JP2016174546A - Method of planning green space construction or method of constructing green space - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a method of constructing on an artificial ground a green space which becomes a scenery of an almost natural grove, a natural woods or a shrine woods in a city, or a village forest on the artificial ground.SOLUTION: Provided is a method of planning a green space construction for planning a green space fit for a construction area by disposing plants including tall trees forming a tall-tree layer and a low-rise plants forming a grove-floor layer on an artificial ground formed on an artificial skeleton. The artificial ground is set in a contoured undulation on which plants corresponding to the environment of a construction area are provided. The tall trees set a tall tree unit where a typification is introduced on the basis of kinds of trees and postures of trees, and low-rise plants set a grove-floor zone where a typification is introduced on the basis of sunshine conditions and earth moisture conditions. A layout is set in a combination of the tall tree units and the grove-floor zones on the basis of a standpoint of aesthetic property and persistence. Also provided is a method of constructing a green space.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 4

Description

  The present invention relates to a construction method for constructing a green space on an artificial ground. In particular, the present invention relates to a construction method for realizing a flora suitable for a construction area.

Construction of green spaces such as parks that have been planted has been carried out. And because the site plan built by the building is intended to show beautifully, the plants that create the landscape are lined up beautifully and planted like a painting. In addition, a device that leaves planting peculiar to the region has been proposed.
For example, in Patent Document 1 (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 4-145580), a landscape design that simulates changes in the years ahead and seasons after planting and makes a planting arrangement plan in consideration of ease of construction and supervision. An invention relating to the system is disclosed.
Patent Document 2 (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2004-305069) stores a function of plant age and three-dimensional shape derived by plant type in a computer, and the position, type and three-dimensional shape of the planting ground for each plant. Input means for input, plan drawing preparation means for creating a planting plan map in which the position, type and three-dimensional shape of each plant are recorded, and the secular change of planting on the planting plan map based on the function A means for calculating the secular change is provided, and the storage means stores the volume estimation formula according to the three-dimensional shape derived for each plant type and the carbon content estimation formula according to the volume, and the planting is performed by the secular change calculation means. Calculate the fixed amount of carbon dioxide (CO ₂ ) in the atmosphere, store the relational expression between the fixed amount of CO ₂ of the plant and the absorbed amount of air pollutants in the storage means, and use the secular change calculation means to air pollution by planting Planting plan to calculate the amount of absorbed material A support method and program are disclosed.
In Patent Document 3 (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2002-220839), in an established area formed in a mountainous area, etc., in order to plan the utilization of trees that have grown on the ground, and to create a locality with attractive local characteristics In a chickbed type land with alternating relatively low-slope residential ground and buffer green space, a part of the natural forest area that had grown on the ground before the creation was left as a natural forest area. Thus, there is disclosed a green space forming method in which the natural forest of these natural forest areas is made continuous with a buffer green space that is a park or a created green space, thereby further expanding the green space.
In Patent Document 4 (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2001-317056), when constructing a growth base on bare ground (slope) using a plurality of kinds of tree seeds, one construction unit or a construction unit previously defined on the bare ground Select a specified area as a block, select one kind of tree seed among multiple types of tree seeds for each block as a selected tree seed, and spray a vegetation base material mixed with the selected tree seed for each block in order, A greening method in which a plurality of tree seeds are irregularly arranged over the surface is disclosed.

JP-A-4-145580 JP 2004-305069 A JP 2002-220839 A JP 2001-317056 A

  The present invention is designed to ensure beauty in an urban space where buildings are planted so that plants can be randomly arranged and look natural, and flowers can bloom, green covers can be secured, and fresh green can be enjoyed. The purpose of this project is to provide a method for planning a natural forest including the covered forest floor cover.

  In particular, the present invention provides a method and a construction method for planning a natural forest green space suitable for the environment of a construction site by combining a forest and ground cover on an artificial ground. Forests that are close to nature on the artificial ground, natural forests in the urban area, or forests that are protected by the natural environment, which match the surrounding environment and attract people's attention without making the vegetation monotonous. The construction method of the green space on the artificial ground that makes the landscape of satoyama is provided.

An object of the present invention is to provide a construction planning method for preparing a green space on an artificial ground so as to reproduce a natural forest suitable for the land.
In the construction plan, it is important to match the environmental conditions with the conditions of the plant.
Considering these conditions, select a specific plant. Along with the trees, the forest floor and middle shrubs are placed in combination to produce a natural view, and in addition, the planting that stands out for the green space users is placed.
Takagi trees are selected with a focus on the diameter of the trunk (1.2m height from the root (sometimes referred to as "Eyes")), so that a variety of different ages appears. Deploy.
The shrub layer is divided into several zones according to sunshine conditions and soil moisture conditions, and grass, moss, and ferns are combined to form a zone.
Plants are at risk of withering due to stress associated with transplantation, and replanting often occurs. Planting an urban space where the building stands is also characterized by exterior work after the building is completed, and replanting work using large heavy machinery is extremely difficult after the building is in service. Prepare and train for habituation centering on Takagi several years ago to avoid the risk of withering.
Specifically, we set up a typified forest floor zone consisting of a high tree unit typified by a combination of tall trees and a low-rise plant that forms the forest floor fauna, and plans a green space by combining the timber unit and the forest floor zone. In this construction method, plants selected based on this plan are arranged and cultivated in an environment simulating the planned construction site in the same manner as the setting unit and the setting zone, and then transplanted together with the soil to the construction site.
The main solution of the present invention in consideration of these conditions is as follows.

