JP2013252529A - Laser beam-machining apparatus and laser beam-machining method - Google Patents
Laser beam-machining apparatus and laser beam-machining method Download PDFInfo
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本発明は、面粗さを大幅に低減して３次元加工が可能なレーザ加工装置およびレーザ加工方法に関する。 The present invention relates to a laser processing apparatus and a laser processing method capable of three-dimensional processing with greatly reduced surface roughness.
従来、レーザを用いて材料を三次元形態加工する方法の一つとして、図７に示すように、加工対象物Ｗから加工除去する部位を、レーザ光Ｌの照射方向に垂直な方向に積層された複数の層（以下、加工レイヤーＬＹとも称する）に分け、加工対象物Ｗの表面に近い側の加工レイヤーＬＹから順番に加工除去する方法（以下、レイヤー加工法と称する）が知られている（特許文献１参照）。このレイヤー加工法は、比較的自由な形態が高精度に加工可能である反面、加工面にはレーザ光Ｌのパルスによる微細な加工痕（以下、パルス痕）に起因する凹凸が発生するため、加工面の面粗さは研削加工などと比較して大きくなる傾向がある。 Conventionally, as one method for processing a three-dimensional shape of a material using a laser, a part to be processed and removed from a workpiece W is laminated in a direction perpendicular to the irradiation direction of the laser beam L as shown in FIG. In addition, there is known a method (hereinafter referred to as a layer processing method) in which a plurality of layers (hereinafter also referred to as processing layers LY) are divided and processed in order from the processing layer LY on the side close to the surface of the processing target W. (See Patent Document 1). Although this layer processing method can process a relatively free form with high accuracy, unevenness due to fine processing marks (hereinafter referred to as pulse marks) due to a pulse of the laser beam L occurs on the processing surface. The surface roughness of the processed surface tends to be larger than grinding.
このため、加工面の面粗さを低減するため、加工レイヤーにパルス照射するレーザ光の照射位置（以下、パルス照射点）の分布（以下、パルス照射点分布とも称する）を規則的に制御することで、パルス痕に起因する凹凸を抑制する抑制する手段が行われている。例えば、特許文献２では、走査するレーザ光の走査線の間隔などを制御し、例えば正方格子状にパルス照射点を分布させている。 For this reason, in order to reduce the surface roughness of the processed surface, the distribution (hereinafter also referred to as pulse irradiation point distribution) of the laser beam irradiation position (hereinafter referred to as pulse irradiation point) for irradiating the processing layer with pulses is regularly controlled. Thus, a means for suppressing unevenness caused by the pulse mark is performed. For example, in Patent Document 2, the interval between scanning lines of laser light to be scanned is controlled, and pulse irradiation points are distributed in a square lattice shape, for example.
上記従来の技術には、以下の課題が残されている。
特許文献２に記載の加工方法では、レーザ加工面の面粗さを十分に低減されない場合がある。その理由は、層間のパルス照射点分布の重なりを考慮していないため、層内に発生した凹凸が層間で積み重なり、それが強調される場合があり、加工深さを増すごとに面粗さが増加することがあるためである。また、隣接するパルス照射点の間の距離を小さくするほど一つの層内のパルス痕による凹凸が目立たなくなり、一つの層内の面粗さは低下する傾向が得られるが、それは層の厚さを増すことになり、その結果、レーザ光軸に対して傾斜した面を加工形成する際に大きなステップ状の段差となるため、レーザ光軸に対して傾斜した面の面粗さは逆に高まってしまう問題があった。
The following problems remain in the conventional technology.
In the processing method described in Patent Document 2, the surface roughness of the laser processed surface may not be sufficiently reduced. The reason for this is that the overlapping of the pulse irradiation point distribution between layers is not taken into consideration, and the unevenness generated in the layer may be accumulated between the layers, which may be emphasized, and the surface roughness increases as the processing depth increases. This is because it may increase. In addition, as the distance between adjacent pulse irradiation points is reduced, unevenness due to pulse marks in one layer becomes less noticeable, and the surface roughness in one layer tends to decrease. As a result, when processing and forming a surface inclined with respect to the laser optical axis, a large stepped step is formed, so that the surface roughness of the surface inclined with respect to the laser optical axis is increased. There was a problem.
本発明は、前述の課題に鑑みてなされたもので、３次元加工において、より面粗さを低減することができるレーザ加工装置およびレーザ加工方法を提供することを目的とする。 The present invention has been made in view of the above-described problems, and an object thereof is to provide a laser processing apparatus and a laser processing method capable of further reducing surface roughness in three-dimensional processing.
本発明は、前記課題を解決するために以下の構成を採用した。すなわち、本発明のレーザ加工装置は、加工対象物にレーザ光を照射して形状形成を行う加工装置であって、前記加工対象物に前記レーザ光を一定の繰り返し周波数で照射すると共に走査するレーザ光照射機構と、前記加工対象物を保持して該加工対象物と前記レーザ光との相対的な位置関係を調整可能な位置調整機構と、これら機構を制御して、前記レーザ光の走査を行う際に、前記加工領域を前記レーザ光の照射方向に複数層の加工レイヤーを積み重ねたものとして設定し、各加工レイヤーに対して前記レーザ光を照射し、前記加工レイヤー毎に所定部分を除去して、三次元形状の加工面を形成する制御部とを備え、該制御部が、前記加工レイヤーに対して設定した仮想の三角格子の格子点をパルス照射点として前記レーザ光を照射して加工を行い、複数層の前記加工レイヤーのうち加工順に第１層から第３層までの連続する３層を１周期とした層を少なくとも１周期分含み、前記第２層で、前記第１層の隣接する３点の前記パルス照射点を結んで構成される三角形のうち隣接する２つの一方の重心に前記三角格子の格子点をずらしてパルス照射点とし、前記第３層で、前記隣接する２つの三角形の他方の重心に前記三角格子の格子点をずらしてパルス照射点とすることを特徴とする。なお、ここで三角格子とは、最近接の３つの格子点が正三角形、直角三角形、二等辺三角形、またはそれらに該当しない一般の三角形のいずれか一種類の形状をとり、その同一の形状を平面上に隙間無く敷き詰めたものと定義する。なお、例えば、最近接の４つの格子点が正方形の場合は一般に正方形格子として扱われる場合が多いが、ここでは、それを二つの鋭角が共に４５°の直角三角形の集まりと見なし、上記三角格子に含むこととする。 The present invention employs the following configuration in order to solve the above problems. That is, the laser processing apparatus of the present invention is a processing apparatus that irradiates a processing target with laser light to form a shape, and irradiates the processing target with the laser light at a constant repetition frequency and performs scanning. A light irradiation mechanism, a position adjusting mechanism that holds the object to be processed and can adjust a relative positional relationship between the object to be processed and the laser beam, and controls these mechanisms to scan the laser beam. When performing, the processing area is set as a stack of multiple processing layers in the direction of laser light irradiation, the laser light is irradiated to each processing layer, and a predetermined portion is removed for each processing layer A control unit that forms a three-dimensional machining surface, and the control unit irradiates the laser beam with a pulse point of a virtual triangular lattice set for the machining layer as a pulse irradiation point. And includes at least one period including three consecutive layers from the first layer to the third layer in the processing order among the plurality of processing layers, and the second layer includes the first layer. The triangular lattice point of the triangular lattice is shifted to the center of gravity of two adjacent ones of the triangles formed by connecting the three pulse irradiation points adjacent to each other to form pulse irradiation points. A pulse irradiation point is formed by shifting a lattice point of the triangular lattice to the center of gravity of the other of the two triangles. Here, the triangular lattice means that the three closest lattice points take one shape of a regular triangle, a right triangle, an isosceles triangle, or a general triangle not corresponding to them, and the same shape. It is defined as a flat surface without any gaps. For example, when the four nearest lattice points are square, they are generally treated as square lattices. Here, however, the triangular lattices are regarded as a collection of two right-angled triangles having both acute angles of 45 °. To include.
