JP2010530458A - 押出機内でポリアミドを製造する方法 - Google Patents
押出機内でポリアミドを製造する方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2010530458A JP2010530458A JP2010512642A JP2010512642A JP2010530458A JP 2010530458 A JP2010530458 A JP 2010530458A JP 2010512642 A JP2010512642 A JP 2010512642A JP 2010512642 A JP2010512642 A JP 2010512642A JP 2010530458 A JP2010530458 A JP 2010530458A
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- diamine
- dicarboxylic acid
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- extruder
- weight
- Prior art date
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- Granted
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 19
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 title claims abstract description 8
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 title description 6
- NAQMVNRVTILPCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexane-1,6-diamine Chemical compound NCCCCCCN NAQMVNRVTILPCV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 150000004985 diamines Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Malonic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)=O OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- KKEYFWRCBNTPAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Terephthalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=C(C(O)=O)C=C1 KKEYFWRCBNTPAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- QQVIHTHCMHWDBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N isophthalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC(C(O)=O)=C1 QQVIHTHCMHWDBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000008247 solid mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- -1 auxiliaries Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005469 granulation Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000003179 granulation Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000013329 compounding Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000007790 solid phase Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- 150000001991 dicarboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 5
- WNLRTRBMVRJNCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N adipic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCC(O)=O WNLRTRBMVRJNCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 4
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 3
- DZIHTWJGPDVSGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-[(4-aminocyclohexyl)methyl]cyclohexan-1-amine Chemical compound C1CC(N)CCC1CC1CCC(N)CC1 DZIHTWJGPDVSGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000001361 adipic acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000011037 adipic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000012778 molding material Substances 0.000 description 2
- BDJRBEYXGGNYIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N nonanedioic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCCCCC(O)=O BDJRBEYXGGNYIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WLJVNTCWHIRURA-UHFFFAOYSA-N pimelic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCCC(O)=O WLJVNTCWHIRURA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000006068 polycondensation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001376 precipitating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- KIDHWZJUCRJVML-UHFFFAOYSA-N putrescine Chemical compound NCCCCN KIDHWZJUCRJVML-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CXMXRPHRNRROMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N sebacic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCCCCCC(O)=O CXMXRPHRNRROMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PWGJDPKCLMLPJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,8-diaminooctane Chemical compound NCCCCCCCCN PWGJDPKCLMLPJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YBRVSVVVWCFQMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane Chemical compound C1=CC(N)=CC=C1CC1=CC=C(N)C=C1 YBRVSVVVWCFQMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QLCJFGFZLDNMHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N C(CCCCC(=O)[O-])(=O)[O-].