(1) A green space construction planning method for planning a green space suitable for a construction area by arranging plants including a high tree forming a high tree layer and a low-rise plant forming a forest floor layer on an artificial ground formed on an artificial frame. Because
For artificial ground, set up undulating undulations,
Prepare a plant corresponding to the environment of the construction area as a plant,
Takagi trees set up a Takagi unit typified based on tree species and tree shape,
The low-rise plant has a forest floor zone typified based on sunshine conditions and soil moisture conditions,
A green space construction planning method characterized in that an arrangement is set by combining a Takagi unit and a forest floor zone on the basis of aesthetics and sustainability.
(2) Prepare a pre-environment that mimics the planned construction site, including artificial ground and undulation, and acclimatize and grow plants belonging to the Takagi unit and forest floor zone set in (1) in the pre-environment. A green space construction method characterized by transplanting the soil including the soil afterwards.
(3) Takagi unit
A density index related to brightness in the forest, a diameter index related to the age structure of the forest, a cross index related to diversity of tree species, and a vertical hierarchy index based on the height of branch and leaf growth Set
The green space construction planning method according to (1) or the green space construction method according to (2), which is a group of groups formed based on each index.
(4) Takagi units formed by a group of groups
Main scenic tree with the highest tree height and the largest crown in the unit,
A sub-ground tree that has a crown on the top layer and is smaller in diameter than the main tree,
An accessory tree with branches and leaves below the crown of the main tree and above the line of sight,
A low landscape tree with branches and leaves at a height that blocks the line of sight,
The green space construction planning method or the green space construction method described in (3), characterized in that the tree is composed of trees selected from the following four types.
(5) The low-rise plant
Plants including plant species, basic species and seasoned species,
(3) or (4) is characterized in that the forest floor zone is set in combination based on the sunshine conditions affected by trees in the surrounding building and the Takagi unit and the soil moisture conditions affected by undulation. Green space construction planning method or green space construction method.
(6) A horizontal member extending laterally from the lower part of the root pot, a vertical member supporting the side surface of the root pot, and an expand interposed between the root pot and the vertical member, the root pot from above the vertical member The green space construction method according to any one of (2) to (5), wherein a tree is planted using a root pot fixture provided with a band for winding the tree.

According to the present invention, an environmental condition of a green space is simulated, an appropriate plant is arranged, and a green space close to a natural forest suitable for the land can be constructed.
The present invention is designed to ensure beauty in an urban space where buildings are planted so that plants can be randomly arranged and look natural, and flowers can bloom, green covers can be secured, and fresh green can be enjoyed. Can provide a planning method that includes the forest floor cover of a natural forest.
In particular, combining forests and ground cover including high trees on artificial ground, using plants suitable for the construction site, the natural environment suitable for the geographical environment of the construction site, the surrounding environment, and the local environment Provide construction planning methods.
The green space with trees with a high natural view is nurtured by the diversity and aesthetics of the Takagi layer, which is the brightness of the forest based on the density of the trees, the height of the foliage, the thickness of the trunk of the main street It was possible to define the Takagi unit by focusing on the fact that it was defined by the number of types of trees included.
Low-rise plants can define zones by paying attention to the viewpoint of soil moisture conditions, including sunshine conditions and undulation.
By combining the Takagi layer unit and the low-rise plant zone, we were able to plan a green space that creates the sustainability and aesthetics of nature that matches the construction site.
Since the plant to be planted is acclimated and cultivated in a simulated green space, the risk of defective replacement after transplanting can be avoided and a stable green space can be realized.
Since the anchor is provided on the artificial ground to stabilize the tree, it can be stabilized without falling down even in shallow artificial soil.
And since it is a part of the exterior of a commercial building such as an office, it is possible to ensure topicality while using some deciduous tree species with many wild grasses while securing a certain amount of green cover throughout the year. We realized the planning method of forest green space with
According to the construction method of the green space in the artificial ground of the present invention, it is close to the natural environment on the artificial ground, which matches the surrounding environment, and attracts people's eyes without making the vegetation monotonous, but simplified maintenance It is possible to reliably construct green forests that form natural forests, guardian forests, or satoyama landscapes in forests and cities.

The figure which shows the example of transition of vegetation. It is embodiment of this invention, Comprising: The example of the image figure of arrangement | positioning of a Takagi unit. It is embodiment of this invention, Comprising: The example of the image figure of arrangement | positioning of trees of a Takagi unit. It is embodiment of this invention, Comprising: The Takagi unit hierarchy image figure at the time of completion. It is embodiment of this invention, Comprising: The Takagi unit hierarchy image figure 30 years after completion. The figure which is an embodiment of the present invention and shows an example of basic type zoning. The figure which is embodiment of this invention, Comprising: The figure which shows the example of zoning of a basic species and a group species. The figure which shows the example of acclimatization cultivation (preforest utilization). The figure which shows the example of an underground support | pillar.

The present invention relates to a green space construction plan that reproduces by constructing a green area close to the natural nature of the area to which the construction site belongs on an artificial ground, and a construction method for transplanting a plant that has been acclimatized and grown in advance by simulation based on the plan. It is. In particular, it is a green space planning and construction method in areas where trees are formed as extreme phases such as Japan.
The artificial ground is constructed by embedding soil on the underground frame to form an undulation with undulations. In the present invention, the underground skeleton refers to a concrete structure formed below the embanked soil, and does not necessarily mean below the ground level. Therefore, the underground building may point to the roof of the building. Since the present invention assumes a natural forest or the like, the surface of the artificial ground is set as a general ground surface.
From the viewpoint of natural sustainability and aesthetics, the plants that make up the green space are categorized by dividing them into trees that form the tree layer and grasses and shrubs that form the forest floor layer, taking into account sunlight conditions and soil moisture conditions. A green space construction plan that expresses the local individuality in combination is created, and plants based on the plan designed in an environment that mimics the construction site are cultivated in advance, and the acclimatization and compatibility are confirmed and transplanted including soil. To implement.
Furthermore, since artificial soil has limited soil depth, we have devised underground struts as a countermeasure to prevent the tilting of tall trees.

