JP2014529582A - 高伝導性正孔伝達物質およびこれを用いた色素増感太陽電池 - Google Patents
高伝導性正孔伝達物質およびこれを用いた色素増感太陽電池 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2014529582A JP2014529582A JP2014523829A JP2014523829A JP2014529582A JP 2014529582 A JP2014529582 A JP 2014529582A JP 2014523829 A JP2014523829 A JP 2014523829A JP 2014523829 A JP2014523829 A JP 2014523829A JP 2014529582 A JP2014529582 A JP 2014529582A
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- hole transport
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- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007790 solid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000003457 sulfones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000005207 tetraalkylammonium group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910000314 transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000001425 triazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- JLGLQAWTXXGVEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethylene glycol monomethyl ether Chemical compound COCCOCCOCCO JLGLQAWTXXGVEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001930 tungsten oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001935 vanadium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001928 zirconium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
Description
1,4−ビス−2−(3,4−エチレンジオキシチエニル)−2−(2−メトキシエトキシ)ベンゼン(1,4−bis−2−(3,4−ethylenedioxythienyl)−2−(2−methoxyethoxy)benzene)、
1,4−ビス−2−(3,4−エチレンジオキシチエニル)−2−[2−(2−メトキシエトキシ)エトキシ]ベンゼン(1,4−bis−2−(3,4−ethylenedioxythienyl)−2−[2−(2−methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]benzene)、
1,4−ビス−2−(3,4−エチレンジオキシチエニル)−2−{2−[2−(2−メトキシエトキシ)エトキシ]エトキシ}ベンゼン(1,4−bis−2−(3,4−ethylenedioxythienyl)−2−{2−[2−(2−methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethoxy}benzene)、
1,4−ビス[2−(3,4−エチレンジオキシ)チエニル]−2,5−ビストリエチレングリコールメチルエーテルベンゼン(1,4−bis[2−(3,4−ethylenedioxy)thienyl]−2,5−bistriethyleneglycolmethylether benzene)(bis−EDOT−TB)、
1,4−ジブロモ−2,5−ビス[(3,4−エチレンジオキシ)チオフェニル]−2,5−ビステトラエチレングリコールベンゼン(1,4−dibromo−2,5−bis[(3,4−ethylenedioxy)thiophenyl]−2,5−bistetraethyleneglycolbenzene)、
1,4−ジブロモ−2,5−ビス[(3,4−エチレンジオキシ)チオフェニル]トリエチレングリコールベンゼン(1,4−dibromo−2,5−bis[(3,4−ethylenedioxy)thiophenyl]triethyleneglycolbenzene)などを含むが、これらに限定されるものではない。
1,4−ビス−2−(3,4−エチレンジオキシチエニル)−2−(2−メトキシエトキシ)ベンゼン、