[NH4+].NCCCCCCN.[NH4+] Chemical compound C(CCCCC(=O)[O-])(=O)[O-].[NH4+].NCCCCCCN.[NH4+] QLCJFGFZLDNMHU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FDLQZKYLHJJBHD-UHFFFAOYSA-N [3-(aminomethyl)phenyl]methanamine Chemical compound NCC1=CC=CC(CN)=C1 FDLQZKYLHJJBHD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004760 aramid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003235 aromatic polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- UKJLNMAFNRKWGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclohexatrienamine Chemical group NC1=CC=C=C[CH]1 UKJLNMAFNRKWGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YQLZOAVZWJBZSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N decane-1,10-diamine Chemical compound NCCCCCCCCCCN YQLZOAVZWJBZSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethylmethane Natural products CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009477 glass transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006082 mold release agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- DIVDFFZHCJEHGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxidopamine Chemical compound NCCC1=CC(O)=C(O)C=C1O DIVDFFZHCJEHGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003134 recirculating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920006024 semi-aromatic copolyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920006012 semi-aromatic polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920006114 semi-crystalline semi-aromatic polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005979 thermal decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001169 thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004416 thermosoftening plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G69/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic amide link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G69/02—Polyamides derived from amino-carboxylic acids or from polyamines and polycarboxylic acids
- C08G69/26—Polyamides derived from amino-carboxylic acids or from polyamines and polycarboxylic acids derived from polyamines and polycarboxylic acids
- C08G69/265—Polyamides derived from amino-carboxylic acids or from polyamines and polycarboxylic acids derived from polyamines and polycarboxylic acids from at least two different diamines or at least two different dicarboxylic acids
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C48/36—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die
- B29C48/395—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die using screws surrounded by a cooperating barrel, e.g. single screw extruders
- B29C48/40—Means for plasticising or homogenising the moulding material or forcing it through the nozzle or die using screws surrounded by a cooperating barrel, e.g. single screw extruders using two or more parallel screws or at least two parallel non-intermeshing screws, e.g. twin screw extruders
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/25—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C48/78—Thermal treatment of the extrusion moulding material or of preformed parts or layers, e.g. by heating or cooling
- B29C48/80—Thermal treatment of the extrusion moulding material or of preformed parts or layers, e.g. by heating or cooling at the plasticising zone, e.g. by heating cylinders
- B29C48/83—Heating or cooling the cylinders