In making a green space plan, it is necessary to perform environmental simulations to understand environmental characteristics. Sunlight, wind, humidity, etc. affect the growth conditions of plants.
Rizhao is greatly influenced by the surrounding buildings and the season. Reflection by the outer wall of the building also affects. Furthermore, in a hierarchical forest, since it is affected by upper-level plants, it is also necessary to assume a change in the illuminance (brightness in the forest) of the forest floor after selecting a high tree. Deciduous trees and evergreen trees are greatly affected by seasonal variations.
Wind effects affect direct wind perception and soil drying. Ventilation changes on the ground surface as well as the surrounding and central areas of the forest, the upper layer and the forest.
Humidity affects soil moisture conditions. Appropriate plants change depending on the dryness of the soil. There is also a difference between the normal moisture state and the temporary state such as the flow of rainwater during rainfall.
Therefore, it is necessary to carry out the environmental simulation from the viewpoints of secular change accompanying the growth of the plant, anniversary, etc. before planting and after planting.
Furthermore, the effects of snowfall and typhoons are taken into account depending on the location.

<About Takagi>
Natural green space is not uniform, and it brings diversity and aesthetics due to changes in brightness, visibility, and ground cover characteristics of forest floor plants.
As a design method to form such natural green space, undulation by undulation of land is set, focusing on Takagi as the basic flora, analyzing indices expressing its diversity, A group of trees that combine and characterize was set up as a Takagi unit. Takagi is set as a tree having a tree height of 10 m or more.
As an index that constitutes the Takagi unit, a sparse / dense index related to the brightness of the forest, a diameter index related to the age structure of the forest, a mixed index related to the diversity of tree species, and a vertical direction based on the height of twigs and leaves The hierarchy index was set.

The density indicator is evaluated and set according to the characteristics of the target area. For example, in a natural forest in the Kanto region, the low density was about 3/100 m ² , and the high density was about 8 to 13/100 m ² . Furthermore, since there is a space such as grassland where trees do not grow, this space portion is positioned as a space between trees and is referred to as a gap. A plan index is set between zero part of this gap and sparse to dense.

The diameter is the thickness of the apparent trunk, and the viewer is aware of the age at the eye level. As a result of investigations by the inventors, it has been found that the diversity of forests is not only the number of tree species, but also the variation in diameter as expected.
The entire landscape of the forest changes with the growth of the trees, and the superiority and inferiority of the trees change over time toward the extreme phase forest, which is referred to as vegetation transition, and is composed of the state planned by the construction plan Since the state of the natural forest is determined, the combination of diameters varies according to the assumed natural forest. A reference example of vegetation transition is shown in FIG.
For example, in the Kanto region, bare land, grassland, pioneer tree species (bare-ground early trees), miscellaneous forests (high tree species mainly of deciduous trees such as Quercus and red pine trees begin to grow), laurel forest (shade) Forest) (Shii, oak, etc.)
Assuming a general familiar forest, it has been found that the configuration of trees having a height of 10 m or more and having a trunk circumference of 40 cm to 80 cm or more affects the variation. This variation impresses the mixed age (different ages).
In other words, when trees with a uniform thickness are planted, the image of a man-made forest is strong, and forests such as firewood charcoal forests that are regularly logged and several trunks from thick roots stand are also old. The richness cannot be impressed.

  As described for the transition of vegetation, there are combinations of tree species that make up the forest in the transition process that is assumed to be an indicator of crossing regarding the diversity of tree species. Having trees of these tree types gives an impression of a natural forest, so the tree species composition in the planned construction area is investigated to determine the tree species and quantity to be used.

The vertical hierarchy index based on the height of the branches and leaves makes the tree feel based on the position and amount of the branches and leaves, and has a great influence on the landscape of that part. Also, if there is a branch or leaf at the position of the line of sight, blocking will occur, and a sense of depth will occur in the whole forest, and it can be impressed that there is a deeper point beyond it because it is not visible.
Depending on the planned construction area and the planned transition state, for example, the tree that has the largest diameter and forms the skeleton of the forest is narrower than the main landscape tree, but the height of the tree is about the same. Add four kinds of hierarchies with branches and leaves below the main tree, main trees and low-level trees with branches and leaves at the line of sight, and a losing tree that is long and slender with small branches. It can be divided into 4 layers.

  For example, in the case of a miscellaneous forest in the Kanto region, the tip of the forest is 10 m or more, and the main landscape tree, secondary landscape tree, accessory landscape tree and losing tree have branches and leaves above the line of sight. It will be visible, and as you can see, the diameter is strongly conscious. This horizontal stem thickness distribution is one of the elements that express naturalness. And by adding a low landscape tree, the line of sight of that part is interrupted and a feeling of depth occurs. The branches and leaves of the canopy show the power of the trees, and the large branching has a great impact on the local landscape. Subscape trees and supplementary landscape trees give the image of young trees and have the potential to succeed the next generation.

Regarding Takagi, the level of a unit of a group is determined based on these indicators.
Since the planned construction site has been decided, it is decided which process of transition of the vegetation in the construction area is to be performed.
Planning the overall image of the forest in the planned construction site. Prior to this project, the environmental conditions of sunlight and wind due to the influence of surrounding buildings will be grasped. Since this environment has an anniversary, we grasp the change by season.
The configuration of the Takagi unit is determined to realize this overall image. For example, it is set to four types of gaps of vacant lots and units 1 to 3.
The configuration of each unit is specifically selected from the trees of the corresponding level, such as the trees corresponding to the main landscape trees being individually selected, so they are not the same as industrial products, but the plants An equivalent group will be formed as a group.

