JP2010534130A - 触媒 - Google Patents
触媒 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2010534130A JP2010534130A JP2010517491A JP2010517491A JP2010534130A JP 2010534130 A JP2010534130 A JP 2010534130A JP 2010517491 A JP2010517491 A JP 2010517491A JP 2010517491 A JP2010517491 A JP 2010517491A JP 2010534130 A JP2010534130 A JP 2010534130A
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- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 77
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 118
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 55
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 229910001260 Pt alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 claims description 47
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims description 28
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical group [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium atom Chemical compound [Ir] GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052762 osmium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- SYQBFIAQOQZEGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N osmium atom Chemical compound [Os] SYQBFIAQOQZEGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 27
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 24
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 19
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 18
- 238000004833 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 15
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 description 15
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 239000010411 electrocatalyst Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 9
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 5
- ABLZXFCXXLZCGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorous acid Chemical compound OP(O)=O ABLZXFCXXLZCGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000005518 polymer electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011236 particulate material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- -1 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229910002849 PtRu Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium bicarbonate Chemical compound [Na+].OC([O-])=O UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 239000006230 acetylene black Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000712 assembly Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000429 assembly Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920006378 biaxially oriented polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000011127 biaxially oriented polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000029087 digestion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- UPIXZLGONUBZLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt].[Pt] UPIXZLGONUBZLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920003934 Aciplex® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003935 Flemion® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000557 Nafion® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004693 Polybenzimidazole Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000297 Rayon Polymers 0.000 description 1