- B29C48/832—Heating
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G69/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic amide link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G69/02—Polyamides derived from amino-carboxylic acids or from polyamines and polycarboxylic acids
- C08G69/26—Polyamides derived from amino-carboxylic acids or from polyamines and polycarboxylic acids derived from polyamines and polycarboxylic acids
- C08G69/28—Preparatory processes
- C08G69/30—Solid state polycondensation
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Polyamides (AREA)
- Processing And Handling Of Plastics And Other Materials For Molding In General (AREA)
Abstract
【選択図】なし
Description
368.57gの水を196.7gのヘキサメチレンジアミン(HMD)溶液(水中69.8%、BASF)、9.78gのDicycan(BASF)、141.58gのテレフタル酸、61.78gのイソフタル酸(Lonza)を、プラスチック容器中で、90℃で混合した。
ポリマー溶融物を直ぐには排出しなかったことが異なるが、これ以外は、実施例1と同様の処理を繰り返した。バイパスを所定時間(=滞留時間)開いき、そしてポリマーを排出した。
Claims (6)
- ジカルボン酸及びジアミンに基くポリアミドを押出機内で製造する方法であって、
50モル%のジカルボン酸混合物と50モル%のヘキサメチレンジアミンから成るモノマー混合物を含む固体混合物を、並行作動式のツインスクリュー押出機内で加熱する工程を含み、
前記ジカルボン酸混合物は、60〜88質量%のテレフタル酸及び12〜40質量%のイソフタル酸から成り、且つジカルボン酸混合物の20質量%以下が、他のジカルボン酸によって置き換えられても良く、
前記ヘキサメチレンジアミンは、その20質量%以下が、他のC2-30−ジアミンによって置き換えられても良く、
前記工程は、滞留時間が10秒〜30分、温度が150〜400℃で、排気用開口部からスチーム及び適宜ジアミンを除去して行われることを特徴とする方法。 - 前記混合物は、200℃〜330℃の温度範囲に加熱されることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の方法。
- 前記排気用開口部から除去されたジアミンと水が、少なくとも部分的に凝縮され、これにより得られたジアミンが、押出機内に再循環されることを特徴とする請求項1又は2の何れかに記載の方法。
- 滞留時間が30秒〜5分の範囲であることを特徴とする請求項1〜3の何れか1項に記載の方法。
- モノマー混合物の他に、ファイバー、充填剤、染料、助剤、又はこれらの混合物が、複合化のために、押出機内に直接的に供給されることを特徴とする請求項1〜4の何れか1項に記載の方法。
- 押出しの後に、固相−後凝縮及び造粒工程が行われることを特徴とする請求項1〜5の何れか1項に記載の方法。
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP07110660.3 | 2007-06-20 | ||
EP07110660 | 2007-06-20 | ||
PCT/EP2008/057273 WO2008155271A1 (de) | 2007-06-20 | 2008-06-11 | Verfahren zur herstellung von polyamiden in extrudern |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JP2010530458A true JP2010530458A (ja) | 2010-09-09 |
JP2010530458A5 JP2010530458A5 (ja) | 2014-02-13 |
JP5715415B2 JP5715415B2 (ja) | 2015-05-07 |
Family
ID=39768231
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP2010512642A Active JP5715415B2 (ja) | 2007-06-20 | 2008-06-11 | 押出機内でポリアミドを製造する方法 |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US8765902B2 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP2160431B1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP5715415B2 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN101679626B (ja) |
AT (1) | ATE516319T1 (ja) |
ES (1) | ES2366267T3 (ja) |
PL (1) | PL2160431T3 (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2008155271A1 (ja) |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2016521791A (ja) * | 2013-06-12 | 2016-07-25 | ビーエーエスエフ ソシエタス・ヨーロピアBasf Se | 高いガラス転移温度および高い結晶化度を有する部分芳香族コポリアミド |
KR20200063224A (ko) * | 2017-10-20 | 2020-06-04 | 디에스엠 아이피 어셋츠 비.브이. | 폴리아미드 공중합체, 이의 제조 방법 및 이로 제조된 성형된 부품 |
WO2021049266A1 (ja) * | 2019-09-12 | 2021-03-18 | 宇部興産株式会社 | 共重合ポリアミドの製造方法 |
Families Citing this family (15)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP2160432B1 (de) * | 2007-06-20 | 2012-10-24 | Basf Se | Verfahren zur herstellung von polyamiden |
KR101645747B1 (ko) * | 2008-06-20 | 2016-08-04 | 바스프 에스이 | 폴리아미드 펠렛의 다단계 건조 및 후축합을 위한 연속식 방법 |
KR101699558B1 (ko) * | 2008-08-14 | 2017-02-13 | 바스프 에스이 | 폴리아미드를 제조하기 위한 회분식 방법 |
DE102009025537A1 (de) | 2009-06-19 | 2010-12-30 | Basf Se | Copolyamide |
FR2993887B1 (fr) * | 2012-07-27 | 2014-12-19 | Setup Performance | Procede de preparation de polyamide par extrusion reactive et extrudeuse adaptee pour la mise en oeuvre d'un tel procede |
WO2014118276A1 (en) * | 2013-01-30 | 2014-08-07 | Dsm Ip Assets B.V. | Process for the production of polyamides |