また、本発明のレーザ加工方法は、加工対象物にレーザ光を照射して形状形成を行う加工方法であって、前記加工対象物に前記レーザ光を一定の繰り返し周波数で照射すると共に走査するレーザ光照射工程と、前記加工対象物を保持して該加工対象物と前記レーザ光との相対的な位置関係を調整可能な位置調整工程とを有し、前記レーザ光の走査を行う際に、前記加工領域を前記レーザ光の照射方向に複数層の加工レイヤーを積み重ねたものとして設定し、各加工レイヤーに対して前記レーザ光を照射し、前記加工レイヤー毎に所定部分を除去して、三次元形状の加工面を形成し、前記加工レイヤーに対して設定した仮想の格子の格子点上に前記レーザ光を照射して加工を行い、複数層の前記加工レイヤーのうち加工順に第１層から第３層までの連続する３層を１周期とした層を少なくとも１周期分含み、前記第２層で、前記第１層の隣接する３点の前記パルス照射点を結んで構成される三角形のうち隣接する２つの一方の重心に前記三角格子の格子点をずらしてパルス照射点とし、前記第３層で、前記隣接する２つの三角形の他方の重心に前記三角格子の格子点をずらしてパルス照射点とすることを特徴とする。 The laser processing method of the present invention is a processing method for forming a shape by irradiating a processing target with laser light, and irradiating the processing target with the laser light at a constant repetition frequency and scanning the laser. A light irradiation step, and a position adjustment step of holding the processing object and adjusting a relative positional relationship between the processing object and the laser light, and when scanning the laser light, The processing region is set as a stack of a plurality of processing layers in the irradiation direction of the laser light, the laser light is irradiated to each processing layer, a predetermined portion is removed for each processing layer, and tertiary A processing surface having an original shape is formed, and processing is performed by irradiating the laser beam onto a lattice point of a virtual lattice set for the processing layer. 3rd layer Of the triangles composed of at least one period of three consecutive layers, each of which is formed by connecting the three pulse irradiation points adjacent to each other in the second layer. The grid point of the triangular lattice is shifted to one center of gravity to be a pulse irradiation point, and the pulse point of the triangular lattice is shifted to the other center of gravity of the two adjacent triangles in the third layer. It is characterized by that.
これらのレーザ加工装置及びレーザ加工方法では、複数層の加工レイヤーのうち加工順に第１層から第３層までの連続する３層を１周期とした層を少なくとも１周期分含み、第２層から第３層を上述したようにそれぞれ三角格子の格子点をずらしてパルス照射点とすることで、格子点がパルス照射点である三角格子をｘ−ｙ面内でランダムにシフトさせて積層した場合に比べてパルス痕による凹凸を小さくすることができる。 In these laser processing apparatuses and laser processing methods, at least one layer including three consecutive layers from the first layer to the third layer in the processing order as one cycle among the plurality of processing layers is included. When the third layer is laminated by shifting the lattice points of the triangular lattices to be pulse irradiation points as described above, so that the triangular lattices whose lattice points are the pulse irradiation points are randomly shifted in the xy plane. As compared with the case, the unevenness caused by the pulse mark can be reduced.
また、本発明のレーザ加工装置は、前記制御部が、前記１周期を連続して繰り返す際、連続する３周期を１単位として繰り返し、各単位の２回目の周期において、前記第１層で、前回周期までの互いに隣接する３点の前記パルス照射点を結んで構成される第２三角形のうち隣接する２つの一方の重心に前記三角格子の格子点をずらしてパルス照射点とし、各単位の３回目の周期において、前記第１層で、前記隣接する２つの第２三角形の他方の重心に前記三角格子の格子点をずらしてパルス照射点することを特徴とする。
すなわち、このレーザ加工装置では、前記１周期を連続して繰り返す際、連続する３周期を１単位として繰り返し、各単位の２回目及び３回目の周期において、第１層で、前回周期までの互いに隣接するパルス照射点を結んで構成され隣接する第２三角形の重心に前記三角格子の格子点をずらしてパルス照射点とするので、さらに凹凸を低減することが可能になる。
Further, in the laser processing apparatus of the present invention, when the control unit continuously repeats the one cycle, the three consecutive cycles are repeated as one unit, and in the second cycle of each unit, in the first layer, By shifting the grid point of the triangular lattice to the center of gravity of two adjacent triangles among the second triangles formed by connecting the three pulse irradiation points adjacent to each other up to the previous cycle, the pulse irradiation points are obtained. In the third cycle, the pulse irradiation point is shifted in the first layer by shifting the lattice point of the triangular lattice to the center of gravity of the other two adjacent second triangles.
