JP2011245475A - 水素化反応/脱水素化反応用のワイヤー触媒、ワイヤー触媒成形品、及びそれらの製造方法 - Google Patents
水素化反応/脱水素化反応用のワイヤー触媒、ワイヤー触媒成形品、及びそれらの製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
- B01J23/89—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with noble metals
- B01J23/8933—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with noble metals also combined with metals, or metal oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
- B01J23/8993—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with noble metals also combined with metals, or metal oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36 with chromium, molybdenum or tungsten
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J21/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
- B01J21/02—Boron or aluminium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
- B01J21/04—Alumina
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J21/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
- B01J21/06—Silicon, titanium, zirconium or hafnium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
- B01J21/063—Titanium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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Abstract
【解決手段】通電又は電磁誘導によって自己加熱する金属芯線2と、その表面の少なくとも一部に、該金属芯線を構成するいずれかの金属元素の酸化物でなり多孔質構造を持つ酸化物層3を具えるワイヤー本体W、及び前記酸化物層3の多孔質構造内に担持された触媒物質を含んで構成されることを特徴とする水素化反応又は脱水素化反応用のワイヤー触媒1である。
【選択図】図1
Description
A)水素をボンベ等に圧入して各家庭に配送する方法
B)既存インフラである都市ガス、プロパンガスから水蒸気改質等の方法により水素を得る方法
C)夜間電力により水を電気分解して水素を得る方法
D)風力発電や太陽電池等で得た電気エネルギーにより水を電気分解して水素を得る方法
E)光合成細菌や嫌気性水素発生細菌等を用いて水素を得る方法
前記酸化物層の多孔質構造内に担持された触媒物質を含んで構成されることを特徴とする水素化反応又は脱水素化反応用のワイヤー触媒である。
本発明のワイヤー触媒は、例えば芳香族化合物への水素化反応、又は当該芳香族化合物の水素化誘導体の脱水素化反応用の触媒として利用される。図1に示されるように、本実施形態のワイヤー触媒1は、通電又は電磁誘導によって自己加熱する金属芯線2と、その表面に形成されかつ多孔質構造を持つ酸化物層3とからなるワイヤー本体W、及び前記酸化物層3の少なくとも多孔質構造内に担持された触媒物質Xを含んで構成される。
a)第1タンク23と反応器22との間のみを開通
b)第2タンク24と反応器22との間のみを開通、又は
c)反応器22と第1タンク23、第2タンク24との間を閉鎖
のいずれかに切り替え可能である。
[アルミニウムクラッド金属芯線の製造]
通電加熱機能を有するニッケル線(純度99%、電気抵抗9.5μΩ・cm/20℃)及びニッケル(8%)−クロム(18%)合金(SUS304で電気抵抗72μΩ・cm/20℃)に、アルミニウム(純度99.9%)の外装材をそれぞれクラッドした2種類の複合線材(複合線径4mm)が試作された。そして、これら母材に、適宜中間熱処理(例えば前者ニッケル線では600℃)を介した多段階の冷間伸線加工によって、下記二種類のクラッド線A及びBが製造された。
クラッド線A:外装アルミニウムの厚さ30〜60μmで線径0.7mmに細径化されたニッケル芯線によるもの。
クラッド線B:外装アルミニウムの厚さ20μmで線径0.45mmに細径化されたステンレス芯線によるもの。
クラッド線Aの断面を160倍に拡大したものが図3に示されている。