<About low-rise plants>
The low-rise plant is a plant that exists so as to cover the ground of the forest, and is also referred to as a plant that forms a forest floor phase. It grows below the trees, and in normal forests, the brightness is limited by the influence of the branches and leaves of the upper trees, and in deciduous and evergreen trees, the annual change in sunshine is also affected. Under the deciduous trees, sufficient sunshine can be obtained from winter to spring, so spring flowers such as violets can bloom.
Since it is appropriate depending on the dryness and wetness of the soil, the environmental conditions of normal soil humidity and the amount of water in the rainy season differ depending on the undulation, hills that tend to dry, depressions that tend to get wet, and valleys where rainwater flows. It is necessary to select a plant.
Investigate forest floor plants in the planned construction area and select candidate plants. Forest floor plants include moss, ferns, grasses, bushes and shrubs. For example, it is classified into basic species and group species that cover the forest floor widely, and single species and seasoned species that have a small number of colors.
These were classified from the viewpoints of negative resistance, seasonality and wet / dry compatibility, and combinations were set as zones.

<Adaptation training>
In construction that reproduces green spaces such as natural forests on the artificial ground, it is difficult to replant the plant after it has already been put into service after it has been put into service. In normal construction, planting work begins after the building work is completed, and confirmation of the survival of the transplanted plants takes time, and supplementary planting such as replanting may occur. However, transplanting tall trees requires large heavy machinery, and it is difficult to replant between buildings that are close to each other and where many people are active.
In the present invention, prior to the main construction, an environment simulating the artificial ground of the main construction is created, and transplanted to this simulated environment several years before the main construction and cultivated to increase the certainty.

In the simulated artificial ground, it is preferable that the soil depth and undulation are the same as in this implementation, and planting is performed according to the plan in accordance with the high tree unit and the low-rise plant zone.
The size of the simulated artificial ground is preferably the same as that of the planned site, but it can be set only in a place where it is difficult to reconstruct the planned site.

  It is preferable to transplant the plant which has been confirmed and cultivated on the simulated artificial ground, including the soil of the simulated artificial ground. By using familiar soil, damage to plants can be reduced.

<About underground struts>
In order to reproduce the natural forest, it is preferable that the struts accompanying transplantation are not exposed. As such a strut structure, an underground strut that holds the root pot has been developed. Underground struts have also been proposed that can be applied to Takagi even in underground pits that do not strike support piles deeply in the soil.
As a result of the preliminary test, it was found that there is a risk of tilting when a force acting on the root pot is applied. By devising underground struts with a structure that resists this rotational force, the risk of tilting could be reduced.
A horizontal member that extends laterally from the bottom of the root pot, a vertical member that supports the side surface of the root pot, and an expand interposed between the root pot and the vertical member, and a band that holds the root pot from above the vertical member Plant the tree using the provided root pot fixture. In particular, losing trees have a small root pot for the height of the tree, and rotate with wind pressure to increase the risk of falling down. Therefore, it is suitable to apply this fixture.

Embodiments of the present invention will be described.
FIG. 2 is an example of the arrangement of green spaces when a natural forest is formed on an artificial ground by applying the green space construction method of the present invention, and FIG. 3 is a plant arranged on the green ground described in FIG. This is a grouping of Takagi as a unit.
This embodiment imagines the transition state of vegetation mainly composed of deciduous trees in the Kanto region. It is a state generally called miscellaneous forest. The forest in this state is bright from the fallen winter to early spring, and there are many wild grasses that bloom in early spring. In addition, oaks and shrubs, which are evergreen shade trees that form the extreme phase, can also be seen. This nature forms a rich forest.

First, assuming the brightness of the forest in the green area, we focused on the density of the trees and created an overall image of the green area. Reference numerals 1, 2, and 3 denote units each including a tall tree (tree) on the artificial ground, where 1 is the lowest vegetation density unit, 3 is the highest vegetation density unit, 2 is 1 and 3 Is a unit of vegetation density in between. G is a gap where no tree exists.
In selecting a plant suitable for these 1, 2, and 3 units and the gap G, the vegetation is divided into a Takagi layer and a forest floor, and the survey is conducted.

For the Takagi Formation, we will investigate various natural forests in the area including the place where the artificial ground will be installed, extract representative trees, and select the trees that make up each. In other words, considering the temperature, humidity, sunshine, wind direction, average wind speed, precipitation, snowfall, and snow cover of the area including the place where the artificial ground is installed, the same plant as the area where the vegetation of the same condition is seen. Will be selected.
At the same time, the arrangement, height, branching, and trunk circumference showing the thickness of the line of sight that make up the natural forest are measured and observed, and the structural characteristics of each are derived. This is used to create a landscape when planting so as to look like a natural forest when a natural forest is formed on the artificial ground.

  For forest floors, shrubs, wildflowers and other vegetation and moss used for vegetation will also be studied in various natural forests and parks in the area, including places where artificial ground is installed, and will coexist with the Takagi Formation. Select plants that form the natural forest floor. This is also the same plant as the area where vegetation of the same condition is seen by examining the temperature, humidity, sunshine, wind direction, average wind speed, precipitation, snowfall, and snow cover of the area including the place where the artificial ground is installed Will be selected.

  The selection of plants will be explained with an example of the purpose of creating a natural forest in the center of Tokyo. First, we surveyed natural forests and parks in the South Kanto region, including Tokyo, and selected plants that actually grew.