That is, in this laser processing apparatus, when repeating the one cycle continuously, the three consecutive cycles are repeated as one unit, and in the second and third cycles of each unit, in the first layer, up to the previous cycle. Since the pulse irradiation points are formed by connecting adjacent pulse irradiation points and shifting the triangular lattice points to the centroids of the adjacent second triangles, it is possible to further reduce the unevenness.
また、本発明のレーザ加工装置は、前記制御部が、前記第３層が最後の前記加工レイヤーとなるように設定することが好ましい。
すなわち、このレーザ加工装置では、第３層が最後の加工レイヤーとなるように設定することで、非常に小さい面粗さとすることが可能になる。
In the laser processing apparatus of the present invention, it is preferable that the control unit sets the third layer to be the last processing layer.
That is, in this laser processing apparatus, by setting the third layer to be the last processing layer, it is possible to achieve very small surface roughness.
本発明によれば、以下の効果を奏する。
すなわち、本発明に係るレーザ加工装置およびレーザ加工方法によれば、複数層の加工レイヤーのうち加工順に第１層から第３層までの連続する３層を１周期とした層を少なくとも１周期分含み、第２層から第３層を上述したようにそれぞれ三角格子の格子点をずらしてパルス照射点とすることで、格子点がパルス照射点である三角格子をｘ−ｙ面内でランダムにシフトさせて積層した場合に比べて加工痕による凹凸を小さくし、レーザ加工面の面粗さを低減することができる。
したがって、本発明のレーザ加工装置およびレーザ加工方法は、例えば、表面粗さＲｚ≦３μｍが要求される複雑な立体形状を有する製品の形状加工などに好適である。
The present invention has the following effects.
That is, according to the laser processing apparatus and the laser processing method of the present invention, at least one period of layers in which three consecutive layers from the first layer to the third layer are included in the processing order among the plurality of processing layers. In addition, by shifting the lattice points of the triangular lattices as pulse irradiation points as described above from the second layer to the third layer, the triangular lattices whose lattice points are pulse irradiation points are randomly in the xy plane. Compared with the case of shifting and stacking, the unevenness due to the processing marks can be reduced, and the surface roughness of the laser processing surface can be reduced.
Therefore, the laser processing apparatus and laser processing method of the present invention are suitable for, for example, shape processing of a product having a complicated three-dimensional shape that requires a surface roughness Rz ≦ 3 μm.
以下、本発明に係るレーザ加工装置およびレーザ加工方法の一実施形態を、図１から図３を参照しながら説明する。 Hereinafter, an embodiment of a laser processing apparatus and a laser processing method according to the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS. 1 to 3.
本実施形態のレーザ加工装置１は、図１に示すように、加工対象物Ｗにレーザ光Ｌを照射して形状形成を行う加工装置であって、加工対象物Ｗにレーザ光Ｌを一定の繰り返し周波数で照射すると共に走査するレーザ光照射機構２と、加工対象物Ｗを保持して該加工対象物Ｗとレーザ光Ｌとの相対的な位置関係を調整可能な位置調整機構３と、これら機構を制御して、レーザ光Ｌの走査を行う際に、加工領域をレーザ光Ｌの照射方向に複数層の加工レイヤーを積み重ねたものとして設定し、各加工レイヤーに対してレーザ光Ｌを照射し、加工レイヤー毎に所定部分を除去して、三次元形状の加工面を形成する制御部Ｃとを備えている。 As shown in FIG. 1, the laser processing apparatus 1 of the present embodiment is a processing apparatus that forms a shape by irradiating a workpiece W with a laser beam L, and the laser beam L is applied to the workpiece W at a certain level. A laser beam irradiation mechanism 2 that irradiates and scans at a repetition frequency; a position adjustment mechanism 3 that holds the workpiece W and can adjust the relative positional relationship between the workpiece W and the laser beam L; and When the laser beam L is scanned by controlling the mechanism, the processing region is set as a stack of a plurality of processing layers in the irradiation direction of the laser light L, and each processing layer is irradiated with the laser light L And a control unit C that removes a predetermined portion for each processing layer and forms a three-dimensional processing surface.
上記位置調整機構３は、水平面に平行なＸ方向に移動可能なＸ軸ステージ部４ｘと、該Ｘ軸ステージ部４ｘ上に設けられＸ方向に対して垂直なかつ水平面に平行なＹ方向に移動方向なＹ軸ステージ部４ｙと、該Ｙ軸ステージ部４ｙ上に設けられ加工対象物Ｗを保持可能であると共に水平面に対して垂直方向に移動可能なＺ軸ステージ部４ｚとを結んで構成されている。 The position adjusting mechanism 3 includes an X-axis stage unit 4x that can move in the X direction parallel to the horizontal plane, and a moving direction in the Y direction that is provided on the X-axis stage unit 4x and is perpendicular to the X direction and parallel to the horizontal plane. The Y-axis stage unit 4y is connected to the Z-axis stage unit 4z provided on the Y-axis stage unit 4y and capable of holding the workpiece W and movable in the direction perpendicular to the horizontal plane. Yes.
上記レーザ光照射機構２は、Ｑスイッチのトリガー信号によりパルス化されたレーザ光Ｌを発振するレーザ光源５と、該レーザ光源５からのレーザ光Ｌのビームを一定の径に広げるビームエキスパンダー６と、該ビームエキスパンダー６からのレーザ光Ｌを走査するガルバノスキャナ７と、該ガルバノスキャナ７からのレーザ光Ｌを集光して加工対象物Ｗに照射するｆ−θレンズ８と、保持された加工対象物Ｗの加工位置を確認するために撮像するＣＣＤカメラ９とを備えている。なお、ビームエキスパンダー６前後の光路には、ミラーや波長板などの光学部材を配置しても構わない。 The laser beam irradiation mechanism 2 includes a laser light source 5 that oscillates a laser beam L pulsed by a trigger signal of a Q switch, and a beam expander 6 that expands the beam of the laser beam L from the laser light source 5 to a certain diameter. The galvano scanner 7 that scans the laser beam L from the beam expander 6, the f-θ lens 8 that collects the laser beam L from the galvano scanner 7 and irradiates the workpiece W, and the held processing A CCD camera 9 that captures an image to confirm the processing position of the object W is provided. An optical member such as a mirror or a wave plate may be disposed in the optical path around the beam expander 6.
