JP2013089685A - 有機光電変換素子およびこれを用いた太陽電池 - Google Patents
有機光電変換素子およびこれを用いた太陽電池 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2013089685A JP2013089685A JP2011227045A JP2011227045A JP2013089685A JP 2013089685 A JP2013089685 A JP 2013089685A JP 2011227045 A JP2011227045 A JP 2011227045A JP 2011227045 A JP2011227045 A JP 2011227045A JP 2013089685 A JP2013089685 A JP 2013089685A
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- photoelectric conversion
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- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
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Abstract
【解決手段】第一の電極、第二の電極、前記第一の電極および前記第二の電極の間に存在する、バルクヘテロジャンクション型の光電変換層、および前記第一の電極または前記第二の電極と、前記光電変換層と、の間に存在する正孔輸送層を含む有機光電変換素子であって、前記正孔輸送層と前記光電変換層との間に、膜厚が5nm以下の仕事関数を低減する層が配置されてなる、有機光電変換素子。
【選択図】なし
Description
本形態の有機光電変換素子は、正孔輸送層を必須に含む。正孔輸送層とは、陽極(アノード)と光電変換層との間に配置され、光電変換層と電極との間で正孔の授受をより効率的にすることのできる層のことである。また、正孔を輸送する機能を有し、かつ電子を輸送する能力が著しく小さい(例えば、正孔の移動度の10分の1以下)という性質を有する。なお、光電変換層に用いられるn型半導体材料のLUMO準位よりも浅いLUMO準位を有する正孔輸送層には、光電変換層で生成した電子をアノード側には流さないような整流効果を有する、電子ブロック機能が付与される。このような正孔輸送層は、電子ブロック層とも呼ばれ、このような機能を有する正孔輸送層を使用する方が好ましい。よって、本明細書では、正孔注入層、正孔取出し層、電子ブロック層等も正孔輸送層の概念に含む。
本発明に係る仕事関数低減層は、正孔輸送層と光電変換層との間に配置されることを特徴とする。このように正孔輸送層と光電変換層との間に仕事関数を低減するための層を配置することにより、有機光電変換素子の耐久性が向上できる。
(n型有機半導体およびp型有機半導体)
光電変換層は、光起電力効果を利用して光エネルギーを電気エネルギーに変換する機能を有する。これらの光電変換材料に光が吸収されると、励起子が発生し、これがpn接合界面において、正孔と電子とに電荷分離される。
本形態の有機光電変換素子は、必要に応じて電子輸送層を含みうる。電子輸送層は、電子を輸送する機能を有し、かつ正孔を輸送する能力が著しく小さいという性質を有する。電子輸送層は、光電変換層と陰極との間に設けられ、電子を陰極へと輸送しつつ、正孔の移動を阻止することで、電子と正孔とが再結合するのを防ぐことができる。よって、本明細書では、電子注入層、正孔ブロック層、励起子ブロック層等も電子輸送層の概念に含む。
図4で示すような、2以上の光電変換層を有するタンデム型(多接合型)の有機光電変換素子において、光電変換層間には、電荷再結合層(中間電極)が配置される。
本形態の有機光電変換素子は、第一の電極および第二の電極を必須に含む。第一の電極および第二の電極は、各々、陽極または陰極として機能する。本明細書において、「第一の」および「第二の」とは、陽極または陰極としての機能を区別するための用語である。したがって、第一の電極が陽極として機能し、第二の電極が陰極として機能する場合もあるし、逆に、第一の電極が陰極として機能し、第二の電極が陽極として機能する場合もある。光電変換層14で生成されるキャリア(正孔・電子)は、電極間を移動し、正孔は陽極12へ、電子は陰極16へと到達する。なお、本発明においては主に正孔が流れる電極を陽極と呼び、主に電子が流れる電極を陰極と呼ぶ。また、タンデム構成をとる場合には電荷再結合層(中間電極)を用いることでタンデム構成を達成することができる。さらに、電極が透光性を有するものであるか否かという機能面から、透光性を有する電極を透明電極と呼び、透光性のない電極を対電極と呼び分ける場合もある。図2の形態の場合、通常、陽極は透光性のある透明電極であり、陰極は透光性のない対電極である。