To investigate natural forests and parks for the Takagi Formation, to investigate and evaluate seven items: area, tree density, tree height, trunk circumference, stock establishment, distance between trees, and tree species distribution, in order to reproduce a beautiful natural forest As the evaluation axis, aesthetics, richness and diversity of the environment, and soundness of growth were set, and specific elements for enhancing these evaluations were derived from the survey results. It turns out that a natural beautiful forest can be constructed by realizing three elements: sex (dense / dense), different age (change in tree age of constituent trees ≒ change in trunk thickness), and mixed nature (number and ratio of tree species) did.
In this embodiment, the high tree is a tree having a tree height of 10 m or more and a tree having a possibility of growing to a tree height of 10 m or more.
Concerning the density, for example, by changing the number of high trees per 100 square meters to 8 to 13 in the high density part and about 3 in the low part, the contrast of light and shadow on the forest floor due to the diversity of high tree density A clear and beautiful forest landscape. Regarding different ages, in the case of forests where the height of trees exceeds 10m, it is the eye level that remains in the impression of people as scenery, so there are many variations of trunk circumference from about 0.2m to 1.0m That is, it can be said that the thickness of the trunk is diverse, and different age greatly affects the impression. If the distribution of the trunk circumference is wide and the distribution of the particular trunk circumference is prominent, it can be said that the landscape has sharpness. Regarding mixing, if only the same tree, for example, only coniferous trees, it looks like an artificial forest and it does not look like a natural forest, so it is necessary to plant different types of trees, such as evergreen trees and deciduous trees. Can express the diversity of the natural forest. In addition, inside a natural forest, trees that are shorter than a certain tree use the light that has sewed through the small space between the leaves of the tree above to create a gap between the trees. An inferior tree (losing tree) that grows like a sew and leaves only the top of the tree and loses the competition between trees can be seen, and this losing tree is one element that creates landscape diversity It is.

From the above, as a method to realize the three elements of sparseness, different age, and intermingling, the natural forest with various environments and high aesthetics has a hierarchy in the vertical direction and forms a group of groups. Assuming that it is composed of a unit (unit) and a vacant land (gap) where trees are not growing, in order to reproduce different ages, the Takagi in the unit is 5m to 12m in height that constitutes the upper part of the forest A tree that has branches and leaves in its layer and has a trunk skeleton of 0.8m or more (main landscape tree). It has branches and leaves in a layer of 5m to 12m in height similar to the main landscape tree, and its trunk circumference is 0.4m or more. Trees that grow into the main landscape tree after several decades less than 0.8 m (sub-scape trees), give a green volume to the upper layer from 3 m in height, trees with less than 0.4 m trunk circumference (auxiliary trees), high Stop the line of sight with the branches and leaves of 1m to 5m in length, A plan to improve the diversity of landscapes by combining four types of trees of different ages and adding inferior trees (losing trees) that have lost the competition between trees seen in the actual natural forest. did.
The low scenic trees block the line of sight with their branches and leaves, and by not seeing the depths, the depth of the forest is fostered along with the surrounding prospects.
In other words, by varying the age of the trees of these four types of hierarchies, the structure of the entire Takagi layer grows while maintaining the same hierarchical relationship over time, and it is possible to obtain a variety of landscapes like natural forests. It can be done. By adding a losing tree (inferiority tree) that is lost in the competition between trees, which is found in natural forests, to four types of trees, it is possible to create a more natural landscape.

  For units 1, 2, and 3, 1 is the unit with the lowest vegetation density, 3 is the unit with the highest vegetation density, and 2 is the unit with the vegetation density between 1 and 3, but unit 1 is the forest A canopy that forms a canopy or eaves, and is composed of a main scene tree and a sub scene tree. The unit 2 is a unit that adds a green amount to a layer slightly higher than the line of sight while securing the line of sight of the eye level. Unit 3 has a narrow line-of-sight gap, low brightness, and shades in relation to other units. The ratio of the high trees in the unit is based on, for example, main landscape tree: sub landscape tree: low landscape tree (and supplementary landscape tree) = 2: 3: 2 based on the actually observed forest land. By combining these units 1, 2, and 3 with different densities and the gap G, it was planned to create density in the forest. The specific arrangement is based on the location of the planned site, such as the surroundings of the planned site, the passage in the site, and the building, etc. The necessary amount of greenery, landscape changes and depth were formed.

Here, the trees of the selected Takagi layer are as follows.
(Selection of Takagi Formation)
First, the following tree species were selected as trees constituting the Takagi layer. Tabinoki and Shirodamo are selected in consideration of their use in wind protection because they are relatively wind resistant. In addition, tree species such as zelkova, enoki, ginkgo, mussels and camphor trees that grow on large trees alone were not selected. Then, a tree actually used for greening is selected from the selected trees.
The selected trees are as follows.
(evergreen)
Matebashii, Sudajii, Koujii, Arakashi, Shirakashi, Sycamore, Red pine, Sakaki, Tabonoki, Shirodamo, Kaya, Sasanka, Yabutsubaki (deciduous tree)
Kunugi, Abemaki, Konara, Egonoki, Inushide, Shibaguri, Japanese maple, Ume, Japanese azalea, Yamazakura, Kobushi, Kashiwa, Akamegashiwa, Nurdekiri, Aogiri, Nemunoki