このレーザ光照射機構２により出射されるレーザ光Ｌは、シングルモードでありビーム断面の光強度分布がガウシアン分布となっている。
上記レーザ光源５は、１９０〜５５０ｎｍのいずれかの波長のレーザ光を照射できるものが使用可能であり、例えば本実施形態では、波長２６６ｎｍのレーザ光を発振して出射できるものを用いている。
上記ガルバノスキャナ７は、Ｚ軸ステージ部４ｚの直上に配置されている。また、上記ＣＣＤカメラ９は、ガルバノスキャナ７に隣接して設置されている。
The laser light L emitted by the laser light irradiation mechanism 2 is in a single mode, and the light intensity distribution in the beam cross section has a Gaussian distribution.
As the laser light source 5, a laser light source that can irradiate laser light having a wavelength of 190 to 550 nm can be used. For example, in this embodiment, a laser light source that can oscillate and emit laser light having a wavelength of 266 nm is used.
The galvano scanner 7 is disposed immediately above the Z-axis stage portion 4z. The CCD camera 9 is installed adjacent to the galvano scanner 7.
上記制御部Ｃは、図２に示すように、加工レイヤーに対して設定した仮想の三角格子の格子点をパルス照射点としてレーザ光Ｌを照射して加工を行い、複数層の加工レイヤーのうち加工順に第１層から第３層までの連続する３層を１周期とした層を少なくとも１周期分含み、第２層で、第１層の隣接する３点のパルス照射点Ｐ１を結んで構成される三角形Ｔ１のうち隣接する２つの一方の重心Ｇ１に三角格子の格子点をずらしてパルス照射点Ｐ２とし、第３層で、前記隣接する２つの三角形Ｔ１の他方の重心Ｇ１に前記三角格子の格子点をずらしてパルス照射点Ｐ３とする機能を有している。なお、上記格子点及びパルス照射点は、レーザ光Ｌの照射方向（ｚ方向）に垂直な面（ｘ−ｙ平面）での平面視による座標点である。 As shown in FIG. 2, the control unit C performs processing by irradiating the laser beam L with a lattice point of a virtual triangular lattice set for the processing layer as a pulse irradiation point, out of a plurality of processing layers. Consists of at least one period including three consecutive layers from the first layer to the third layer in the processing order for one period, and the second layer connects the three pulse irradiation points P1 adjacent to the first layer. The triangular lattice grid point is shifted to one of the two adjacent centroids G1 of the triangle T1 to form a pulse irradiation point P2, and the triangular lattice is placed on the other centroid G1 of the two adjacent triangles T1 in the third layer. Has a function of shifting the lattice points to pulse irradiation points P3. The lattice points and the pulse irradiation points are coordinate points in a plan view on a plane (xy plane) perpendicular to the irradiation direction (z direction) of the laser light L.
また、制御部Ｃは、前記１周期を連続して繰り返す際、連続する３周期を１単位として繰り返し、各単位の２回目の周期において、第１層で、前回周期までの互いに隣接する３点のパルス照射点を結んで構成される第２三角形のうち隣接する２つの一方の重心に三角格子の格子点をずらしてパルス照射点とし、各単位の３回目の周期において、第１層で、前回周期までの隣接するパルス照射点を結んで構成され隣接する２つの三角形の他方の重心に前記三角格子の格子点をずらしてパルス照射点とする。
さらに、制御部Ｃは、第３層が加工層の最後の加工レイヤーとなるように設定することが好ましい。
In addition, when the control unit C continuously repeats the one cycle, the control unit C repeats the three consecutive cycles as one unit, and in the second cycle of each unit, three points adjacent to each other up to the previous cycle in the first layer. In the third period of each unit, in the first layer, the lattice point of the triangular lattice is shifted to the center of gravity of two adjacent ones of the second triangles formed by connecting the pulse irradiation points. A pulse irradiation point is formed by shifting the lattice point of the triangular lattice to the center of gravity of the other two adjacent triangles formed by connecting adjacent pulse irradiation points up to the previous cycle.
Furthermore, the control unit C is preferably set so that the third layer is the last processed layer of the processed layers.
本実施形態では、レーザ光Ｌの走査を行う際に、走査プログラム上、複数の加工レイヤーを積み重ねて設定することで、各加工レイヤーに対してレーザ光Ｌを垂直に照射し、加工レイヤー毎に所定部分を除去して、三次元形状の加工面を形成していく。このため、レーザ光Ｌの走査制御において、まず加工対象物Ｗをレーザ光Ｌの照射方向に複数の加工レイヤーに分けて設定する。
そして、加工前の形状と設計上の加工後形状とから加工除去する部分を、加工レイヤー毎に設定し、加工レイヤー毎にレーザ光Ｌを走査して所定部分を除去することで、所定の加工面を形成していく。
In the present embodiment, when scanning with the laser beam L, a plurality of processing layers are stacked and set in the scanning program so that each processing layer is irradiated with the laser beam L vertically and is processed for each processing layer. A predetermined portion is removed to form a three-dimensional processed surface. For this reason, in the scanning control of the laser beam L, first, the workpiece W is set in a plurality of processing layers in the irradiation direction of the laser beam L.
Then, a portion to be processed and removed from the shape before processing and the shape after processing in design is set for each processing layer, and predetermined processing is performed by scanning the laser beam L for each processing layer and removing a predetermined portion. Form a surface.
このレーザ加工方法について、より具体的に説明すると、まず制御部Ｃは、図７に示すように、加工対象物Ｗの元の形状から目標の立体形状をレーザ光Ｌにより加工する場合、加工除去する立体形状部分をＺ軸に垂直な面で等間隔に、複数の加工レイヤーＬＹに分割（層分割）する。
この際、層（加工レイヤーＬＹ）の厚さはパルスあたりのエネルギーと層内のパルス照射点の空間密度とにより決定されるが、層の厚さが常に一定である方が制御し易く、また、層のステップに起因するレーザ光軸に対し傾斜した面の凹凸が均一となるため好ましい。そこで、層の厚さを一定とするために、レーザ光Ｌのエネルギー密度、レーザ光Ｌの繰り返し周波数、レーザ光Ｌの走査速度及び走査線の間隔は、加工中で常に一定に条件が設定される。そのため、全ての層のパルス照射点分布を同一形状および同一サイズの三角格子とすることが必要条件となる。
This laser processing method will be described in more detail. First, the control unit C removes the processing when the target three-dimensional shape is processed from the original shape of the processing object W by the laser light L as shown in FIG. The three-dimensional shape portion to be divided is divided (layer division) into a plurality of processing layers LY at equal intervals on a plane perpendicular to the Z axis.
