JP2010509231A - プロテインキナーゼの阻害剤として有用なアミノピリジンおよびアミノピリミジン - Google Patents
プロテインキナーゼの阻害剤として有用なアミノピリジンおよびアミノピリミジン Download PDFInfo
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- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D471/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00
- C07D471/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
- C07D471/04—Ortho-condensed systems
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Abstract
Description
本発明は、プロテインキナーゼの阻害剤として有用な化合物に関する。また、本発明は、本発明の化合物を含む、薬学的に受容可能な組成物、および該組成物をさまざまな疾患の治療に用いる方法も提供する。また、本発明は、本発明の化合物を調製する工程も提供する。
グリコーゲンシンターゼキナーゼ−3(GSK−3)は、それぞれ異なった遺伝子によってコードされるαイソフォームおよびβイソフォームで構成されるセリン/スレオニンプロテインキナーゼである[Coghlanら、Chemistry & Biology 2000、7、793−803;ならびにKimおよびKimmel、Curr.Opinion Genetics Dev.、2000 10、508−514]。GSK−3は、糖尿病、アルツハイマー病、中枢神経系疾患(例えば、双極性疾患、統合失調症、脳卒中、ハンチントン病、およびその他の神経変性疾患)、白血球減少症、ならびに心筋細胞肥大などを含む、さまざまな疾患、障害、および症状と関連付けられている[特許文献1および特許文献2;ならびにHaqら、J.Cell Biol.2000、151、117−130]。これらの疾患、障害、および症状は、GSK−3が関与するある種の細胞シグナル伝達経路の異常な作用と関連している。GSK−3は、多くの調節タンパク質をリン酸化し、その活性を調節することが分かっている。これらのタンパク質には、グリコーゲン合成に必要な律速酵素であるグリコーゲンシンターゼ、微小管結合タンパク質タウ、遺伝子転写因子β−カテニン、翻訳開始因子e1F2B、ならびに、ATPクエン酸リアーゼ、アキシン、熱ショック因子−1、c−Jun、c−myc、c−myb、CREB、およびCEPBαが挙げられる。細胞の代謝、増殖、分化、および成長の数多くの態様において、これらの多様なタンパク質標的は、GSK−3に関係していることを示す。
本発明は、以下の化学式Iの化合物を提供する。
本発明は、以下の化学式Iの化合物、またはその薬学的に受容可能な塩を提供する。
環Dは、5〜7員の単環式のアリール環またはヘテロアリール環であって、該ヘテロアリール環が、窒素、酸素、または硫黄から選択される、1〜4個の環へテロ原子を有する環であって;該環Dが、−R1から独立して選択される、1個または2個のオルト置換基を有し;環D上の任意の置換可能な非オルト位炭素は、−R5によって別個に置換され、環D上にある2つの隣接した置換基は、それらの間に介在する原子と一緒に、酸素、硫黄、または窒素から任意に選択される、0〜3個のヘテロ原子を有する、縮合した不飽和型または部分不飽和型の5〜6員の環であって、該縮合環が、ハロ、オキソ、または−R8で任意に置換され;
R1は−ハロ、−CN、−NO2、T−V−R6、フェニル、5〜6員ヘテロアリール環、4〜6員ヘテロシクリル環、またはC1〜6脂肪族基から選択される;ただし、該フェニル、ヘテロアリール、およびヘテロシクリル環は、それぞれ任意に、ハロ、オキソ、または−R8から独立して選択される、最多で3個の基によって置換され;該C1〜6脂肪族基は、任意にハロ、シアノ、ニトロ、OH、またはオキソによって置換されているか;または、R1および隣接する置換基が、それらの間に介在する原子と一緒に、環Dに縮合した上記環を形成し;
Xは、硫黄、酸素、またはNR2’であり;
Yは、窒素またはCR2であり;
Z1およびZ2は、それぞれ独立してNまたはCR9である;ただし、Z1またはZ2の少なくとも一つはNであり;
RXは、−T1−R3であり;
RYは、−T2−R10であり;
R2およびR2’は、−Rまたは−T3−W−R6から独立して選択されるか;あるいは、R2およびR2’は、それらの間に介在する原子と一緒に、窒素、酸素、または硫黄から選択される0〜3個の環へテロ原子を有する、縮合した5〜8員の不飽和型または部分不飽和型の環を形成する;ただし、R2およびR2’によって形成された該縮合環上の置換可能な炭素はそれぞれ、ハロ、オキソ、−CN、−NO2、−R7、または−V−R6で置換され;また、R2およびR2’によって形成された該環上の置換可能な窒素はR4で置換され;