1,4−ビス−2−(3,4−エチレンジオキシチエニル)−2−[2−(2−メトキシエトキシ)エトキシ]ベンゼン、
1,4−ビス−2−(3,4−エチレンジオキシチエニル)−2−{2−[2−(2−メトキシエトキシ)エトキシ]エトキシ}ベンゼン、
1,4−ビス[2−(3,4−エチレンジオキシ)チエニル]−2,5−ビストリエチレングリコールメチルエーテルベンゼン(bis−EDOT−TB)、
1,4−ジブロモ−2,5−ビス[(3,4−エチレンジオキシ)チオフェニル]−2,5−ビステトラエチレングリコールベンゼン、
1,4−ジブロモ−2,5−ビス[(3,4−エチレンジオキシ)チオフェニル]トリエチレングリコールベンゼンなどを含む。
丸底フラスコに無水THF30mLと7.0mMの3,4−エチレンジオキシチオフェン(1)を入れた後、フラスコの中を窒素ガスで置換する。前述した溶液を−78℃に降温し、2.5Mのブチルリチウム7mLをゆっくり滴下した後、45分間攪拌する。溶液が黄色の透明溶液になったら、7.0mMのCuCl2を一気に入れた後、ゆっくり加温して45℃にし、2時間同じ温度で攪拌する。反応終了後、減圧回転蒸発器を用いてTHFを除去した後、蒸留水とジクロロメタンを入れて有機溶液層を抽出する。抽出した溶液は、再度減圧回転蒸発器を用いて除去した後、乾燥シリカゲルにクロロホルムを展開液として用いてカラムクロマトグラフィーを行って白色の固体を得る。収率:70%、mp183〜185℃、1H NMR (CDCl3) δ6.93 (s, 2H), 4.34-4.32 (m, 4H), 4.25-4.23 (m, 4H)、その他のデータは次の参考文献のデータと一致する。Sotzing, G. A., Reynolds, J. R., and Steel, P. J., Adv. Mater., 9, 795-798 (1997)。
50mLのジクロロメタン溶媒に57.8mMの塩化トシルを入れた後、攪拌を行う。0℃で攪拌を維持したまま、61mMのトリエチレングリコールメチルエーテル(triethyleneglycolmethylether)と91.3mMのトリエチルアミンを100mLのジクロロメタンに溶かした溶液を少しずつ滴下した後、さらに5時間攪拌する。反応終了後、0.1Mの塩酸水溶液に注いで未反応物を除去した後、水層をジクロロメタンで抽出する。その後、集められた有機層から硫酸マグネシウムを用いて水を除去した後、減圧回転蒸発器を用いて淡黄色の物質を得る。収率:93%m、1H NMR (DMSO d6) δ7.76-7.79 (d, 2H), 7.46-7.49 (d, 2H), 4.08-4.11 (t, 2H), 3.54-3.57 (t, 2H), 3.33-3.47 (m, 8H), 3.23 (s, 3H), 2.41 (s, 3H)。その他のデータは、次の参考文献のデータと一致する。Gentilini, C., Boccalan, M., and Pasquato, L., Eur. J. Org. Chem., 3308 (2008)。
50mMの水酸化カリウムを入れたエタノール溶液30mLに24.5mMの1,4−ジブロモ−2,5−ヒドロキシベンゼン(1,4−dibromo−2,5−hydroxybenzene)(3)を60mLのTHFに溶かした溶液を窒素雰囲気でゆっくり添加する。常温で3時間攪拌を行った後、50mMのトリエチレングリコールメチルエステルスルホントルエンを60mLのTHFに溶かしてゆっくり添加し、温度を50℃まで昇温して24時間攪拌する。反応終了後、塩化ナトリウム水溶液とエーテルを入れて有機層を別に分離した後、硫酸マグネシウムで水を除去する。その後、カラムクロマトグラフィーを用いてヘキサン:酢酸エチル=1:1の溶液を展開液として淡黄色の液体を得る。収率:91%;1H NMR (CDCl3) δ7.31 (s, 2H), 3.76-3.80 (t, 4H), 3.61-3.66 (m, 12H), 3.52-3.54 (t, 4H), 3.42-3.46 (t, 4H), 3.36 (s, 6H); 13C NMR (CDCl3) δ150.3, 119.2, 111.4, 71.9, 71.1,70.7, 70.6, 70.2, 69.6, 59.0; Elem. anal. calcd for C, 42.87; H, 5.76; found for C, 42.87; H, 5.76; m/e calcd for C20H32Br2O8, 558.0464, found for 559.0440 ([M]+)。