At this time, the thickness of the layer (processed layer LY) is determined by the energy per pulse and the spatial density of the pulse irradiation point in the layer, but it is easier to control if the layer thickness is always constant, Since the unevenness of the surface inclined with respect to the laser optical axis due to the layer step becomes uniform, it is preferable. Therefore, in order to make the thickness of the layer constant, conditions for the energy density of the laser beam L, the repetition frequency of the laser beam L, the scanning speed of the laser beam L, and the interval between the scanning lines are always set constant during processing. The Therefore, it is a necessary condition that the pulse irradiation point distributions of all the layers have the same shape and the same size.
制御部Ｃは、パルス照射点の分布をレイヤー加工法の上記条件下で均一化して、その格子点がパルス照射点となる三角格子の形状を設定する。すなわち、三角格子のレーザ走査線線内におけるパルス照射点間距離、隣接するレーザ走査線の間隔、パルス照射点のレーザ走査線間のずれ量（隣接するレーザ走査線間における最近接パルス照射点間のレーザ走査線方向の距離）、各レーザ走査線の走査開始点等を設定する。三角格子は、レーザ光の断面強度分布が理想的なガウシアンの場合は正三角形格子とすることが好ましいが、レーザ光の断面強度分布に異方性が存在する場合、その形状の歪みに応じて歪んだ三角形の格子とした方が面粗さが低減する。 The control unit C equalizes the distribution of the pulse irradiation points under the above-described conditions of the layer processing method, and sets the triangular lattice shape in which the lattice points become the pulse irradiation points. That is, the distance between pulse irradiation points in the laser scanning line of the triangular lattice, the interval between adjacent laser scanning lines, the amount of deviation between the laser scanning lines at the pulse irradiation point (between the nearest pulse irradiation points between adjacent laser scanning lines) (Distance in the laser scanning line direction), the scanning start point of each laser scanning line, and the like. The triangular lattice is preferably a regular triangular lattice if the cross-sectional intensity distribution of the laser beam is ideal Gaussian, but if there is anisotropy in the cross-sectional intensity distribution of the laser beam, depending on the distortion of its shape The surface roughness is reduced by using a distorted triangular lattice.
そして、上記設定により加工レイヤーの加工を開始する。まず、加工レイヤーの第１層の加工では、図２の（ａ）に示すように、所定の三角格子の格子点を第１層のパルス照射点Ｐ１としてレーザ光Ｌの走査を行う。なお、図中の矢印は、レーザ光Ｌの走査方向を示している。
次に、第２層の加工では、図２の（ａ）（ｂ）に示すように、第１層の隣接する３点のパルス照射点Ｐ１を結んで構成される三角形Ｔ１のうち隣接する２つの一方の重心Ｇ１に三角格子の格子点をずらしてパルス照射点Ｐ２とし、レーザ光Ｌの走査を行う。
さらに、１周期の最後として、第３層の加工では、図２の（ｂ）（ｃ）に示すように、前記隣接する２つの三角形Ｔ１の他方の重心Ｇ１に三角格子の格子点をずらしてパルス照射点Ｐ３とし、レーザ光Ｌの走査を行う。
Then, processing of the processing layer is started with the above settings. First, in the processing of the first layer of the processing layer, as shown in FIG. 2A, scanning with the laser light L is performed with a lattice point of a predetermined triangular lattice as the pulse irradiation point P1 of the first layer. In addition, the arrow in a figure has shown the scanning direction of the laser beam L. FIG.
Next, in the processing of the second layer, as shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B, two adjacent triangles T1 formed by connecting three adjacent pulse irradiation points P1 of the first layer. The lattice point of the triangular lattice is shifted to one of the center of gravity G1 to form a pulse irradiation point P2, and the laser beam L is scanned.
Further, at the end of one cycle, in the processing of the third layer, as shown in FIGS. 2B and 2C, the lattice point of the triangular lattice is shifted to the other center of gravity G1 of the two adjacent triangles T1. The laser beam L is scanned with the pulse irradiation point P3.
このようにして加工レイヤーの１周期目について３層の加工が完了する。この後、前記１周期を連続して繰り返す際、すなわち層分割した層数が３層を超えている場合、連続する３周期を１単位として繰り返し、同様にして前記１周期のレーザ加工を繰り返す。
例えば、全層数を９層として３周期まで加工する際のパルス照射点について説明すると、各単位の２回目の周期では、図３に示すように、制御部Ｃが、各単位の２回目の周期において、第１層で、前回周期までの互いに隣接する３点のパルス照射点を結んで構成される第２三角形Ｔ２のうち隣接する２つの一方の重心Ｇ２に三角格子の格子点をずらしてパルス照射点とし、各単位の３回目の周期において、第１層で、前記隣接する２つの第２三角形Ｔ２の他方の重心Ｇ２に三角格子の格子点をずらしてパルス照射点とする。
In this way, the processing of the three layers is completed for the first cycle of the processing layer. Thereafter, when the one cycle is repeated continuously, that is, when the number of layer divisions exceeds three layers, the three consecutive cycles are repeated as one unit, and the laser processing of the one cycle is repeated in the same manner.
For example, the pulse irradiation points when processing up to 3 cycles with the total number of layers being 9 will be described. In the second cycle of each unit, as shown in FIG. In the period, the lattice point of the triangular lattice is shifted to one of the two centroids G2 adjacent to each other among the second triangles T2 formed by connecting the three pulse irradiation points adjacent to each other up to the previous period in the first layer. As the pulse irradiation point, in the third cycle of each unit, the lattice point of the triangular lattice is shifted to the other center of gravity G2 of the two adjacent second triangles T2 in the first layer to be the pulse irradiation point.