基板側から光電変換される光が入射する場合、基板はこの光電変換される光を透過させることが可能な、即ちこの光電変換すべき光の波長に対して透明な部材であることが好ましい。ここで「透明」とは、380〜800nmの可視光に対して80%以上の透過率を示すことを意味する。基板は、例えば、ガラス基板や樹脂基板等が好適に挙げられるが、軽量性と柔軟性の観点から透明樹脂フィルムを用いることが望ましい。
本形態の有機光電変換素子は、上記の各部材(各層)の他に、光電変換効率の向上や、素子の寿命の向上のために、他の部材(他の層)をさらに設けてもよい。その他の部材としては、例えば、励起子ブロック層、UV吸収層、光反射層、波長変換層、平滑化層等が挙げられる。また、上層に偏在した金属酸化物微粒子をより安定にするため等にシランカップリング剤等の層を設けてもよい。さらに本発明の光電変換層に隣接して金属酸化物の層を積層してもよい。
上述の本形態の有機光電変換素子の製造方法は特に制限はなく、従来公知の手法を適宜参照することにより製造することができる。以下、図3に示す有機光電変換素子の製造方法を例に挙げて、本形態の有機光電変換素子の好ましい製造方法を説明する。ただし、当該製造方法における各工程は、図3の有機光電変換素子のみならず、図2に示す有機光電変換素子や、図4に示すようなタンデム型の製造に適用可能である。
本発明の他の形態によれば、上述の第1の形態に係る有機光電変換素子や、上記製造方法により得られる有機光電変換素子を有する太陽電池が提供される。本形態の有機光電変換素子は、優れた光電変換効率、耐久性を有するため、これを発電素子とする太陽電池に好適に使用されうる。
p型半導体材料として、ポリチオフェン−カルバゾール−ベンゾチアジアゾール共重合体(PCDTBT)を、Adv.Mater.,vol.19,(2007)p.2295に記載の方法にしたがって合成した。得られた重合体をソックスレー抽出により精製し、数平均分子量(Mn):35,000、PDI:2.0であるPCDTBTを得た。
[比較例1]有機光電変換素子SC−101の作製
ガラス基板上に、インジウムスズ酸化物(ITO)透明導電膜を150nm堆積させたもの(シート抵抗:10Ω/□)を、フォトリソグラフィおよび塩酸を用いた湿式エッチングとを用いて20mm幅にパターニングし、第一の電極(透明電極;陰極)を形成した。パターン形成した第1の電極を、界面活性剤と超純水の混合液を用いて超音波洗浄した後、さらに超純水を用いて超音波洗浄し、窒素ブローで乾燥させ、最後に紫外線オゾン洗浄を行った。
比較例1(有機光電変換素子SC−101の作製)において、光電変換層を製膜した後正孔輸送層を形成する前に、下記表1に示される仕事関数を低減化する材料をそれぞれ表1に示す膜厚(0.2nm〜5nm)まで0.02nm/秒の蒸着速度で蒸着して、仕事関数低減層を形成したこと以外は、比較例1に記載の方法と同様の方法に従って、有機光電変換素子SC−102〜SC−110を作製した。
比較例1(有機光電変換素子SC−101の作製)において、光電変換層を製膜した後正孔輸送層を形成する前に、ポリジオクチルフルオレン−ブチルフェニルジフェニルアミン(TFB)を0.3wt%になるようにクロロベンゼンに溶解し、スピンコーターを用い、膜厚換算で下記表1に示される膜厚になるよう塗布し、仕事関数低減層を形成したこと以外は、比較例1に記載の方法と同様の方法にしたがって、有機光電変換素子SC−112〜SC113を作製した。
比較例1(有機光電変換素子SC−101の作製)において、光電変換層を製膜した後正孔輸送層を形成する前に、下記表1に示される仕事関数を低減化する材料を表1に示す膜厚(10nm)まで0.02nm/秒の蒸着速度で蒸着して、本発明外の膜厚領域である層を形成したこと以外は、比較例1に記載の方法と同様の方法に従って、有機光電変換素子SC−111を作製した。
比較例1(有機光電変換素子SC−101の作製)において、光電変換層を製膜した後正孔輸送層を形成する前に、ポリジオクチルフルオレン−ブチルフェニルジフェニルアミン(TFB)を0.3wt%になるようにクロロベンゼンに溶解し、スピンコーターを用い、膜厚換算で10nmの膜厚になるよう塗布し、仕事関数低減層を形成したこと以外は、比較例1に記載の方法と同様の方法にしたがって、有機光電変換素子SC−114を作製した。