As for forest floors, we conducted surveys of natural forests and parks in order to materialize “creation of natural forest floors”, “ensurement of healthy and stable growth in urban centers” and “placement of wild grasses that are rare in urban centers”. The natural forest was observed focusing on the growth environment of wild grass. Specifically, we observe seasonal growth of seeds that bloom and bloom, and as a result, we will include shrubs lower in height than low-landscape trees as forest floors of natural forests. Species that grow together (group species), species that serve as a base to ensure greenness while coexisting with the species (basic species), species that change the landscape (seasoned species), species that gather gaze alone (single species) The four types were selected. Seasoned seeds and single seeds are placed alone to attract people's eyes and add interest to the landscape. The same plant can also overlap in these four categories. By selecting from these four categories of plants and planting them together, a natural forest landscape was obtained.
As shown in FIG. 4, the forest floor plan is carried out by superimposing species (group species, basic species) that secure green cover, flowering wildflowers (seasoned species), and accent species (single species, etc.).
Here, the selected forest floor plants are as follows.
(Selection of forest floor)
The following plants were selected as plants constituting the forest floor. And the plant actually used for greening is selected from the selected plants.
The selected plants are as follows.
Table 1 shows the seasonality and characteristics of the low-rise plants that form the forest floor.

(Group species)
Akinoki Ginsaw, Azuma nematode, Mochidosa, Ubayuri, Umanoashigata, Ebine, Obainomotoso, Obogiboushi, Okigusa, Hypericum, Katakuri, Kawaranadeshiko, Kyounosago, Swanfish Jupiter fern, Shunran, Sennin, Tachitsubosumire, Tashimada, Chigoyuri, Tsubosumire, Tsuwabuki, Nirinsou, Nolan, Nobil, Nobuki, Hanamyouga, Himeshaga, Fukujuso, Benicida, Snake Strawberry, Pterodum Yabusotetsu, Yablanc, Yamadori Spring, Yamabu So, gold-banded lily, saxifrage, Ryukyu wild chrysanthemum, Ryuunougiku, Ryoumenshida, gentian,
(Growth species (placed in streams and water fields))
Inomotosou, Ubayuri, Shiroboshi, Sagiran, Sawaran, Shaga, Sekisho, Seri, Chigoyuri, Tokisou, Nirinso, Honeybee, Yamabiso, Yukinoshita, Ryukinka (basic species)
Licorice, ganganoku, imomotoso, iwagansou, urashimasou, okanoinomotosou, okiboshiida, oyaboshitsu, karatachibana, kanaooi, kansuge, kichijosou, kibaku-hakugaku, kita-ta Ginseng, Senryo, Tachishinobu, Tachitsubosumire, Teikakazura, Dokudami, Nagabayajahige, Narukoyuri, Nolan, Hanamyoguga, Hitorishizuka, Himeyaburan, Fukusou, Fuyustrawberry, Snake Strawberry, Buttercup, Mudder (Those placed in a stream or water)
White-winged Egoke, Sekisho, Kitijosou, Mitsuba, Seri (flavored seeds)
Golden warbler, giant warbler, kingfisher, shrimp fern, shigashishira, janohige, jumongjidida, sudayakshu, tsurukanokosou, tsububuki, noshiran, hansho sakaku, himeuzu, benida, hosobanawarabi, mizoshiyakuya, burdock
Azumanesa, Sarasinashouma, Benicida, Yukinoshita

(Example of Takagi unit)
When arranging the Takagi layer in each unit, the density, age, and trunk thickness of the trees in the unit are varied so that they appear natural. This prevents the landscape from becoming monotonous and forms a natural forest. In addition, considering the building wind, it is also a proposal to add a kind of tree that is relatively strong against the wind to prevent wind.
When multiple trees of the same tree species are selected and placed in the same unit, it is desirable to make the trees different in terms of natural scenery.
Considering that it is a forest located in the cityscape, the appearance is very important and it is necessary to cover it with a certain amount of green throughout the year. Need to be placed. At the same time, the natural forest is centered on deciduous trees and is an evergreen tree with a shadow tree growing there.

Further, as shown in FIG. 5, since the plants grow year by year, it is necessary to consider the arrangement of the trees in each unit and the entire trees in consideration of the growth rate of each tree.
Fig.5 (a) has shown the state of the tree at the beginning of construction. The unit 1 has a low density, the unit 3 has a high density, the unit 2 has an intermediate density, and a gap in which no tree is present is disposed between the unit 1 and the unit 2.
Predict how this will change over time and simulate landscape changes. As a result of simulating a certain secular change, in this example, as shown in FIG. 5 (b), each tree is growing, but no death occurs, the hierarchical relationship is maintained, and the gap is also an open space. It remains.
In addition, when large evergreen trees such as oak and shii are used for the Takagi unit, deciduous trees that become shaded after these evergreen trees grow may not be able to receive light, and may be suppressed. If you plan to leave in the future, consider the relationship between individual trees, such as placing deciduous trees on the south side of evergreen trees.

(About low-rise plants)
Forest floors, which are vegetation made up of shrubs, wildflowers and other plants and ferns, mosses, etc., placed under the Takagi layer are divided into three groups: basic species, group species, seasoned species, and single species. Categorize and consider placement.
Low-rise plants are affected by light conditions, seasonality, soil dryness (humidity distribution), temporary water flow, and so on.

(Example of basic zoning)
Since the basic species is arranged on the entire soil surface of the artificial ground, it is necessary to consider what kind of tree covers the upper part. The amount of light reaching the basic species naturally changes depending on the type of tree that covers the top, so the basic species placed in the deciduous forest part with many deciduous trees, the evergreen forest part with many evergreen trees, and the basic species placed in the shade of the building It is necessary to consider the arrangement of the basic species after considering the density of the trees to be arranged, whether they are deciduous trees or evergreen trees. For the basic species placed at the boundary between the deciduous forest part and the evergreen forest part, considering the density of the trees, the arrangement is planned so that the boundary line is formed in the same way as the deciduous forest part and the evergreen forest part. Basic type zoning is performed as shown in FIG.