すなわち、図３の（ａ）に示すように、１周期目の３層がパルス照射点Ｐ１〜Ｐ３でレーザ加工されている場合、２周期目の第１層では、前回周期（１周期目）までの互いに隣接する３点のパルス照射点Ｐ１〜Ｐ３を結んで構成される第２三角形Ｔ２のうち隣接する２つの一方の重心Ｇ２に、図３の（ｂ）に示すように、三角格子の格子点をずらしてパルス照射点Ｐ４とし、レーザ光Ｌの走査を行う。さらに、２周期目の第２層から第３層まで、すなわち最初から数えて第５層から第６層までの２層は、第４層のパルス照射点Ｐ４を基準にして１周期目と同様に第５層のパルス照射点Ｐ５、第６層のパルス照射点Ｐ６を設定して、レーザ光Ｌの走査を順次行う。 That is, as shown in FIG. 3A, when the first layer of the third layer is laser processed at the pulse irradiation points P1 to P3, the second layer of the first layer is the previous cycle (first cycle). As shown in FIG. 3B, two triangular centers of the second triangle T2 constituted by connecting the three pulse irradiation points P1 to P3 adjacent to each other are connected to the center of gravity G2 of the triangular lattice as shown in FIG. The grid point is shifted to a pulse irradiation point P4, and the laser beam L is scanned. Furthermore, the second layer from the second layer to the third layer, that is, the second layer from the fifth layer to the sixth layer counted from the beginning is the same as the first cycle with reference to the pulse irradiation point P4 of the fourth layer. Then, the pulse irradiation point P5 of the fifth layer and the pulse irradiation point P6 of the sixth layer are set, and the laser beam L is sequentially scanned.
さらに、図３の（ｂ）に示すように、３回目の周期において、第１層で、前記隣接する２つの第２三角形Ｔ２の他方の重心Ｇ２に、図３の（ｃ）に示すように、三角格子の格子点をずらして、３周期目の第１層、すなわち最初から数えて第７層のパルス照射点Ｐ７とし、レーザ光Ｌの走査を行う。そして、３周期目の第２層から第３層まで、すなわち最初から数えて第８層から第９層までの２層は、第７層のパルス照射点Ｐ７を基準にして１周期目及び２周期目と同様に第８層のパルス照射点Ｐ８、第９層のパルス照射点Ｐ９を設定して、レーザ光Ｌの走査を順次行う。
なお、第１０層以降が設定されている場合についても、上記と同様に、前回周期までの互いに隣接する３点のパルス照射点を結んで構成される第２三角形（すなわち、前回までのパルス照射点を結んで構成される最小の三角形）のうち隣接する２つの一方の重心Ｇ２に、三角格子の格子点をずらしてパルス照射点としながら、レーザ光Ｌの走査を行う。
Further, as shown in FIG. 3B, in the third cycle, the other center of gravity G2 of the two adjacent second triangles T2 in the first layer, as shown in FIG. Then, the lattice point of the triangular lattice is shifted to the pulse irradiation point P7 in the first layer of the third period, that is, the seventh layer from the beginning, and the laser beam L is scanned. The second layer from the second layer to the third layer in the third cycle, that is, the second layer from the eighth layer to the ninth layer counted from the beginning, is based on the pulse irradiation point P7 of the seventh layer, and the first and second layers. Similarly to the period, the pulse irradiation point P8 of the eighth layer and the pulse irradiation point P9 of the ninth layer are set, and the laser beam L is sequentially scanned.
Even in the case where the 10th layer and subsequent layers are set, similarly to the above, the second triangle formed by connecting the three pulse irradiation points adjacent to each other up to the previous cycle (that is, the pulse irradiation up to the previous time). The laser beam L is scanned while shifting the lattice point of the triangular lattice to the pulse irradiation point on one of the two adjacent centroids G2 of the smallest triangle formed by connecting points.
このように、前回周期までの互いに隣接するパルス照射点で囲まれた第２三角形の重心に、次の周期の第１層におけるパルス照射点をずらして該周期の３層のパルス照射点を設定することで、隣接するパルス照射点の間の空間がパルス照射点で埋められて上記周期を繰り返す度に該空間が小さく狭められることで、加工痕による凹凸を徐々に小さくすることができる。 In this way, the pulse irradiation points in the first layer of the next cycle are shifted to the center of gravity of the second triangle surrounded by the pulse irradiation points adjacent to each other up to the previous cycle, and the three-layer pulse irradiation points of the cycle are set. By doing so, the space between adjacent pulse irradiation points is filled with the pulse irradiation points, and the space is narrowed each time the cycle is repeated, so that the unevenness due to the processing marks can be gradually reduced.
したがって、本実施形態のレーザ加工装置１及びレーザ加工方法では、複数層の加工レイヤーのうち加工順に第１層から第３層までの連続する３層を１周期とした層を少なくとも１周期分含み、第２層から第３層を上述したようにそれぞれ三角格子の格子点をずらしてパルス照射点とすることで、格子点がパルス照射点である三角格子をｘ−ｙ方向にランダムにシフトさせて積層した場合に比べてパルス痕による凹凸を小さくすることができる。 Therefore, in the laser processing apparatus 1 and the laser processing method of the present embodiment, at least one cycle includes layers in which three consecutive layers from the first layer to the third layer are processed in the processing order among a plurality of processing layers. By shifting the lattice points of the triangular lattices from the second layer to the third layer as pulse irradiation points as described above, the triangular lattices whose lattice points are the pulse irradiation points are randomly shifted in the xy direction. As compared with the case of stacking, unevenness due to pulse marks can be reduced.
また、前記１周期を連続して繰り返す際、２回目以降の周期において、第１層で、前回周期までの隣接するパルス照射点を結んで構成される第２三角形の重心に前記三角格子の格子点をずらしてパルス照射点とするので、さらに凹凸を低減することが可能になる。特に、第３層が最後の加工レイヤーとなるように設定することで、非常に小さい面粗さとすることが可能になる。 Further, when repeating the one period continuously, in the second and subsequent periods, the lattice of the triangular lattice at the center of the second triangle formed by connecting the adjacent pulse irradiation points up to the previous period in the first layer. Since the points are shifted to be pulse irradiation points, it is possible to further reduce the unevenness. In particular, by setting the third layer to be the last processed layer, it is possible to achieve a very small surface roughness.
次に、上記実施形態のレーザ加工装置を用いて加工対象物の表面をレーザ加工した際のシミュレーション結果について説明する。
本シミュレーションでは、上記三角格子として一辺の大きさが２．５μｍの三角格子に設定し、図４の（ａ）〜（ｃ）に示すように、１周期目の第１層（ａ）から第３層（ｃ）までの加工レイヤーを加工した際における加工対象物の表面状態の凹凸を計算した。
Next, a simulation result when the surface of the workpiece is laser processed using the laser processing apparatus of the above embodiment will be described.
