooling devices using compression characterised by refrigerant circuit configurations
- B60H1/32284—Cooling devices using compression characterised by refrigerant circuit configurations comprising two or more secondary circuits, e.g. at evaporator and condenser side
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60H—ARRANGEMENTS OF HEATING, COOLING, VENTILATING OR OTHER AIR-TREATING DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR PASSENGER OR GOODS SPACES OF VEHICLES
- B60H1/00—Heating, cooling or ventilating [HVAC] devices
- B60H1/00642—Control systems or circuits; Control members or indication devices for heating, cooling or ventilating devices
- B60H1/00814—Control systems or circuits characterised by their output, for controlling particular components of the heating, cooling or ventilating installation
- B60H1/00878—Control systems or circuits characterised by their output, for controlling particular components of the heating, cooling or ventilating installation the components being temperature regulating devices
- B60H2001/00935—Control systems or circuits characterised by their output, for controlling particular components of the heating, cooling or ventilating installation the components being temperature regulating devices comprising four way valves for controlling the fluid direction
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K2205/00—Aspects relating to compounds used in compression type refrigeration systems
- C09K2205/10—Components
- C09K2205/12—Hydrocarbons
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K2205/00—Aspects relating to compounds used in compression type refrigeration systems
- C09K2205/10—Components
- C09K2205/12—Hydrocarbons
- C09K2205/126—Unsaturated fluorinated hydrocarbons
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Air-Conditioning For Vehicles (AREA)
- Lubricants (AREA)
Abstract
Description
グループ−C化合物としてプロパンを選ぶのが有利である。
冷却ループ内の冷却剤の流れ方向を逆にして冷却ループの動作サイクルを逆転する上記手段は四方弁にすることができる。
本発明方法では熱交換器を介して冷却ループを燃焼機関の冷却回路に熱的に結合できる。従って、冷却ループは少なくとも一つの熱交換器を有し、この熱交換器中を冷却剤と熱伝導流体、特に燃焼機関冷却回路の空気または水とが同時に流れる。
本発明はさらに、上記冷却ループを備えた装置にも関するものである。
冷却回路の熱交換器は燃焼機関の必要条件(燃焼機関に流入する空気の加熱またはこの燃焼機関が生じるエネルギーの有効利用)に応じて弁によって作動できる。
熱交換器(43、45)は空気/冷却剤型であり、交換器(48、47)は液体/冷却剤型である。これらの交換器の動作は[図3]に示す第3実施例のものと同じである。
本発明の組成物は40〜80重量%の2,3,3,3−テトラフルオロプロペンと、20〜60重量%のプロピレンおよびエチレンから選択される少なくとも一種のグループ−C化合物とを含むのが好ましい。
本発明の組成物は、冷却、空調および暖房での熱伝導流体としての使用に特に適している。
のGWP(地球温暖化係数)は1800である。
本発明組成物は暖房、特にヒートポンプでの暖房、好ましくは自動車の客室の暖房で用いることもできる。
車両でのヒートポンプ運転条件での冷却剤の性能のシミュレーションを凝縮器温度を30℃に固定して行った。
凝縮温度:+30℃(Tcond)
圧縮器入口温度:+5℃(Ti comp)
蒸発器出口温度:−30℃(To evap)
蒸発器P:蒸発器の圧力。
凝縮器P:凝縮器の圧力。
To comp:圧縮器出口温度。
圧縮率:圧縮率は低圧に対する高圧の比。
COP:これは性能係数(coefficient de performance)で、ヒートポンプの場合、系に供給される有効熱能力を系が受け取ったまたは消費した動力で割ったもので定義される。
CAP:これは容積能力(capacite volumetrique)すなわち容積単位当たりの比熱容量(kJ/m3)である。
%CAPまたはCOPは本発明組成物のR−407Cのそれに対するCAPまたはCOPの値の比である。
圧縮器の等エントロピー効率:これは流体に伝達される実際のエネルギーと等エントロピーエネルギーとの比である。
圧縮器の等エントロピー効率は0.7に等しいとみなされる。
B:プロパン
AおよびBの列に示す量は重量%で表される。
Claims (13)
- 第1熱交換器と、圧力調整器と、第2熱交換器と、圧縮器と、冷却剤の流れの方向を逆転する手段とを有する、内部を冷却剤が流れる可逆冷却ループを用いて自動車の客室を暖房および/または空調する方法において、
上記冷却剤が5〜80重量%の2,3,3,3−テトラフルオロプロペンと、20〜95重量%のプロパン、プロピレンおよびエチレンから選択される少なくとも一種のグループ−C化合物とを含むことを特徴とする方法。 - 上記冷却剤が40〜80重量%の2,3,3,3−テトラフルオロプロペンと、20〜60重量%のプロパン、プロピレンおよびエチレンから選択される少なくとも一種のグループ−C化合物とを含む請求項1に記載の方法。
- 第1交換器および第2交換器が空気/冷却剤型である請求項1または2に記載の方法。
- 第1交換器および第2交換器がエネルギーを客室用の空気に伝達する第2回路を用いる液体/冷却剤型のものである請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 冷却ループが燃焼機関の冷却回路に熱的に結合されている請求項1〜4のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 第1熱交換器を冷却剤と自動車の燃焼機関からの排ガスの両方が同時に流れる請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 上記冷却ループが自動車の燃焼機関に入る空気流または自動車の燃焼機関から放出される放出ガスと熱的に連結する少なくとも一つの熱交換器を分路(derivation)として有する請求項1〜6のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 冷却ループが、燃焼機関および/またはバッテリーからエネルギーを回収するために車両に設置される請求項1〜7のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 請求項1〜8のいずれか一項に記載の可逆冷却ループを備えた装置。
- 5〜80重量%の2,3,3,3−テトラフルオロプロペンと、20〜95重量%のプロピレンおよびエチレンから選択される少なくとも一種のグループ−C化合物とを含む組成物。
- 40〜80重量%の2,3,3,3−テトラフルオロプロペンと、20〜60重量%の
プロピレンおよびエチレンから選択される少なくとも一種のグループ−C化合物とを含む請求項10に記載の組成物。 - 請求項10または11に記載の組成物の熱伝導流体としての使用。
- 請求項10または11に記載の組成物のR−22、R−407CおよびR−404Aの代替物としての組成物の使用。
