JP2016127829A - 細胞発達を制御するための装置および方法 - Google Patents
細胞発達を制御するための装置および方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
本願は、2008年6月17日付で提出された「改変組織中における細胞相互作用の制御」という名称の米国仮特許出願第61/132,163号および2008年8月29日付で提出された「自動化された時間的に正確な光遺伝学的刺激を用いた、胚性幹細胞分化の調節に関わる構成物、方法、および組成物」という名称の米国仮特許出願第61/093,086号の米国特許法第119条(e)に基づく利益を主張する。基礎となるこれらの仮出願およびそれぞれの添付文書全体を参照により本明細書に取り込む。本特許文書は以下の基礎となる特許文献にも関し、これらの全体を参照により本明細書に取り込む:2006年7月24日付で提出された米国特許出願第11/459,636号(STFD.169PA)、2008年1月9日付で提出された国際特許出願第PCT/US2008/050628号(STFD.150PCT)、および2008年8月7日付で提出された米国特許出願第12/187,927(STFD.167PA)(例えば図1〜5に関する説明)。
幹細胞中における光遺伝学の可能性を評価するために、EFlaプロモーター制御下のレンチウイルスChR2−YFP−コンストラクトをマウスESCに形質導入し、YFP蛍光強度に基づいて上位5%を選んだ後、本発明者らは、得られたChR2−YFP−ESCの集団倍加時間および生存能力に非形質導入ESC(図示せず)と比べて有意な差がないことを見出し、共焦点顕微鏡により、ESC集団中において、強い均一な発現レベルのChR2−YFPが膜局在していることを実証した。ChR2−ESCは胚性幹細胞マーカーSSEA1およびOct4を発現し続け(データ示さず)、非形質導入対照細胞と同じように未分化状態を維持していた。電気生理学的には、ChR2−ESCは典型的な外向き整流性の受動的流れを示し、青色光(470nm、パルス時間500ms)を照射すると内向きの光電流が惹起された(図7a、7b)。定常状態の光電流はほとんど不活化を示さなかったのに対し、ピーク光電流は、以前にニューロン30で示されているのと同様な動態の不活化および回復を示した(図7c)。
細胞内のCa2+は、幹細胞およびその子孫、特に神経の分化系列において、分化および生存の主要な仲介物質である。ChR2はそれ自体は、細胞中にCa2+をすぐに流入させる非選択的陽イオンチャネルである。光で惹起されるCa2+流入の更なる経路としては、ChR2により誘導される膜電位変化による電位依存性Ca2+チャネル(VGCC)の活性化が含まれる。特に、本発明者らは、マウスES細胞が、RTPCRおよび免疫反応性による評価で4種類の主要なVGCCを発現しており(図8a、8b)、細胞が神経細胞系列に分化して過分極膜電位が発生するとこの光活性化Ca2+流入の補助的機序がますます強力になり得ることを見出した。しかし、ChR2自体に公知のCa2+流は、幹細胞のプロセスを光制御できる可能性を示唆していた。
ES細胞から代わりの組織を派生させる際の課題の1つは、細胞型を特定して表現型を固定(phenotype consolidation)するプロセスであり、したがってパターン形成および分化刺激にも、多くの日数がかかり、よって、光遺伝学的刺激が適用可能であるためには、光遺伝学的刺激は長期間送達可能である必要がある。この問題に適うシステムの設計には、幹細胞分化に必要なシグナル伝達イベントの正確な組合せおよびタイミングについての知見が限定的であるため、研究室でセルライン、条件、および「分化空間」の迅速な光学的マッピングを可能にするには原則的にマルチウェルの形態が望ましいことを考慮することも重要である。そこで、本発明者らは、複数の目的領域(ROI)に正確に再度アクセスし、規定したパターンで長期間光刺激するように設計された、自動マルチウェル光遺伝学的刺激アプローチを開発した(図10a)。
フィーダー細胞(CRL−1503、ATCC)、15%ウシ胎児血清(ギブコ社製)、15ng/mlの白血病抑制因子(LIF;シグマ−アルドリッチ社製)、0.1mMの2−メルカプトエタノール(シグマ−アルドリッチ社製)、および1%のペニシリン−ストレプトマイシン(シグマ−アルドリッチ社製)で馴化した培地を含むDMEM培地(ATCC)中でマウス胚性幹細胞(CRL−1934、米国マナッサス、ATCC)を増殖させた。20mlの培地を用いて、37℃および5%CO2にて、3日ごとに継代しながら75cm2の細胞培養フラスコ(ファルコン社製)中で細胞を培養した。浮遊液中の未分化細胞のみを実験に用いた。リン酸緩衝生理食塩水(PBS)(ギブコ社、インビトロジェン社)中で洗浄した後、ノイバウアー計数器を用いて細胞を計数した。トリパンブルー溶液(0.4%;シグマ−アルドリッチ社製)で染色することで生存率を決定した。