CN104530421A (zh) * | 2015-01-05 | 2015-04-22 | 无锡殷达尼龙有限公司 | 半芳香族聚酰胺的制备方法 |
EP3156435B1 (de) | 2015-10-14 | 2019-07-24 | Ems-Patent Ag | Copolyamide, diese enthaltende formmassen und daraus hergestellte formkörper |
CN112062950B (zh) * | 2020-03-28 | 2021-06-29 | 成都肆零壹科技有限公司 | 一种连续化尼龙聚合工艺 |
FR3116058B1 (fr) | 2020-11-12 | 2023-10-20 | Arkema France | Procede de preparation en continu de prepolymeres de polyamides formules |
FR3116059B1 (fr) | 2020-11-12 | 2023-10-20 | Arkema France | Procede de preparation en continu de prepolymeres de polyamides |
CN115806667B (zh) * | 2021-09-13 | 2024-05-24 | 成都肆零壹科技有限公司 | 一种半芳香族尼龙连续化聚合工艺 |
WO2023237603A1 (en) | 2022-06-08 | 2023-12-14 | Basf Se | Recycling method for producing a polyamide compound |
WO2024046793A1 (en) | 2022-08-31 | 2024-03-07 | Basf Se | Process for thermal treatment of a multicomponent plastic waste material |
WO2024200493A1 (en) | 2023-03-31 | 2024-10-03 | Basf Se | Highly integrated caprolactam recycling process |
Citations (5)
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JPS59155433A (ja) * | 1983-02-16 | 1984-09-04 | アモコ・コ−ポレ−ション | 重縮合方法 |
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JPH06256503A (ja) * | 1993-03-04 | 1994-09-13 | Toray Ind Inc | ポリアミドの製造方法 |
JPH08109255A (ja) * | 1994-08-17 | 1996-04-30 | Toray Ind Inc | ポリアミドの製造方法およびポリアミド重合用2軸押出機 |
JPH11503778A (ja) * | 1995-04-15 | 1999-03-30 | ビーエーエスエフ アクチェンゲゼルシャフト | ジカルボン酸とジアミンを基材とするポリアミドの製造方法 |
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EP2160432B1 (de) * | 2007-06-20 | 2012-10-24 | Basf Se | Verfahren zur herstellung von polyamiden |
KR101645747B1 (ko) * | 2008-06-20 | 2016-08-04 | 바스프 에스이 | 폴리아미드 펠렛의 다단계 건조 및 후축합을 위한 연속식 방법 |
KR101699558B1 (ko) * | 2008-08-14 | 2017-02-13 | 바스프 에스이 | 폴리아미드를 제조하기 위한 회분식 방법 |
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2008
- 2008-06-11 CN CN2008800211170A patent/CN101679626B/zh active Active
- 2008-06-11 JP JP2010512642A patent/JP5715415B2/ja active Active
- 2008-06-11 EP EP08760827A patent/EP2160431B1/de active Active
- 2008-06-11 AT AT08760827T patent/ATE516319T1/de active
- 2008-06-11 US US12/665,585 patent/US8765902B2/en active Active
- 2008-06-11 WO PCT/EP2008/057273 patent/WO2008155271A1/de active Application Filing
- 2008-06-11 ES ES08760827T patent/ES2366267T3/es active Active
- 2008-06-11 PL PL08760827T patent/PL2160431T3/pl unknown
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JPS59155433A (ja) * | 1983-02-16 | 1984-09-04 | アモコ・コ−ポレ−ション | 重縮合方法 |
JPS59161428A (ja) * | 1983-02-16 | 1984-09-12 | アモコ・コ−ポレ−ション | テレフタル酸、イソフタル酸およびc↓6ジアミンからの結晶性コポリアミド |
JPH06256503A (ja) * | 1993-03-04 | 1994-09-13 | Toray Ind Inc | ポリアミドの製造方法 |
JPH08109255A (ja) * | 1994-08-17 | 1996-04-30 | Toray Ind Inc | ポリアミドの製造方法およびポリアミド重合用2軸押出機 |
JPH11503778A (ja) * | 1995-04-15 | 1999-03-30 | ビーエーエスエフ アクチェンゲゼルシャフト | ジカルボン酸とジアミンを基材とするポリアミドの製造方法 |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2016521791A (ja) * | 2013-06-12 | 2016-07-25 | ビーエーエスエフ ソシエタス・ヨーロピアBasf Se | 高いガラス転移温度および高い結晶化度を有する部分芳香族コポリアミド |
KR20200063224A (ko) * | 2017-10-20 | 2020-06-04 | 디에스엠 아이피 어셋츠 비.브이. | 폴리아미드 공중합체, 이의 제조 방법 및 이로 제조된 성형된 부품 |
KR102684037B1 (ko) | 2017-10-20 | 2024-07-10 | 디에스엠 아이피 어셋츠 비.브이. | 폴리아미드 공중합체, 이의 제조 방법 및 이로 제조된 성형된 부품 |
WO2021049266A1 (ja) * | 2019-09-12 | 2021-03-18 | 宇部興産株式会社 | 共重合ポリアミドの製造方法 |
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ES2366267T3 (es) | 2011-10-18 |
US8765902B2 (en) | 2014-07-01 |
US20100190952A1 (en) | 2010-07-29 |
CN101679626B (zh) | 2011-12-21 |
PL2160431T3 (pl) | 2011-12-30 |
JP5715415B2 (ja) | 2015-05-07 |
WO2008155271A1 (de) | 2008-12-24 |
EP2160431A1 (de) | 2010-03-10 |
EP2160431B1 (de) | 2011-07-13 |
ATE516319T1 (de) | 2011-07-15 |
CN101679626A (zh) | 2010-03-24 |
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