30mLのブチルリチウムを、−78℃、窒素状態の条件で30mMのEDOTを75mLのTHFに溶かした溶液にゆっくり滴下する。溶液の色が黄色に変わったら、この溶液を、33mMのZnCl2を75mLのTHFに溶かした溶液に20分間ゆっくり入れた後、1時間攪拌してEDOT−ZnCl(2)の混合体を作る。その後、この混合体を、6.91mMの1,4−ジブロモ−2,5−ビス−トリエチレングリコールメチルエーテル−ベンゼンと0.03mMのPd(PPh3)4が50mLのTHFに溶けた溶液にゆっくり入れ、温度をゆっくり加えて50℃に合わせた後、3日間攪拌する。反応終了の後、1Mの塩酸水溶液で未反応物を除去した後、ジクロロメタンで抽出して硫酸マグネシウムで水を除去する。その後、シリカパッドで濾過してジクロロメタンから再結晶によりオレンジ色の結晶を得る。収率:84%;mp85.0〜86.2;1HNMR (CDCl3) δ7.69 (s, 2H), 6.36 (s, 2H) 4.31-4.29 (m, 4H), 4.26-4.24 (m, 4H), 4.22-4.20 (t, 4H), 3.96-3.93 (t, 4H), 3.77-3.74 (m, 4H), 3.69-3.63 (m, 8H), 3.55-3.52 (m, 4H), 3.37 (s, 6H); 13C NMR (CDCl3); Elem. Anal. calcd for C, 56.29; H, 6.20; S, 9.39; found for C, 56.28; H, 6.16, S, 9.37; m/e calcd for C32H42O12S2, 682.2118, found for 683.4300 ([M]+)。
図1は本発明の化学式(1)または(2)の化合物を光電気化学重合または熱重合して形成された伝導性正孔伝達物質層が色素分子の吸着した金属酸化物半導体電極に塗布された、本発明の一実施例に係る固体色素増感太陽電池素子の層構造を概略的に示す図である。図1を参照すると、色素増感太陽電池素子は、透明基板である第1基板1001上に第1電極1002が存在し、第1電極1002上に、無機酸化物層1003、色素層1004、エチレングリコールが導入された伝導性正孔伝達物質層1005、イオン性電解質および添加物層1006、及び第2電極1007が順次存在する。第2電極1007は金(Au)や銀(Ag)などの金属で塗布されている多層薄膜形態である。
TiO2(Solaronix)多孔性膜形成用組成物を、基板抵抗15Ω/□のフッ素ドープITOがコートされた透明ガラス基板上にドクターブレード法を用いて塗布した。乾燥の後、500℃で30分間熱処理し、TiO2を含む多孔性膜を形成した。この際、製造された多孔性膜の厚さは約6μmであった。次いで、多孔性膜が形成された第1電極を、アセトニトリルとtert−ブタノール(1:1の体積比)を溶媒として、色素である0.30mMのルテニウム(4,4−ジカルボキシ−2,2’−ビピリジル)(4,4−ジノニル−22ビピリジル)(ruthenium(4,4−dicarboxy−2,2’−bipyridyl)(4,4−dinonyl−22bipyridyl))(NCS)溶液に18時間浸漬させることにより、多孔性膜に色素を吸着させた。その後、多孔性膜に色素が吸着した第1電極を、0.1Mのリチウムビストリフルオロスルホンイミド(lithium bistrifluorosulfoneimide)電解質と0.01Mの1,4−ビス[2−(3,4−エチレンジオキシ)チエニル]−2,5−ビストリエチレングリコールメチルエーテルベンゼン(bis−EDOT−TB)をアセトニトリルに溶かした溶液に浸漬した後、第1電極の後面に、強度22mWおよび波長520〜1000nmの光を照射したまま、白金ワイヤーを対向電極に連結して、Ag/AgCl基準電極を基準に+0.2Vの電圧を加えて20分間光電気化学反応を行った。正孔伝達物質の塗布された半導体電極に、0.2Mのリチウムビストリフルオロスルホンイミドとtert−ブチルピリジンを添加した1−エチル−3−メチルイミダゾリウムビストリフルオロスルホンイミドイオン性液体電解質を3滴滴下した後、24時間窒素雰囲気で保管した。
光電気化学反応の時間を30分にした以外は、実施例1と同様である。
実施例1で使用された正孔伝達物質前駆体とは異なる構造の1,4−ビス−2−(3,4−エチレンジオキシチエニル)−2−{2−[2−(2−メトキシエトキシ)エトキシ]エトキシ}ベンゼンを使用した。そして、光電気化学反応を同様の条件で行って色素増感太陽電池を製造した以外は、実施例2と同様である。
光電気化学反応の時間を30分にした以外は、実施例3と同様である。
実施例1で作製された多孔性膜に色素が吸着した第1電極に、0.01Mの1,4−ジブロモ−2,5−ビス[(3,4−エチレンジオキシ)チオフェニル]−2,5−ビステトラエチレングリコールベンゼンをエタノールに溶かした溶液を数滴滴下した後、80℃で30分間熱重合した。その後、作製されたフィルム上に溶液をさらに数滴滴下し、24時間80℃で熱重合を行った後、実施例1の方法と同様にして製造した。
実施例5で使用された正孔伝達物質前駆体とは異なる構造の1,4−ジブロモ−2,5−ビス[(3,4−エチレンジオキシ)チオフェニル]トリエチレングリコールベンゼンを使用した。
TiO2(Solaronix)多孔性膜形成用組成物を、基板抵抗15Ω/□のフッ素ドープITOがコートされた透明ガラス基板上にドクターブレード法を用いて塗布した。乾燥の後、500℃で30分間熱処理し、TiO2を含む多孔性膜を形成した。この際、製造された多孔性膜の厚さは約6μmであった。その後、多孔性膜が形成された第1電極を、アセトニトリルとtert−ブタノール(1:1の体積比)を溶媒として、色素である0.30mMのルテニウム(4,4−ジカルボキシ−2,2’−ビピリジル)(4,4−ジノニル−22ビピリジル)(NCS)溶液に18時間浸漬させることにより、多孔性膜に色素を吸着させた。その後、多孔性膜に色素が吸着した第1電極を、0.1Mのリチウムビストリフルオロスルホンイミド電解質と0.01Mのビス−3,4−エチレンジオキシチオフェン(bis−3,4−ethylenedioxythiophene)をアセトニトリルに溶かした溶液に浸漬し、第1電極の後面に強さ22mWおよび波長520〜1000nmの光を照射した後、白金ワイヤーを対向電極に連結して、Ag/AgCl基準電極を基準に+0.2Vの電圧を加えて20分間光電気化学反応を行った。正孔伝達物質の塗布された半導体電極に0.2Mのリチウムビストリフルオロスルホンイミドとtert−ブチルピリジンを添加した1−エチル−3−メチルイミダゾリウムビストリフルオロスルホンイミドイオン性液体電解質を3滴滴下した後、24時間窒素雰囲気で保管した。