以前に記載したように、EF−1−アルファプロモーターの制御下にChR2−EYFP融合遺伝子を有するレンチウイルスを作製した。ウイルスを、超遠心で濃縮し、元の体積の1/1000になるようにPBSに再分散させた。次いで、濃縮ウイルスをESCと一緒に24時間インキュベートし、形質導入から1週間後に蛍光顕微鏡を用いて形質導入効率を評価した。高度且つ均一に発現しているChR2−ESCコロニーを得るために、FACSを用いて細胞を分別し、上位5%のYFP発現細胞からなる亜集団を回収した。
以前記載した方法に変更を加えて、ニューロンへの分化を行った。胚様体段階にあるESCを完全ESC培地(上記参照)に入れ、マトリゲルコートディッシュに蒔いた。24時間後、LIFを含まず、5μMのレチノイン酸を含むESC培地に培地を交換し、5日間、培地を隔日で交換した。分化の第2工程として、N2サプリメント、SHH(50ng/ml)、FGF−8b(100ng/ml)、bFGF(10ng/ml)、およびアスコルビン酸(200μM、シグマ社製)を含むDMEM/F12から構成される神経伸長(neural expansion)培地を用いて細胞を7日間インキュベートし、2日ごとに交換した。その後、N2およびアスコルビン酸を含むDMEM/F12中で細胞を培養した。
4%パラホルムアルデヒド/PBSを用いて室温で30分間細胞を固定した。0.1Mのグリシン/PBSで細胞を3回洗浄して固定を停止した。細胞を透過処理し、30分間ブロッキング(4%BSA/0.4%サポニン/PBS)し、一次抗体溶液中で4℃にて一晩インキュベートした。細胞を4回洗浄し、二次抗体と共に室温で2時間インキュベートした。細胞をPBSで3回洗浄し、最終洗浄工程でDAPI(1:50,000)を添加した。抗クエンチング剤入りFluoromountを用いてカバースリップをマウントした。一次抗体は、マウス抗SSEA1(ケミコン社製、1:300)、マウス抗ネスチン(ケミコン社製、1:200)、ニワトリ抗βillチューブリン(ケミコン社製、1:200)、マウス抗MAP2ab(シグマ社製、1:500)、ウサギ抗vGlut2(ケミコン社製、1:200)、およびウサギ抗alC、同a1D、同a1G、および同a1H(全てAlomone labs社製;1:200)を用いた。Cy3またはCy5をコンジュゲートした、ロバ抗マウス、ロバ抗ニワトリ、およびロバ抗ウサギ二次抗体(ジャクソン社(Jackson)製)を全て1:200で用いた。
細胞をホモジナイザー(インビトロジェン社製)でホモジナイズした。Micro−to−Midi Total RNA Purification System(インビトロジェン社製)を用いてRNAを分離した。RT−PCRの前に、RNAサンプルを、DNaseI(インビトロジェン社製)で前処理し、メーカーのプロトコールに従って逆転写を行った。逆転写酵素を含まない陰性対照では配列は増幅されなかった。マウス海馬の全RNAをクロンテック社から購入し、得られたcDNAを陽性対照とした。PCR分析では、以下のように、L型およびT型のVGCCファミリーの両方に由来するそれぞれ2個のサブユニットのコード領域を標的としたプライマ−を用いた:L型a1Cフォワードプライマー:GTGGTTAGCGTGTCCCTCAT、リバースプライマー:GTGGAGACGGTGAAGAGAGC;L型a1Dフォワードプライマー:AATGGCACGGAATGTAGGAG、リバースプライマー:GACGAAAAATGAGCCAAGGA;T型a1Gフォワードプライマー:CTGAGCGGATCTTCCTAACG、リバースプライマー:TGAAAAAGGCACAGCAGATG;T型a1Hフォワードプライマー:TGGGAACGTGCTTCTTCTCT、リバースプライマー: TGGGCATCCATGACGTAGTA;ハウスキーピング遺伝子(アクチン)フォワードプライマー:GGCATTGTGATGGACTCCGG、リバースプライマー:TGCCACAGGATTCCATACCC。293FT腎細胞は、予想された通り、これらのチャネルサブユニットを発現せず(図8a)、アクチン並びにL型およびT型サブユニットのPCR産物をクローニングおよびシークエンスし配列の確認を行った。