In this simulation, a triangular lattice having a side of 2.5 μm is set as the triangular lattice, and the first layer (a) in the first period is changed from the first layer (a) to the first cycle as shown in FIGS. The unevenness of the surface state of the workpiece was calculated when processing layers up to three layers (c) were processed.
なお、このシミュレーションでは、１つのパルス照射点において、加工対象物の加工表面には下記ガウス関数で規定される断面形状で加工痕が発生すると仮定して計算している。
ガウス関数：ｚ＝−ｅｘｐ（−ｘ２−ｙ２）
このシミュレーション結果からわかるように、層を重ねるごとに凹凸が打ち消され、平滑な加工面が得られている。なお、第３層の時点で、表面粗さＲｚ（最大高さ）が０．０２８μｍであった。
In this simulation, the calculation is performed on the assumption that at one pulse irradiation point, a machining trace is generated on the machining surface of the workpiece with a cross-sectional shape defined by the following Gaussian function.
Gaussian function: z = −exp (−x 2 −y 2 )
As can be seen from the simulation results, the unevenness is canceled each time the layers are stacked, and a smooth processed surface is obtained. At the time of the third layer, the surface roughness Rz (maximum height) was 0.028 μm.
なお、比較例として、上記実施例と同様に、三角格子として一辺の大きさが２．５μｍの三角格子に設定し、層全体をｘ−ｙ方向にランダムな量だけシフトさせて、図５の（ａ）〜（ｃ）に示すように、１周期目の第１層（ａ）から第３層（ｃ）までの加工レイヤーを加工した際における加工対象物の表面状態の凹凸を計算した。
このシミュレーション結果からわかるように、ランダムにずらしてレーザ加工した比較例では、層を重ねても凹凸が打ち消されることがなく、層を重ねるごとに凹凸が大きくなっている。なお、第３層の時点で、表面粗さＲｚ（最大高さ）が１．１２９μｍであった。
As a comparative example, similarly to the above embodiment, a triangular lattice having a side of 2.5 μm is set as a triangular lattice, and the entire layer is shifted by a random amount in the xy direction. As shown to (a)-(c), the unevenness | corrugation of the surface state of the process target object at the time of processing the process layer from the 1st layer (a) of the 1st period to the 3rd layer (c) was calculated.
As can be seen from the simulation results, in the comparative example in which laser processing is performed at random shifts, the unevenness is not canceled even if the layers are stacked, and the unevenness increases as the layers are stacked. At the time of the third layer, the surface roughness Rz (maximum height) was 1.129 μm.
次に、アルミナ板（加工前の表面粗さＲｚ：約０．２μｍ）を加工対象物とした場合に、本発明のレーザ加工を行った際の加工レイヤーの層数と面粗さとの関係（図中の「三角格子規則的積層」）について、図６に示す。
この際のレーザ条件は、波長２６６ｎｍ、繰り返し周波数１００ｋＨｚ、出力２Ｗとした。また、上記三角格子としては、一辺の大きさが６μｍの正三角形格子に設定した。なお、グラフのプロットは、面粗さの実測値であり、点線及び実線は、それらのプロットを目視でフィッティングしたものである。
Next, when an alumina plate (surface roughness Rz before processing: about 0.2 μm) is a processing target, the relationship between the number of processing layers and surface roughness when laser processing of the present invention is performed ( FIG. 6 shows “triangular lattice regular lamination” in the figure.
The laser conditions at this time were a wavelength of 266 nm, a repetition frequency of 100 kHz, and an output of 2 W. The triangular lattice was set to a regular triangular lattice having a side of 6 μm. The plot of the graph is an actual measurement value of the surface roughness, and the dotted line and the solid line are obtained by fitting these plots with the naked eye.
また、比較例として、上記実施例と同様に、三角格子として一辺の大きさが６μｍの正三角形格子に設定し、層全体をｘ−ｙ方向にランダムな量だけシフトさせて上記と同様の層数の加工を行った場合（図中の「三角格子ランダムシフト積層」）についても、図６に併せて示す。また、上記比較例と同様にランダムにシフトさせて加工し、途中の３層（第１０層から第１２層まで）だけを本発明の第１層から第３層までと同じレーザ加工を行った場合（図中の「三角格子ランダムシフト積層（実線部））についても、併せて図６に示す。 Further, as a comparative example, as in the above-described embodiment, a regular triangular lattice having a side of 6 μm is set as a triangular lattice, and the entire layer is shifted by a random amount in the xy direction. A case where a number of processes are performed (“triangular lattice random shift lamination” in the figure) is also shown in FIG. Further, similarly to the above comparative example, processing was performed by randomly shifting, and only the intermediate three layers (from the tenth layer to the twelfth layer) were subjected to the same laser processing as the first layer to the third layer of the present invention. The case (“triangular lattice random shift stack (solid line portion) in the figure) is also shown in FIG.
これらの結果からわかるように、本発明のレーザ加工方法で全ての層を加工した場合は、第１層から層数を重ねるごとに表面粗さが小さくなっているのに対し、全ての層をランダムシフトで加工した比較例では、層数を重ねるごとに表面粗さが大きくなっている。また、全層数のうち一部のみ本発明のレーザ加工方法でレイヤー加工した例では、全ての層をランダムシフトで加工した比較例に対して、表面粗さが小さくなっており、一部でも規則化された本発明のレーザ加工方法で加工することにより、表面粗さを低下させる効果が得られている。 As can be seen from these results, when all layers are processed by the laser processing method of the present invention, the surface roughness decreases as the number of layers is increased from the first layer, whereas all layers are processed. In the comparative example processed by random shift, the surface roughness increases as the number of layers increases. In addition, in the example in which only a part of the total number of layers is processed by the laser processing method of the present invention, the surface roughness is smaller than in the comparative example in which all the layers are processed by random shift. By processing with the ordered laser processing method of the present invention, an effect of reducing the surface roughness is obtained.
なお、本発明の技術範囲は上記実施形態および上記実施例に限定されるものではなく、本発明の趣旨を逸脱しない範囲において種々の変更を加えることが可能である。 The technical scope of the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments and examples, and various modifications can be made without departing from the spirit of the present invention.