上記クラッド線A及びBを用いて、それぞれ平均巻き径Dが6mm、巻きピッチPが0.1mm、コイルの軸方向の長さ12cmのピッチ巻きコイル成形品A及びBを得た。各コイル成形品の平均巻き径Dに対するクラッド線の線径dの比は、それぞれ8.6倍及び13.3倍であった。またコイル状部分が囲む空間の単位容積当たりの前記ワイヤー触媒の見かけ表面積は、1.40〜1.46mm2/mm3に高められており、触媒物質の収納スペースの増大が図れた(コイル1巻き分の占有容積におけるワイヤー表面積の算出による。)。
触媒物質となる白金塩として0.01gr、0.015gr及び0.02grの塩化白金酸H2PtCl66H2Oをそれぞれ10ccエタノールに溶解して、塩化白金酸溶液を作成した。この溶液に、厚さ10、20及び30μmの多孔質アルミナ表面層を有する図1に示すようなコイル形状のアルマイトニッケルクラッド細線A、及びアルマイトステンレスクラッド細線Bを含浸させ、水素雰囲気下(水素/窒素=0.25、ガス流速100cc/min)で25〜150℃で1時間昇温、150℃で1時間保持、150〜400℃で2時間保持、400℃で1時間保持し、25℃に降温してワイヤー触媒A−1、A−2、A−3及びB−1が作成された。各ワイヤー触媒は、それぞれ窒素雰囲気にてセットされ、接続部に外部電源が配線された。これらの白金担持アルマイトクラッド(ACW)ワイヤー触媒は外部加熱あるいは通電加熱により所定温度でその全長を通じて均一に加熱することができ、芳香族炭化水素の水素化反応及びそれらの水素化誘導体(有機ハイドライド)の脱水素化反応の試験を行なった。
縦40mm、横40mm及び厚さ5mmの形状を有するアルミニウム板を温度20℃の環境下で、濃度4wt%シュウ酸溶液を電解質溶液として用いて、0.5A/dm2の電流密度で7時間陽極酸化を行い、50μm厚の陽極酸化皮膜を得た。その後、20℃に加熱した4wt%シュウ酸溶液を用いて、浸漬を5分間行った。酸溶液の洗浄を行った後、空気雰囲気中350℃で3時間、熱処理を行うことにより、多孔質アルミニウム表面層を具えたアルミニウム薄板を得た。次に、白金18mgを含む塩化白金酸H2PtCl6水溶液を、多孔質アルミニウムの多孔質面に噴霧した後、350〜500℃で3時間焼成を行った。その後、窒素ガスで希釈した10%水素雰囲気下で室温から350℃まで段階的に昇温して0.5wt%白金担持アルマイト板触媒(C)(3grPt/m2)を調整した。
活性炭、シリカ及びアルミナを用いて、塩化白金酸H2PtCl6水溶液に含浸後、乾燥した後、水素ガス雰囲気下100〜350℃で3時間段階的に昇温し、同様の水素雰囲気中で水素還元を行い、比較試験に供する0.5wt%白金担持触媒の調整を行った。
また、図9に示した水素化反応及び脱水素化反応装置を用い、0.5%白金担持アルマイトニッケルクラッドワイヤー触媒A−1,A−3、白金担持アルマイトステンレスクラッドワイヤー触媒B−1、及び比較例として0.5%白金担持アルマイト薄板触媒(C)、活性炭(D)及びアルミナ担持触媒(E)を用いてメチルシクロヘキサンの脱水素化反応を行った。そして、水素発生速度及びメチルシクロヘキサン添加率のトルエン選択率がガスクロマトグラフィーにより分析・測定された。
前記と同様に、図9に示す反応装置を用いて同様な反応条件において、白金担持アルマイトクラッドワイヤー触媒(A−2)、白金―レニウム(A−4)、白金―モリブデン(A−5)、白金―タングステン(A−6)、白金―ニッケルーチタン(A−7)及び白金―ロジウムージルコニウムー亜鉛担持アルマイトクラッドワイヤー触媒(A−8)、及び比較例として0.5%白金担持アルマイト薄板(AP)触媒(C)、及び白金担持活性炭(D)、シリカ担持白金触媒(E)をそれぞれ用いて、シクロヘキサンの脱水素化反応を行った。320℃での各触媒の水素発生速度とシクロヘキサン転化率をガスクロマトグラフィーにより分析し測定した。触媒及びPt1gr当たりの水素発生速度及びシクロヘキサンの転化率、ベンゼン選択率に対する結果を表2に示した。なお、白金担持アルマイトクラッド細線触媒のPt担持量は2grPt/m2とした。また、添加遷移金属Mについて、M/Pt=0.2原子比(M=Re,Rh,Mo,W,Ni,Ti,Zr,及びZn)である。
シクロヘキサン(メチルシクロヘキサン)転化率(%)=(生成したベンゼン(トルエン)のモル数/原料のシクロヘキサン(メチルシクロヘキサン)のモル数)×100
ベンゼン選択率(%)=(生成したベンゼン(トルエン)のモル数/生成したシクロヘキサン(メチルシクロヘキサン)のモル数)×100
水素生成速度(mL/min/gr cat)=毎分触媒1grあたりの生成した水素の容量
水素生成活性(mL/min/gr Pt)=毎分白金1grあたりの生成した水素の容量
表1は、窒素雰囲気中において、従来の白金担持アルマイト触媒及び布状活性炭触媒、シリカ及びアルミナ担持触媒と本実施例1−3に係る白金担持アルマイトクラッドワイヤー触媒A−1、A−3及びB−1を用いたメチルシクロヘキサンの脱水素化反応の各脱水素化反応活性を比較した結果である。なお、表中の「ACW」はアルマイト(アルミナ)クラッドワイヤの略号で示される。実施例1−3の白金担持アルマイトクラッドワイヤー触媒を使用した場合の水素発生速度及びメチルシクロヘキサン転化率は、比較例1と比較して2〜3倍の高活性であり、同様に比較例2,3に比べても8〜10倍以上高い水素発生速度と脱水素化反応活性を示していることが確認できる。このことから、本発明にかかる触媒担持アルマイトクラッドワイヤー触媒は、メチルヘキサンの脱水素化反応に高効率で、立ち上がり水素供給時において優れた高速な水素レスポンス性能を示す。