ハードウェアインタフェースの主要な要素には、(a)Oasis4iコントローラ(オブジェクティブイメージング社(Objective Imaging)製)(x−y−zの3軸および焦点を制御するためのハードウェア)(http://ww.objectiveimaging.com/Download/OI_Download.htm(Oasis4iコントローラ用のソフトウェア開発キット(SDK))、(b)DG4超高速波長切替器(Ultra High Speed wavelength switcher)(サッター社(Sutter)製)、(c)Retiga SRV Camera(Qイメージング社製)、および(d)AHM(Abstract Hardware Model)コントローラで制御されたLeica DM6000顕微鏡が含まれる。パラレルポートは、DLPORTIOライブラリファイル(www.driverlinx.com/DownLoad/DIPortIO.htm(パラレルポートを制御するためのDll))およびQCam SDK(Ver.5.1.1.14)(http://ww.qimaging.com/support/downloads/(Retiga SRV/Exi Cameraを制御するためのSDK)を用いて設定したカメラパラメータ(ゲイン、露光)を用いて制御する。Microsoft Foundation Library(MFC;Ver.8.0)を用いて、光遺伝学的刺激装置に接続するためのカスタムソフトウェアユーザインタフェースを開発し、要求に応じて利用できるようにした。簡潔に述べると、Oasis4iコントローラを用いて、刺激および/またはイメージングする目的領域(例えば、胚様体またはマルチウェルプレート中の小さいウェル)を選択し、MFCインタフェースを用いてそれらの位置を保存する。次いで、刺激パラメータ(興奮刺激用フィルタの波長、興奮性パルス期間、並びに興奮刺激の頻度およびデューティサイクル)をカスタムGUI中で設定する。刺激空間をマッピングできるように、各目的領域を、異なる刺激パターンを受容して何日にも及ぶ刺激およびイメージングが行われるように、容易にプログラムすることができる。同様に、領域および露出当たりの画像数、ゲイン、励起フィルタ、並びにエミッションフィルタを含むイメージングのパラメータも選択された領域向けに変更することもできる。
ライカ社製SP2共焦点顕微鏡および40倍の油浸対物レンズ(NA 0.75)を用いて共焦点イメージングを行った。DAP1の励起には402nmのダイオードレーザを用いた。Cy5−ネスチンは633nmのHeNeレーザを用いて励起した。カバースリップ当たり6個のROIを解析用にランダム且つ盲検的に選択し、1024×1024の8ビット共焦点画像を得た。各ROIについて、zの刻み幅0.98μmで8〜12個のx−y面からなるzスタックを収集することで、ROI中に存在する全細胞を含めた。ImageJ(米国、NIH)ソフトウェアを用いてデータ解析を行い、非盲検にした後、各条件(例えばChR2−ESC、光刺激あり、2.5μm RA)の全カバースリップの全ROIの共焦点画像を1つのzスタックに変換した。DAPlおよびネスチンのチャネルについて、蛍光強度ヒストグラムを算出した。細胞数を反映するDAP1ヒストグラムからネスチンのヒストグラムの標準化をすることができた。全ネスチンボクセル数をこのDAPl係数で割った。SPSS(米国、シカゴ)ソフトウェアを用いて統計分析を行った。ヒストグラムを統計的に比較するためにパラメータによらないコルモゴルフ・スミルノフ検定を行い、平均値を比較するためにt検定を用いて統計的有意性を計算した。
ラット(雄のウィスター系、250〜350g)をこれらの実験の対象とした。動物の管理および本発明者らの動物の実験操作の全ての状況は、アメリカ国立衛生研究所の指針に厳密に従い、スタンフォード動物実験委員会のメンバーの承認を受けた。腹腔内投与(ラット体重1kg当たり90mgのケタミンおよび5mgのキシラジン)によりラットに麻酔をかけた。細胞移植のために、運動皮質の上に1mmの開頭切開部を穿孔した。50k細胞/μLの密度でPBSに懸濁したChR2−EYFP融合タンパク質を発現するESC1μLをラット運動皮質(AP+1.5mm、ML+1.5mm、DV+1.5mm)に注入した(26gのハミルトンシリンジ)。注入は10分間行い、更に10分間留置した後、シリンジを引き抜き、1週間後に電気生理学的実験を行った。
急性スライスの電気生理学的実験のために、細胞移植の1週間後、氷冷した切断用緩衝液(64mMのNaCl、25mMのNaHCO3、10mMのグルコース、120mMのスクロース、2.5mMのKCl、1.25mMのNaH2PO4、0.5mMのCaCl2、および7mMのMgCl2、95%O2/5%CO2で平衡化)中でビブラトーム(VT1000 S、ライカ社製)を用いて250μmの皮質スライスを調製した。切断用緩衝液における32〜35℃で30分間の回復期の後、スライスをゆっくりと取り出し、正立顕微鏡(DM LFSA、ライカ社製)上にマウントした記録チャンバーに移し、カーボン化ACSF(124mMのNaCl、3mMのKCl、26mMのNaHCO3、1.25mMのNaH2PO4、2.4mMのCaCl2、1.3mMのMgCl2、10mMのグルコース)で3〜5ml/分の速度で連続的に灌流し、95%O2/5%CO2で換気した。