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR0857884A FR2938551B1 (fr) | 2008-11-20 | 2008-11-20 | Procede de chauffage et/ou climatisation d'un vehicule |
FR0857884 | 2008-11-20 |
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JP2014262452A Division JP2015108504A (ja) | 2008-11-20 | 2014-12-25 | 車両の暖房および/または空調方法 |
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JP2011536926A Pending JP2012509220A (ja) | 2008-11-20 | 2009-11-18 | 車両の暖房および/または空調方法 |
JP2014262452A Pending JP2015108504A (ja) | 2008-11-20 | 2014-12-25 | 車両の暖房および/または空調方法 |
JP2017010952A Pending JP2017072367A (ja) | 2008-11-20 | 2017-01-25 | 車両の暖房および/または空調方法 |
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JP2011536926A Pending JP2012509220A (ja) | 2008-11-20 | 2009-11-18 | 車両の暖房および/または空調方法 |
JP2014262452A Pending JP2015108504A (ja) | 2008-11-20 | 2014-12-25 | 車両の暖房および/または空調方法 |
Country Status (9)
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US (2) | US20110219792A1 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP2346959B1 (ja) |
JP (3) | JP2012509220A (ja) |
CN (2) | CN102216413A (ja) |
ES (1) | ES2535738T3 (ja) |
FR (1) | FR2938551B1 (ja) |
PL (1) | PL2346959T3 (ja) |
PT (1) | PT2346959E (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2010058125A1 (ja) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2020012182A1 (en) * | 2018-07-11 | 2020-01-16 | Dyson Automotive Research And Development Limited | A vehicle air conditioning system |
JPWO2023047440A1 (ja) * | 2021-09-21 | 2023-03-30 |
Families Citing this family (47)
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FR2936806B1 (fr) | 2008-10-08 | 2012-08-31 | Arkema France | Fluide refrigerant |
FR2937328B1 (fr) | 2008-10-16 | 2010-11-12 | Arkema France | Procede de transfert de chaleur |
US20170080773A1 (en) | 2008-11-03 | 2017-03-23 | Arkema France | Vehicle Heating and/or Air Conditioning Method |
US20100122545A1 (en) | 2008-11-19 | 2010-05-20 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Tetrafluoropropene compositions and uses thereof |
FR2942237B1 (fr) * | 2009-02-13 | 2013-01-04 | Arkema France | Procede de chauffage et/ou climatisation d'un vehicule |
FR2950070B1 (fr) | 2009-09-11 | 2011-10-28 | Arkema France | Compositions ternaires pour refrigeration haute capacite |
FR2950067B1 (fr) | 2009-09-11 | 2011-10-28 | Arkema France | Fluide de transfert de chaleur en remplacement du r-410a |
FR2950069B1 (fr) | 2009-09-11 | 2011-11-25 | Arkema France | Utilisation de compositions ternaires |
FR2950065B1 (fr) | 2009-09-11 | 2012-02-03 | Arkema France | Fluide refrigerant binaire |
FR2950071B1 (fr) | 2009-09-11 | 2012-02-03 | Arkema France | Compositions ternaires pour refrigeration basse capacite |
FR2950066B1 (fr) | 2009-09-11 | 2011-10-28 | Arkema France | Refrigeration basse et moyenne temperature |
US10035938B2 (en) | 2009-09-11 | 2018-07-31 | Arkema France | Heat transfer fluid replacing R-134a |
FR2950068B1 (fr) | 2009-09-11 | 2012-05-18 | Arkema France | Procede de transfert de chaleur |
FR2954342B1 (fr) | 2009-12-18 | 2012-03-16 | Arkema France | Fluides de transfert de chaleur a inflammabilite reduite |
FR2959998B1 (fr) * | 2010-05-11 | 2012-06-01 | Arkema France | Fluides de transfert de chaleur ternaires comprenant du difluoromethane, du pentafluoroethane et du tetrafluoropropene |
FR2962442B1 (fr) | 2010-07-09 | 2016-02-26 | Arkema France | Composition stable de 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene |
FR2964975B1 (fr) | 2010-09-20 | 2012-08-24 | Arkema France | Composition a base de 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
ES2535738T3 (es) | 2015-05-14 |
EP2346959A1 (fr) | 2011-07-27 |
FR2938551B1 (fr) | 2010-11-12 |
PT2346959E (pt) | 2015-06-30 |
FR2938551A1 (fr) | 2010-05-21 |
WO2010058125A1 (fr) | 2010-05-27 |
PL2346959T3 (pl) | 2015-09-30 |
EP2346959B1 (fr) | 2015-04-08 |
CN105774470A (zh) | 2016-07-20 |
CN102216413A (zh) | 2011-10-12 |
US20180244970A1 (en) | 2018-08-30 |
JP2012509220A (ja) | 2012-04-19 |
JP2015108504A (ja) | 2015-06-11 |
US20110219792A1 (en) | 2011-09-15 |
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