設定温度: 260℃(温調)
反応圧力: 1気圧
トルエン投入速度: 0.3ml/sec
水素供給量: 100ml/min
反応生成物の分析は、TCD及びFIDガスクロマトグラフィー分析装置を用いて行った。トルエンの水素化反応におけるメチルシクロヘキサン転化率と水素化反応活性についての結果が、表3に示される。
次に、本発明のワイヤー触媒に係わる触媒成形品について、その発熱特性を通電加熱による付加電流値とコイルの発熱温度(表面温度計)の関係や、加熱冷却に伴うアルマイト層の表面欠陥の有無が調べられた。また、この試験では、前記クラッド線Aの構成を基調としつつ、引抜加工率を更に高めることで0.45mmに細径化された金属芯線が用いられた。そして、この金属芯線から、コイル平均巻き径6.0mm、4.0mm及び2.0mmとして比D/dが異なる3種類のコイル状成形品を得るとともに、各々同様にアルミナ層を形成し、触媒を担持させた。
1A ワイヤー触媒の成形品
2 金属芯線
2A 第1金属芯線
2B 第2金属外装材
3 酸化物層
3a アルミナ層
4a、4b 接続部
X 触媒物質
W ワイヤー本体
Claims (14)
- 通電又は電磁誘導によって自己加熱する金属芯線と、その表面の少なくとも一部に、該金属芯線を構成するいずれかの金属元素の酸化物でなり多孔質構造を持つ酸化物層を具えるワイヤー本体、及び
前記酸化物層の多孔質構造内に担持された触媒物質を含んで構成されることを特徴とする水素化反応又は脱水素化反応用のワイヤー触媒。 - 前記ワイヤー本体は、少なくともその軸方向に沿う一部に、前記酸化物層を具えることなく前記金属芯線が露出する電気配線用の接続部を具える請求項1記載のワイヤー触媒。
- 前記ワイヤー本体は、その等価線径(d)が1mm以下であり、かつ、任意の横断面において、2つの対向する最大接線間の距離に対する断面周長が3倍以上である請求項1又は2に記載のワイヤー触媒。
- 前記触媒物質は、白金、ロジウム、レニウム、ニッケル、チタン、マグネシウム、亜鉛、ジルコニウム、モリブデン及びタングステンの少なくとも1種を含む請求項1乃至3のいずれかに記載のワイヤー触媒。
- 前記金属芯線は、銅、マグネシウム、カルシウム、ニッケル、コバルト、バナジウム、ニオブ、クロム、チタン、アルミニウム、シリコン、モリブデン、タングステン及び鉄のグループから選択される少なくとも1種の金属又はその合金のいずれかである第1金属芯線と、
該第1金属芯線の表面を覆うとともに第1金属芯線とは異なる金属材料からなる第2金属外装材とを含む複合線であり、
前記第1金属芯線は、常温での電気抵抗率が5μΩ・cm以上である請求項1乃至4のいずれかに記載のワイヤー触媒。 - 前記酸化物層は、開口径100nm以下の微細開口を有し、
前記微細開口は、開口径に対する深さで表されるアスペクト比(深さ/開口径)が50〜2000の有底筒孔であるメソポーラス多孔質構造であることを特徴とする請求項1乃至5のいずれか記載のワイヤー触媒。 - 請求項1乃至6のいずれかに記載のワイヤー触媒の少なくとも一部がコイル状に成形されたコイル状部分を有することを特徴とするワイヤー触媒成形品。
- 請求項1乃至6のいずれかに記載のワイヤー触媒の少なくとも一部がコイル状に成形されたコイル状部分を有し、
前記コイル状部分の平均コイル径(D)は、前記ワイヤー触媒の等価線径(d)の3〜20倍であるワイヤー触媒成形品。 - 前記コイル状部分は、該コイル状部分で囲まれる空間の単位容積当たりの前記ワイヤー触媒の見かけ表面積が、0.5〜6mm2/mm3であることを特徴とする請求項7又は8に記載のワイヤー触媒成形品。
- 通電又は電磁誘導によって自己加熱する金属芯線を準備する準備工程と、
該金属芯線を予め定めた所定の形状に成形加工する成形加工工程と、
前記成形加工後の少なくとも一部を除いた前記金属芯線の表面に、酸化反応によって外周面に多数の微細開口を具える多孔質構造の酸化物層を形成させる表面処理工程と、
前記酸化物層の前記微細開口内に触媒物質を担持させる触媒担持工程と
を具えることを特徴とする水素化反応又は脱水素化反応用のワイヤー触媒乃至その成形品の製造方法。 - 前記金属芯線は、常温での電気抵抗率が5μΩ・cm以上の電気的特性を有する第1金属芯線と、
該第1金属芯線の表面を覆うアルミニウムの層とを具える複合線であり、
前記成形加工工程は、前記複合線を合計減面率が80%以上の引き伸ばし加工で細径化する工程を含む請求項10に記載の前記製造方法。 - 前記成形加工工程は、前記細径化された複合線をさらにコイル状に成形加工する工程を含む請求項11記載の前記製造方法。
- 前記表面処理工程は、前記微細開口を持つ前記酸化物層の形成後、更に該開口を拡幅乃至深耕するポアワイドリング処理及び/又は焼成処理のいずれかを含む請求項10乃至12のいずれかに記載の前記製造方法。
- 前記触媒物質担持工程は、前記酸化物層の多孔質開口内へ含浸担持法又は化学気相固定法によって前記触媒物質を担持させる処理と、
前記触媒物質を担持させた金属芯線を更に焼成及び/又は還元する処理とを含む請求項10乃至13のいずれかに記載の前記製造方法。
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