20倍の0.5NA水浸対物レンズおよびYFPフィルタセットを備えた正立蛍光顕微鏡(DM LFSA、ライカ社製)上でChR2−YFP−ESCを確認した。CCDカメラ(Retiga Exi、Qイメージング社製)を用いてQイメージングソフトウェアにより画像を記録した。以前に記載したように、NaClを125mM、KClを2mM、CaCl2を3mM、MgCl2を1mM、グルコースを30mM、およびHEPESを25mMで含むタイロード液(NaOHでpH7.3に調整)中で培養ChR2−YFP ESCの電気生理学的記録を行った。Axon Multiclamp 700B(アクソン・インスツルメンツ社(Axon Instruments)製)増幅器を用いて、ホールセルパッチクランプ法で膜電流を測定した。ピペット液は、97mMのグルコン酸カリウム、38mMのKCl、6mMのNaCl、0.35mMのATPナトリウム、4mMのATPマグネシウム、0.35mMのEGTA、7mMのホスホクレアチン、および20mMのHEPESから構成される(KOHでpH7.25に調整)。ピペット抵抗は4〜8MΩであった。ホールセルの配置ができたときに膜電位を記録した。本発明者らは、pClamp9取得ソフトウェア(アクソン・インスツルメンツ社製)、300Wのキセノンランプを備えたDG−4高速光スイッチ(サッター・インスツルメンツ社製)、およびGFPフィルタセット(励起フィルタHQ470/40倍、二色性Q495LP;クロマ社(Chroma)製)を用いて、ChR2活性化のための青色光を送達した。20倍の対物レンズを通した青色光の出力密度は、電力計(ニューポート社製)による測定で8〜12mW/mm2であった。実験は全て室温(22〜24℃)で行った。
Claims (12)
- 他の細胞型から区別可能な選択された型の幹細胞を有する生物学的環境中において細胞発達を促進する方法であって、
選択された型の幹細胞中で微生物オプシンを発現させることで、前記幹細胞を含む生物学的環境の領域に微生物オプシンを導入する工程;
前記幹細胞の近くに光源を導入する工程;および
前記他の細胞型の成長および発達とは独立して前記選択された型の幹細胞の成長および発達を選択的に制御するために、前記光源を制御可能に作動させて、前記光源からのパルス照射を前記選択された型の幹細胞に向ける工程、を含む方法。 - 前記生物学的環境は細胞型混合集団を含み、前記選択された型の幹細胞は前記生物学的環境に含まれる一部である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 幼若ニューロンの制御された発達を促進するために軸索および樹状突起に固有の特性を利用することを更に含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記固有の特性が、異なる関連化学誘引物質、軸索および樹状突起の成長速度を特徴付ける時間的特性、および樹状突起に対する軸索の物理的サイズの1または複数を含む、請求項3に記載の方法。
- 前記選択された型の幹細胞が、制御の標的である細胞および制御の標的でない細胞を含む細胞型混合集団を含む組織に含まれる一部である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記細胞型混合集団内の個別的コミュニケーションを促進することを更に含み、個々の型および組織の発達において個々の役割を有する細胞を管理する請求項5に記載の方法。
- 所定の空間的配置内で前記幹細胞の細胞成長を促進することを更に含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 所定の幾何的配置内で前記幹細胞の成長を促進することを更に含む、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 脳の一部を内部ペーシングするための制御を容易化することを更に含み、脳の機能低下部分または機能亢進部分が内部ペーシングされ、前記脳の別の部分が制御を容易化するために用いられる、請求項8に記載の方法。
- 前記幹細胞が未成熟細胞である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記生物学的環境が組織である、請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記生物学的環境が細胞培養である、請求項1に記載の方法。
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