比較例1(有機光電変換素子SC−101の作製)において、光電変換層を製膜した後正孔輸送層を形成する前に、基板を真空蒸着装置チャンバー内に移動させ、1×10−4Pa以下にまで真空蒸着装置内を減圧した後、三酸化モリブデンの蒸着速度は0.05nm/秒で、フッ化リチウム(LiF)を3000ppmになるようにドープした層を5nm厚になるよう共蒸着させて、仕事関数低減層を形成し、さらに蒸着速度0.05nm/秒で三酸化モリブデンを膜厚が5nmになるよう蒸着製膜し、正孔輸送層を形成した以外は、比較例1に記載の方法と同様の方法に従って、有機光電変換素子SC−115を作製した。このように形成した仕事関数低減層はについてSEM観察したところ、仕事関数低減層は、均一層ではなく疎らな海島状の形態であった。また、前記仕事関数低減層は、正孔輸送層と光電変換層の界面よりも、正孔輸送層側に混合される形態で分布していた。
比較例1(有機光電変換素子SC−101の作製)において、光電変換層を製膜した後、蒸着速度0.05nm/秒で五酸化二バナジウム(V2O5)を膜厚が10nmになるよう蒸着製膜して、正孔輸送層を形成した以外は、比較例1に記載の方法と同様の方法に従って、有機光電変換素子SC−116を作製した。なお、ここで使用された五酸化二バナジウムは、Sigma−Aldrich社から購入し、そのまま使用した。
比較例2(有機光電変換素子SC−114の作製)において、光電変換層を製膜した後、下記表1に示されるようにフッ化リチウム(LiF)を膜厚が0.6nmになるよう蒸着速度0.02nm/秒で蒸着製膜して、仕事関数低減層を形成した後、五酸化二バナジウム(V2O5)を膜厚が10nmになるよう蒸着速度0.05nm/秒で蒸着製膜して、正孔輸送層を形成した以外は、比較例2に記載の方法と同様の方法に従って、有機光電変換素子SC−117を作製した。
上記で作製した光電変換素子について、ソーラーシミュレーター(AM1.5Gフィルタ)の100mW/cm2の強度の光を照射し、有効面積を1cm2にしたマスクを受光部に重ね、I−V特性を評価することで、短絡電流密度Jsc[mA/cm2]、開放電圧Voc[V]及びフィルファクターFFを測定し、また光電変換効率ηを下記式1より算出した。結果を表1に示す。
上記で作製した光電変換素子を85℃のホットプレート上に置き、2波長タイプの白色LED(東芝製小型SMD)を光源に用い、上記光電変換効率の評価において測定された短絡電流密度Jscとほぼ同じ値(約1Sun)になるようLEDの光量を調整し、1000時間光照射した。光照射後の短絡電流密度Jscを、上記光電変換効率の評価における測定方法に従って測定し、初期Jscに対する劣化後のJscの割合[%]を求めた。結果を表1に示す。
11 陽極、
12 陰極、
13 仕事関数低減層、
14 光電変換層、
14a 第1の光電変換層、
14b 第2の光電変換層、
25 基板、
26 正孔輸送層、
27 電子輸送層、
38 電荷再結合層。
Claims (8)
- 第一の電極、
第二の電極、
前記第一の電極および前記第二の電極の間に存在する、バルクヘテロジャンクション型の光電変換層、および
前記第一の電極または前記第二の電極と、前記光電変換層と、の間に存在する正孔輸送層を含む有機光電変換素子であって、
前記正孔輸送層と前記光電変換層との間に、膜厚が5nm以下の仕事関数を低減する層が配置されてなる、有機光電変換素子。 - 前記正孔輸送層が、モリブデン(Mo)、タングステン(W)、バナジウム(V)およびレニウム(Re)からなる群より選ばれる少なくとも一種の金属原子を含む、請求項1に記載の有機光電変換素子。
- 前記仕事関数を低減する層が、6.0eV未満の仕事関数を有する、請求項1または2に記載の有機光電変換素子。
- 前記仕事関数を低減する層が、リチウム(Li)、ナトリウム(Na)、カリウム(K)、セシウム(Cs)、カルシウム(Ca)、ストロンチウム(Sr)、ベリリウム(Be)、マグネシウム(Mg)、バリウム(Ba)、モリブデン(Mo)およびタングステン(W)からなる群より選ばれる原子を含む化合物、ならびに有機半導体材料らなる群より選択される少なくとも一種の材料を含む、請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載の有機光電変換素子。
- 前記仕事関数を低減する層の膜厚が、0.05〜5nmである、請求項1〜4のいずれか1項に記載の有機光電変換素子。
- 前記仕事関数を低減する層が、均一層ではなく疎らな海島状の形態である、請求項1〜5のいずれか1項に記載の有機光電変換素子。
- 前記仕事関数を低減する層は、正孔輸送層と光電変換層の界面よりも、正孔輸送層側に混合される形で分布する、請求項1〜6のいずれか1項に記載の有機光電変換素子。
- 請求項1〜7のいずれか1項に記載の有機光電変換素子を有する、太陽電池。
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