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003125 aqueous solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002800 charge carrier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002322 conducting polymer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001940 conductive polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007606 doctor blade method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003487 electrochemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006056 electrooxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004993 emission spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007429 general method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004678 hydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009616 inductively coupled plasma Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004969 ion scattering spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052745 lead Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- PNPIRSNMYIHTPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitroso nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)ON=O PNPIRSNMYIHTPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010979 pH adjustment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000010287 polarization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920002480 polybenzimidazole Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002635 polyurethane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000008092 positive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007639 printing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002964 rayon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052702 rhenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012266 salt solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007650 screen-printing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon carbide Chemical compound [Si+]#[C-] HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910010271 silicon carbide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000030 sodium bicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000017557 sodium bicarbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010561 standard procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003460 sulfonic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000007740 vapor deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/8605—Porous electrodes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
- H01M4/921—Alloys or mixtures with metallic elements
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Inert Electrodes (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
Abstract
Description
バルク合金中における白金の原子百分率が、5at%〜50at%であり、残部がXであり、
前記合金の表面における白金の原子百分率が、10at%〜80at%であり、残部がXであり、
ここで、前記合金の表面における白金の原子百分率at%が、前記バルク合金中における白金の原子百分率at%よりも、少なくとも25%超過というものである。
Pt at%(表面) − Pt at%(バルク)
Pt at%(バルク)
(ii)触媒層により片側のみが被覆された触媒被覆された膜を、(i)ガス拡散基材とガス拡散電極の間に挟んでなるものであり、このガス拡散基材が触媒層で被覆した膜側に接触してなり、又は(ii)2つのガス拡散電極の間に挟んでなるものであり、ここで、少なくとも一つの触媒層及びガス拡散電極が本発明によるものであり;
(iii)触媒層により両側が被覆された触媒被覆された膜を、(i)2つのガス拡散基材、(ii)ガス拡散基材とガス拡散電極、又は(iii)2つのガス拡散電極、の間に挟んでなるものであり、ここで、少なくとも一つの触媒層及びガス拡散電極が本発明によるものである。
市販されているPtRu触媒(HiSPEC(商品名)12100:ジョンソン・マッセイ社)を得た。
定量(バルク粒子の重量%)50%Pt、25%Ru(バルクで50at%Pt)
Ptの表面原子百分率=61;39%(XPS);46%(HS−LEIS)
バルクに対する表面Pt富化=22%(XPS);表面富化無し(HS−LEIS)。