１…レーザ加工装置、２…レーザ光照射機構、３…位置調整機構、Ｃ…制御部、Ｇ１〜Ｇ２…三角形の重心、Ｌ…レーザ光、Ｐ１〜Ｐ９…パルス照射点、Ｗ…加工対象物 DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 ... Laser processing apparatus, 2 ... Laser beam irradiation mechanism, 3 ... Position adjustment mechanism, C ... Control part, G1-G2 ... Triangular center of gravity, L ... Laser beam, P1-P9 ... Pulse irradiation point, W ... Processing object
Claims (4)
前記加工対象物に前記レーザ光を一定の繰り返し周波数で照射すると共に走査するレーザ光照射機構と、
前記加工対象物を保持して該加工対象物と前記レーザ光との相対的な位置関係を調整可能な位置調整機構と、
これら機構を制御して、前記レーザ光の走査を行う際に、前記加工領域を前記レーザ光の照射方向に複数層の加工レイヤーを積み重ねたものとして設定し、各加工レイヤーに対して前記レーザ光を照射し、前記加工レイヤー毎に所定部分を除去して、三次元形状の加工面を形成する制御部とを備え、
該制御部が、前記加工レイヤーに対して設定した仮想の三角格子の格子点をパルス照射点として前記レーザ光を照射して加工を行い、
複数層の前記加工レイヤーのうち加工順に第１層から第３層までの連続する３層を１周期とした層を少なくとも１周期分含み、
前記第２層で、前記第１層の隣接する３点の前記パルス照射点を結んで構成される三角形のうち隣接する２つの一方の重心に前記三角格子の格子点をずらしてパルス照射点とし、
前記第３層で、前記隣接する２つの三角形の他方の重心に前記三角格子の格子点をずらしてパルス照射点とすることを特徴とするレーザ加工装置。 A processing apparatus for forming a shape by irradiating a processing object with a pulsed laser beam,
A laser beam irradiation mechanism for irradiating and scanning the laser beam with a constant repetition frequency to the workpiece;
A position adjustment mechanism capable of holding the workpiece and adjusting a relative positional relationship between the workpiece and the laser beam;
When the laser beam is scanned by controlling these mechanisms, the processing region is set as a stack of a plurality of processing layers in the irradiation direction of the laser beam, and the laser beam is applied to each processing layer. A control unit that forms a three-dimensional machining surface by removing a predetermined portion for each machining layer,
The control unit performs processing by irradiating the laser beam with a pulse point of a virtual triangular lattice set for the processing layer,
Including at least one period of layers in which the three consecutive layers from the first layer to the third layer are in one cycle among the plurality of the processed layers,
In the second layer, the triangular lattice point is shifted to the center of gravity of two adjacent triangles formed by connecting the three pulse irradiation points adjacent to the first layer to form pulse irradiation points. ,
In the third layer, a laser processing apparatus characterized in that a lattice point of the triangular lattice is shifted to the center of gravity of the other two adjacent triangles to form a pulse irradiation point.
前記制御部が、前記１周期を連続して繰り返す際、連続する３周期を１単位として繰り返し、各単位の２回目の周期において、前記第１層で、前回周期までの互いに隣接する３点の前記パルス照射点を結んで構成される第２三角形のうち隣接する２つの一方の重心に前記三角格子の格子点をずらしてパルス照射点とし、
各単位の３回目の周期において、前記第１層で、前記隣接する２つの第２三角形の他方の重心に前記三角格子の格子点をずらしてパルス照射点することを特徴とするレーザ加工装置。 The laser processing apparatus according to claim 1,
When the control unit continuously repeats the one cycle, the three consecutive cycles are repeated as one unit, and in the second cycle of each unit, three points adjacent to each other up to the previous cycle in the first layer. Shifting the lattice point of the triangular lattice to the center of gravity of two adjacent ones of the second triangles formed by connecting the pulse irradiation points, to form pulse irradiation points,
In the third cycle of each unit, the laser processing apparatus is characterized in that in the first layer, a pulse irradiation point is shifted by shifting a lattice point of the triangular lattice to the center of gravity of the other two adjacent second triangles.
前記制御部が、前記第３層が最後の前記加工レイヤーとなるように設定することを特徴とするレーザ加工装置。 In the laser processing apparatus according to claim 1 or 2,
The laser processing apparatus, wherein the control unit sets the third layer to be the last processing layer.
前記加工対象物に前記レーザ光を一定の繰り返し周波数で照射すると共に走査するレーザ光照射工程と、
前記加工対象物を保持して該加工対象物と前記レーザ光との相対的な位置関係を調整可能な位置調整工程とを有し、
前記レーザ光の走査を行う際に、前記加工領域を前記レーザ光の照射方向に複数層の加工レイヤーを積み重ねたものとして設定し、各加工レイヤーに対して前記レーザ光を照射し、前記加工レイヤー毎に所定部分を除去して、三次元形状の加工面を形成し、
前記加工レイヤーに対して設定した仮想の格子の格子点上に前記レーザ光を照射して加工を行い、
複数層の前記加工レイヤーのうち加工順に第１層から第３層までの連続する３層を１周期とした層を少なくとも１周期分含み、
前記第２層で、前記第１層の隣接する３点の前記パルス照射点を結んで構成される三角形のうち隣接する２つの一方の重心に前記三角格子の格子点をずらしてパルス照射点とし、
前記第３層で、前記隣接する２つの三角形の他方の重心に前記三角格子の格子点をずらしてパルス照射点とすることを特徴とするレーザ加工方法。 A processing method for forming a shape by irradiating a processing object with pulsed laser light,
Irradiating the workpiece with the laser beam at a constant repetition frequency and scanning the laser beam; and
A position adjustment step of holding the workpiece and adjusting a relative positional relationship between the workpiece and the laser beam;
When scanning with the laser beam, the processing region is set as a stack of a plurality of processing layers in the irradiation direction of the laser beam, each processing layer is irradiated with the laser beam, and the processing layer Remove a predetermined part every time to form a three-dimensional machining surface,
Perform processing by irradiating the laser beam on the lattice points of the virtual lattice set for the processing layer,
Including at least one period of layers in which the three consecutive layers from the first layer to the third layer are in one cycle among the plurality of the processed layers,
In the second layer, the triangular lattice point is shifted to the center of gravity of two adjacent triangles formed by connecting the three pulse irradiation points adjacent to the first layer to form pulse irradiation points. ,
The laser processing method according to claim 3, wherein in the third layer, a lattice point of the triangular lattice is shifted to the center of gravity of the other two adjacent triangles to form a pulse irradiation point.
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