光電気化学反応時間を30分とした以外は、比較例1と同様である。
比較例1で作製された多孔性膜に色素が吸着した第1電極に、0.01Mの2,5−ジブロモ−3,4−エチレンジオキシチオフェン(2,5−dibromo−3,4−ethylenedioxythiophene)をエタノールに溶かした溶液を数滴滴下した後、30分間80℃で熱重合を行った。その後、作製されたフィルム上に溶液をさらに数滴滴下し、24時間80℃で熱重合を行った後、比較例1の方法と同様に製造した。
本発明の正孔伝達物質は、固体色素増感太陽電池において重要な要素として作用する正孔伝達能力、およびそれこれによる高い再結合反応率を補完する構造を有する。励起された色素から生成された正孔が正孔伝達物質層に移動して界面から速く遠くなるほど再結合反応が減少し、同様に金属をキレート化することにより、金属塩の陽イオンが有する電荷スクリーニング効果による電子と正孔との再結合を遅延させる。これにより、短絡電流と充填係数を同時に向上させて光電子変換効率を向上させることができるため、高効率の固体色素増感太陽電池の開発のための技術を提供することができる。
Claims (18)
- 前記化学式(1)におけるR1およびR2のいずれか一つは1〜20個の炭素原子を有するエチレングリコールオリゴマーであり、
前記化学式(2)におけるR1、R2およびR4のいずれか一つは1〜20個の炭素原子を有するエチレングリコールオリゴマーである、請求項1に記載の化合物。 - 前記化合物は、
1,4−ビス−2−(3,4−エチレンジオキシチエニル)−2−(2−メトキシエトキシ)ベンゼン、
1,4−ビス−2−(3,4−エチレンジオキシチエニル)−2−[2−(2−メトキシエトキシ)エトキシ]ベンゼン、
1,4−ビス−2−(3,4−エチレンジオキシチエニル)−2−{2−[2−(2−メトキシエトキシ)エトキシ]エトキシ}ベンゼン、
1,4−ビス[2−(3,4−エチレンジオキシ)チエニル]−2,5−ビストリエチレングリコールメチルエーテルベンゼン、
1,4−ジブロモ−2,5−ビス[(3,4−エチレンジオキシ)チオフェニル]−2,5−ビステトラエチレングリコールベンゼン、または、
1,4−ジブロモ−2,5−ビス[(3,4−エチレンジオキシ)チオフェニル]トリエチレングリコールベンゼンである、請求項1に記載の化合物。 - 前記化合物は1,4−ビス[2−(3,4−エチレンジオキシ)チエニル]−2,5−ビストリエチレングリコールメチルエーテルベンゼンである、請求項1に記載の化合物。
- 請求項1〜4のいずれか1項に記載の化合物を1種以上含む、溶液。
- 前記溶液は前記化合物のモル濃度が0.005〜0.5である、請求項5に記載の溶液。
- 前記溶液はリチウム電解質を含む、請求項5または6に記載の溶液。
- 色素が吸着した無機酸化物半導体電極と、請求項1〜4のいずれか1項に記載の化合物の1種以上が重合されることにより前記無機酸化物半導体電極上に形成される正孔伝達層とを備えることを特徴とする、固体色素増感太陽電池。
- 前記無機酸化物半導体電極がTiO2ナノ粒子であることを特徴とする、請求項8に記載の固体色素増感太陽電池。
- 前記色素は、ルテニウム系色素、キサンテン系色素、シアニン系色素、ポルフィリン系色素、アントラキノン系色素、または有機色素を含むことを特徴とする、請求項8または9に記載の固体色素増感太陽電池。
- 前記正孔伝達層はリチウムイオンでドープされていることを特徴とする、請求項8〜10のいずれか1項に記載の固体色素増感太陽電池。
- 前記正孔伝達層にイオン性液体電解質層が形成されていることを特徴とする、請求項8〜11のいずれか1項に記載の固体色素増感太陽電池。
- 前記正孔伝達層が光電気化学重合層であることを特徴とする、請求項8〜12のいずれか1項に記載の固体色素増感太陽電池。
- 固体色素増感太陽電池を製造する方法において、
請求項1〜4のいずれか1項に記載の化合物を1種以上含む正孔伝達層を、色素分子が吸着した無機酸化物半導体電極上に形成する段階と、
前記正孔伝達層にイオン性液体電解質層を形成する段階と、
第2電極を形成する段階とを含んでなる、固体色素増感太陽電池の製造方法。 - 前記正孔伝達層を形成する段階は、前記化合物を光電気化学重合または熱重合する段階を含む、請求項14に記載の固体色素増感太陽電池の製造方法。
- 前記イオン性液体電解質はLiイオンを含む、請求項14または15に記載の固体色素増感太陽電池の製造方法。
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