Silversonミキサーを使用して、Ketjen EC300J(1g)を水中で分散させた。重炭酸ナトリウム(8.41g)を添加し、及び炭素スラリーを攪拌し、沸騰まで加熱した。30分沸騰させた後、Ru及びPt塩溶液を添加し、沸騰をさらに1.5時間継続した。[H2PtCl6としてPt1g:RuCl34.94gとして25%Pt、Ru2g、40.47%Ru]。この触媒をろ過により回収し、フィルタ床で洗浄した。この物質を105℃で一晩乾燥した。乾燥した物質の試料を5%H2/N2で焼成した。
収量(乾燥、非還元)=5.06g
焼成条件:500℃、30分
焼成後2gから収量、1.57g
定量(バルク粒子の重量%)25.7%Pt、44.8%Ru(バルクで23at%Pt)
Ptの表面原子百分率=36.9%(XPS)
バルクに対する表面Pt富化=60%(XPS)
Silversonミキサーを使用して、Ketjen EC300J(1g)を水(150ml)中で分散させた。このスラリーを、pH調整ユニットに接続された、温度プローブ及びpHプローブと、二つの供給内管を備えたビーカーに移した(必要であれば、50mlの追加の水)。Ru塩を水に添加し、体積を100ml迄とした。攪拌したカーボンスラリー中に、この溶液を10ml/分でNaOHと一緒に、5.0〜6.0の間(初期pH)で可能な限り近似したpHに維持できる可変レートにおいてポンプで注入した。この添加を完全に行った時、その温度は、必要に応じて最高100℃に上昇し、このスラリーを攪拌し、Pt塩を添加した。NaOHを添加し、5.0〜7.0の間(最終pH)にpHを維持した。このスラリーを攪拌した。もう一度、この反応を完全にし、この触媒をろ過により回収し、フィルタ床で洗浄した。この物質を105℃で一晩乾燥した。乾燥した物質の試料を5%H2/N2で焼成した。
RuCl3としてRu2g:4.94g、40.47%Ru
Pt硝酸塩としてPt1g:6.09g、16.41%Pt
NaOH:0.5M
pH(初期)5.0;pH(最終)5.0
収量(乾燥、非還元)=5.04g
焼成条件:200℃、1時間
焼成後、試料2gから収量=1.55g
定量(バルク粒子の重量%)21.5%Pt、44.7%Ru(バルクで20at%Pt)
Ptの表面原子百分率=38.8%(XPS)
バルクに対する表面Pt富化=94%(XPS)
ニトロシル硝酸塩としてRu2g:15.37g、13.01%Ru
Pt硝酸塩としてPt1g:6.09g、16.41%Pt
NaOH:1.0M
pH(初期)6.0;pH(最終)7.0
収量(乾燥、非還元)=5.48g
焼成条件:200℃、1時間
焼成後、試料2gから収量=1.4g
定量(バルク粒子の重量%)22.7%Pt、44.4%Ru(バルクで21at%Pt)
Ptの表面原子百分率=36.3%(XPS)
バルクに対する表面Pt富化=73%(XPS)
RuCl3としてRu2g:4.94g、40.47%Ru
K2PtCl4としてPt1g:46.56%Pt
NaOH:0.5M(第1回添加)及び1.0M(第2回添加)
pH(初期)6.0;pH(最終)7.0
収量(乾燥、非還元)=5.10g
焼成条件:200℃、1時間
焼成後、試料2gから収量=1.64g
定量(バルク粒子の重量%)20.5%Pt、42.9%Ru(バルクで21at%Pt)
Ptの表面原子百分率=39.6%(XPS);37%(HS−LEIS)
バルクに対する表面Pt富化=89%(XPS);76%(HS−LEIS)
RuCl3としてRu2g:4.94g、40.47%Ru
Pt硝酸塩としてPt1g:6.09g、16.41%Pt
NaOH:0.5M
pH(初期)5.0;pH(最終)5.0
収量(乾燥、非還元)=5.04g
焼成条件:500℃、30分時間
焼成後、試料1.5gから収量=1.11g
定量(バルク粒子の重量%)21.5%Pt、44.7%Ru(バルクで20at%Pt)
Ptの表面原子百分率=38.8%(XPS)
バルクに対する表面Pt富化=94%(XPS)
RuCl3としてRu2.47g:6.19g、39.9%Ru
K2PtCl4としてPt0.53g:1.13g 46.71%Pt
NaOH:0.5M(第1回添加)及び1.0M(第2回添加)
pH(初期)6.0;pH(最終)7.0
収量(乾燥、非還元)=4.98g
焼成条件:200℃、30分時間
焼成後、試料2gから収量=1.55g
定量(バルク粒子の重量%)12.7%Pt、54.0%Ru(バルクで10at%Pt)
Ptの表面原子百分率=19%(HS−LEIS)
バルクに対する表面Pt富化=90%(HS−LEIS)
RuCl3としてRu1.64g:4.11g、39.9%Ru
K2PtCl4としてPt1.36g:2.92g 46.55%Pt
NaOH:0.5M(第1回添加)及び1.0M(第2回添加)
pH(初期)6.0;pH(最終)7.0
収量(乾燥、非還元)=5.07g
焼成条件:200℃、30分時間
焼成後、2g試料から収量=1.55g
定量(バルク粒子の重量%)29.7%Pt、34.3%Ru(バルクで30at%Pt)
Ptの表面原子百分率=50%(HS−LEIS)
バルクに対する表面Pt富化=67%(HS−LEIS)
比較例1と実施例1〜7で調製した触媒を使用して、膜電極アッセンブリを調製した。この触媒を欧州特許0 731 520号に開示された手法を用いてインクとして処方し、これを使用して、金属全充填量(Pt+Ru)が1.5mg/cm2としたアノード電気触媒層を調製した。このカソード電気触媒層は標準Ptブラック電気触媒を含有した。この膜電極アッセンブリをダイレクトメタノールテスト電池において試験した。図1から図3は、80℃で、実施例1〜7と比較例1の電気触媒を包含する膜電極アッセンブリのアノード半分電池性能を示している。本発明による実施例を包含するMEAsの性能は、比較例1と匹敵するかそれ以上であり、特に重要なのは、本発明による実施例は比較例と比較して、実質的に白金(Pt)添加量が減少しているにも関わらず、性能が好ましいということである。
Claims (13)
- 白金合金触媒PtXであって、
バルク合金中における白金の原子百分率が、5at%〜50at%であり、残部がXであり、
前記合金の表面における白金の原子百分率が、10at%〜80at%であり、残部がXであり、
ここで、前記合金の表面における白金の原子百分率at%が、前記バルク合金中における白金の原子百分率at%よりも、少なくとも25%超過である、白金合金触媒PtX。 - Xが、貴金属、ルテニウム、ロジウム、パラジウム、イリジウム、オスミウム、金、銀、及び遷移金属からなる群から選択されてなる、一種以上の金属である、請求項1に記載の白金合金触媒。
- Xが、ルテニウム、又はスズ、或いはルテニウムとスズである、請求項1に記載の白金合金触媒。
- 前記触媒が、分散された支持材に支持されず又は支持されてなる、請求項1〜3の何れか一項に記載の白金合金触媒。
- 前記触媒が、分散された支持材に支持されてなる、請求項1〜3の何れか一項に記載の白金合金触媒。
- 前記触媒が、導電性炭素支持材に分散されたPtX合金から本質的になるものである、請求項1〜5の何れか一項に記載の白金合金触媒。
- 請求項1〜6の何れか一項に記載の白金合金触媒を備えてなる、電極。
- 請求項1〜6の何れか一項に記載の白金合金触媒を備えてなる、触媒化された膜。
- 請求項1〜6の何れか一項に記載の白金合金触媒を備えてなる、転送基板。
- 請求項1〜6の何れか一項に記載の白金合金触媒を備えてなる、膜電極アセンブリ。
- 請求項10に記載の膜電極アセンブリを備えてなる、燃料電池。
- 請求項7に記載の電極を備えてなる、燃料電池。
- 請求項11又は12に記載の燃料電池を備えてなる、ポータブルデバイス。
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