(Example of zoning of group species)
As for the group species, it is the same as the basic species that it is necessary to consider the type and density of the overlying trees, but they exist together and are plants for creating landscapes with flowers and unique grass shapes. Therefore, for example, the arrangement is made taking into consideration the time and period of flower bloom. For example, as shown in FIG.
Table 2 shows examples of zoning centered on illuminance.

(Seasoned species, single species)
Then, in each zone that has been zoned, the planting density and pattern of each of the basic species and the group species are determined and arranged in the zones.
Furthermore, in addition to these basic species and group species, single species and seasoned species are arranged so that the vegetation is not monotonous even in the lower part of the tree.

(Undulation)
In addition, the soil on the artificial ground is not flattened, but a subtle slope (undulation) is provided on the surface. As a result, compared to the case where the entire topography is flat, the vegetation will be arranged, including the difference in the environment such as sunshine caused by undulation, and the landscape will be more natural rather than artificial. To do.
And in arrangement | positioning of a plant, it arrange | positions also considering that a light ray is interrupted by the delicate inclination (undulation) of the surface of soil.

(Other considerations)
When arranging the vegetation, the arrangement of the vegetation is set in consideration of care.
In addition, the tree that grows alone is not included in the unit from the beginning, but the landscape formed by the entire vegetation is formed to form a forest that looks natural as a whole. Or, for trees that grow alone, they are not used for vegetation because they are on artificial ground and the soil depth is too small.

When a water field or a flow is arranged in the gap G, aquatic plants other than the plants included in the high tree layer and the forest floor may be arranged in the water field or the flow of the gap G.
Further, by arranging a small diameter between green spaces that have been greened with the gap G as a walking space, it is possible to make a walk in a forest. In addition, by separating the walking space and the green space, the soil portion of the green space where the hot spot effect that absorbs heat due to the reflection of concrete and the large amount of rainwater that can occur due to so-called guerrilla heavy rain is concentrated By absorbing water, it can also be expected to prevent flooding around the city and prevent flooding in the surrounding area.

Since it is necessary to consider the effects of planting when placing plants in the unit, temperature, humidity, sunshine, wind direction, and average are calculated by computer simulations assuming actual plant placement. The wind speed, precipitation, snowfall, and snowfall are determined for each position, and the arrangement is adjusted. At this time, it is convenient to perform only sunshine simulation, but in order to perform computer simulation more accurately, it is better to perform simulation by adding other elements. This includes changes due to the growth of trees, the state of deciduous leaves for each season, changes as expected due to flowering and fruiting, and changes in light rays due to undulation.
Furthermore, it is possible to perform more accurate computer simulation by changing the height of lichens, flowers, shrubs (shrubs), and trees separately and by performing computer simulations that change simultaneously. It is possible to obtain vegetation close to the forest.
Table 2 shows examples of characteristics of group species and basic species.

(About acclimation training)
FIG. 8 shows an example in which an artificial ground similar to the place where the green space is constructed is provided at a place different from the place where the green space is constructed, and the acclimatization is brought up. The soil similar to the place where the green space is constructed on the underground frame is thrown in to create a simulated artificial ground to form an undulation. Plants planned in the green space plan are planted once on the artificial ground, the growth state is observed, the assumption of the plan is verified, necessary corrections are made, and the construction method of the green space transplanted to the construction site is shown. In this example, this simulation of acclimatization is preforest.
Cultivate in the preforest for several years in advance and transplant from the preforest when the green space is completed. It is desirable that the pre-forest should be the same as the artificial ground to be constructed as much as possible, but considering the degree of difficulty in the post-construction of the green space, priority is given to the part where repair work that brings in heavy machinery later is prioritized. You can also use preforest. Transplanting from pre-forest to green spaces, including soil, makes the plant and soil familiar.

  Select the plant to be used for vegetation on the actual artificial ground from the plants of the selected Takagi layer and forest floor, but before performing vegetation on the actual artificial ground, the plant to be used for vegetation on the artificial ground in the preforest Cultivate and identify problems. In addition, computer simulation is performed on the growth of plants, and at the same time, computer simulation is performed on the distribution according to the user's viewpoint to determine the design of the natural forest. And in this preforest, the same undulation as the place where the green space is constructed is formed, and the same plant as the place where the green space is constructed is planted and verified.

  As verification of the Takagi layer in the pre-forest, we evaluated aesthetics, richness and diversity of the environment, and soundness of growth from the three elements of density, different age, and mixedness. We also evaluated the effects of typhoons and other strong winds during pre-forest growth, and based on this, feedback was made such as improving the structure of underground struts that support trees in the artificial ground at the actual construction site. Went.

  As a verification of the forest floor in the pre-forest, we consider sunlight as a major factor that affects the growth of plants, and based on the results of illuminance simulation assuming the actual construction site, zoning based on the average illuminance reaching the forest floor, , Predicting that the dry humidity of the soil will change due to undulation, and also making predictions based on simulations to determine the final zoning and combining the group species and basic species for each set zone In addition, seasoned seeds and single seeds were placed as necessary. For these zones, vegetation survey was conducted based on the Kodrat method, and vegetation feedback was provided at the actual construction site.

  In the simulation, taking into account undulations, the temperature, humidity, sunshine, wind direction, average wind speed, precipitation, snowfall, and snowfall at the place where the artificial ground is installed, as well as soil temperature and dryness. Computer simulation of the growth of the Takagi layer and forest floor is added for each season after adding the elements of humidity and water content, and the average illuminance reaching the sunlight and the forest floor is a major factor affecting plant growth. Computer simulation of the growth of plants in the Takagi layer and forest floor was conducted by obtaining the dry humidity of the soil and providing feedback. In addition, computer simulations associated with the annual growth of perennials and shrubs in the Takagi layer and forest floor are used to determine the expected changes in each user's season or over time. In addition, the arrangement of plants on the preforest and the actual artificial ground was considered.

Preforest is formed with the same area, the same slope as the soil in the artificial ground, the surface slope (undulation), and the same soil depth, and the concrete frame, drainage gradient, drainage position, soil type, irrigation system, etc. By doing the same as the green space enforced in, it is easy to transplant in the same arrangement, and if the growth is different from the simulation or plan, you can make adjustments and make more natural greening, In addition, maintenance can be planned in advance after constructing a green space on the artificial ground.
This reduces the risk of death during transplantation from the preforest to the artificial ground. Moreover, from the situation at the time of cultivation in the pre-forest, it is possible to make the tree more difficult to fall by arranging an underground support for the soil in a portion where the root pot for the artificial ground is placed.
The underground strut includes a horizontal member extending laterally from the lower part of the root pot, a vertical member supporting the side face of the root pot, and an expand interposed between the root pot and the vertical member. Form with a root pot fixture with a band to fasten. In particular, losing trees have a small root pot for the height of the tree, and rotate with wind pressure to increase the risk of falling down. Therefore, it is suitable to apply this fixture.

  In particular, for tall trees that form the Takagi layer, generally, a splint support is often used, but if a splint is used, it will be difficult to show the landscape as a natural forest. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 9, when placing tall trees on the soil on the artificial ground, the belt and root pots in the belt are used, and the root pots are rotated by trees that have received strong wind. In order to prevent the tilting of the tree, the belt and root pot are tightened together with the expansion so that the root pot does not rotate even if the tree receives wind. At this time, it is preferable to arrange the root pot on the underground strut, and it is desirable that the underground strut be fixed to the artificial ground beforehand. As for the underground struts, it is also preferable that a dedicated one for the trees to be arranged is determined in advance.

In the above, we explained an example of the arrangement of green spaces when forming a natural forest landscape on the artificial ground, but when forming a landscape of a guardian fence instead of a natural forest landscape, Conduct surveys of forests at the various shrines in the area including the place where they are installed, conduct surveys similar to the case of natural forests, select plants contained in the Takagi layer and forest floor, and select the selected plants Use to form a forest of guardians. At this time, the simulation and the use of the preforest are performed in the same manner as in the case of the natural forest.
A small company can also be placed in the gap G to form a landscape of the guardian forest. It is also preferable to select a tree species that grows alone on a large tree, such as zelkova, enoki, ginkgo, mussels, and camphor, and configure it as a sacred tree.
When constructing a landscape of satoyama, it is also preferable to vegetation of cultivated species such as oysters, loquat and apricots, and at the same time increase the proportion of red pine.

  The above description of the embodiment of the present invention describes a preferred embodiment according to the present invention, and thus may have various technically preferable limitations. The technical scope is not limited to these embodiments unless specifically described to limit the present invention. That is, the above-described components in the embodiment of the present invention can be appropriately replaced with existing components and the like, and various variations including combinations with other existing components are possible. The description of the embodiment of the present invention described above does not limit the contents of the invention described in the claims.

Claims (6)

A green space construction planning method in which a plant including a high tree that forms a high tree layer and a low-rise plant that forms a forest floor layer is arranged on an artificial ground formed on an artificial frame, and a green space suitable for the construction area is planned. ,
For artificial ground, set up undulating undulations,
Prepare a plant corresponding to the environment of the construction area as a plant,
Takagi trees set up a Takagi unit typified based on tree species and tree shape,
The low-rise plant has a forest floor zone typified based on sunshine conditions and soil moisture conditions,
A green space construction planning method characterized in that an arrangement is set by combining a Takagi unit and a forest floor zone on the basis of aesthetics and sustainability.   Prepare a pre-environment that mimics the planned construction site including artificial ground and undulation, acclimatize and grow the plants belonging to the Takagi unit and forest floor zone set in claim 1 in the pre-environment, and then the construction site A green space construction method characterized by transplanting soil including soil. Takagi unit
A density index related to brightness in the forest, a diameter index related to the age structure of the forest, a cross index related to diversity of tree species, and a vertical hierarchy index based on the height of branch and leaf growth Set
The green space construction planning method according to claim 1 or the green space construction method according to claim 2, wherein the group is a group of groups formed based on each index. Takagi unit formed by a group of groups,
Main scenic tree with the highest tree height and the largest crown in the unit,
A sub-ground tree that has a crown on the top layer and is smaller in diameter than the main tree,
An accessory tree with branches and leaves below the crown of the main tree and above the line of sight,
A low landscape tree with branches and leaves at a height that blocks the line of sight,
The green space construction planning method or the green space construction method according to claim 3, wherein the green space construction planning method or the green space construction method is configured by trees selected from the four viewpoints. Low-rise plants
Plants including plant species, basic species and seasoned species,
The green space according to claim 3 or 4, wherein the forest floor zone is set in combination based on the sunshine condition affected by the trees of the surrounding building and the Takagi unit and the soil moisture condition affected by the undulation. Construction planning method or green space construction method.   A horizontal member extending laterally from the lower part of the root pot, a vertical member supporting the side face of the root pot, and an expand interposed between the root pot and the vertical member, and the root pot is wound from above the vertical member The green space construction method according to any one of claims 2 to 5, wherein a tree is planted using a root pot fixture provided with a band.