T、T1、T3はそれぞれ、結合またはC1〜4アルキリデン鎖であり;
T2は、独立して結合またはC1〜4アルキリデン鎖であるが、該アルキリデン鎖のうち、最大3個のメチレン単位が、任意に、−O−、−C(=O)−、−S(O)−、−S(O)2−、−S−、または−N(R4)−によって置換され;
R3は、−R、−ハロ、−OR、−C(=O)R、−CO2R、−COCOR、−COCH2COR、−NO2、−CN、−S(O)R、−S(O)2R、−SR、−N(R4)2、−CON(R7)2、−SO2N(R7)2、−OC(=0)R、−N(R7)COR、−N(R7)CO2R”、−N(R4)N(R4)2、−N(R7)CON(R7)2、−N(R7)SO2N(R7)2、−N(R4)SO2R、または−OC(=O)N(R7)2から選択され;
R4は、−R7、−COR7、−CO2R”、−CON(R7)2、またはSO2R7からそれぞれ独立して選択されるか;または、同一の窒素上にある2つのR4が一緒になって3〜8員のヘテロシクリル環またはヘテロアリール環を形成し;
R5は、−R、ハロ、−OR、−C(=O)R、−CO2R、−COCOR、−NO2、−CN、−S(O)R、−SO2R、−SR、−N(R4)2、−CON(R4)2、−SO2N(R4)2、−OC(=O)R、−N(R4)COR、−N(R4)CO2R”、−N(R4)N(R4)2、−C=NN(R4)2、−C=N−OR、−N(R4)CON(R4)2、−N(R4)SO2N(R4)2、−N(R4)SO2R、または−OC(=O)N(R4)2からそれぞれ独立して選択され;
Vは、−O−、−S−、−SO−、−SO2−、−N(R6)SO2−、−SO2N(R6)−、−N(R6)−、−CO−、−CO2−、−N(R6)CO−、−N(R6)C(O)O−、−N(R6)CON(R6)−、−N(R6)SO2N(R6)−、−N(R6)N(R6)−、−C(O)N(R6)−、−OC(O)N(R6)−、−C(R6)2O−、−C(R6)2S−、−C(R6)2SO−、−C(R6)2SO2−、−C(R6)2SO2N(R6)−、−C(R6)2N(R6)−、−C(R6)2N(R6)C(O)−、−C(R6)2N(R6)C(O)O−、−C(R6)=NN(R6)−、−C(R6)=N−O−、−C(R6)2N(R6)N(R6)−、−C(R6)2N(R6)SO2N(R6)−、または−C(R6)2N(R6)CON(R6)−であり;
Wは、−C(R6)2O−、−C(R6)2S−、−C(R6)2SO−、−C(R6)2SO2−、−C(R6)2SO2N(R6)−、−C(R6)2N(R6)−、−CO−、−CO2−、−C(R6)20C(O)−、−C(R6)2OC(O)N(R6)−、−C(R6)2N(R6)CO−、−C(R6)2N(R6)C(O)O−、−C(R6)=NN(R6)−、−C(R6)=N−O−、−C(R6)2N(R6)N(R6)−、−C(R6)2N(R6)SO2N(R6)−、−C(R6)2N(R6)CON(R6)−、または−CON(R6)−であり;
R6はそれぞれ独立して、水素、または0〜3個のJ6で任意に置換されているC1〜4脂肪族基から選択されるか;または、同一の窒素原子上の2つのR6基が、その窒素原子と一緒になって、4〜6員のヘテロシクリル環またはヘテロアリール環であって、0〜4個のJ6によって任意に置換されているヘテロシクリル環またはヘテロアリール環を形成し;
R7はそれぞれ独立して、水素またはR”から選択されるか;または、同一の窒素上の2つのR7が該窒素と一緒になって、4〜8員のヘテロシクリル環またはヘテロアリール環であって、0〜4個のJ7によって任意に置換されているヘテロシクリル環またはヘテロアリール環を形成し;
R8はそれぞれ独立して、−OR6、−SR6、−COR6、−SO2R6、−N(R6)2、−N(R6)N(R6)2、−CN、−NO2、−CON(R6)2、−CO2R6、または任意で0〜3個のJ8によって置換されているC1〜4脂肪族基から選択され;
R9はそれぞれ、−R’、−ハロ、−OR’、−C(=O)R’、−CO2R’、−COCOR’、COCH2COR’、−NO2、−CN、−S(O)R’、−S(O)2R’、−SR’、−N(R’)2、−CON(R’)2、−SO2N(R’)2、−OC(=O)R’、−N(R’)COR’、−N(R’)CO2(C1〜6脂肪族)、−N(R’)N(R’)2、−N(R’)CON(R’)2、−N(R’)SO2N(R’)2、−N(R’)SO2R’、−OC(=O)N(R’)2、=NN(R’)2、=N−OR’、または=Oであり;
R10はそれぞれ、O、NR11、またはSから選択される1〜2個のヘテロ原子を含む4員ヘテロシクリル環であって;R10はそれぞれ、0〜6個のJの存在によって任意に置換され;
R11はそれぞれ、−R7、−COR7、−CO2R”、−CON(R7)2、または−SO2R7であり;
Rはそれぞれ独立して、水素、またはC1〜6脂肪族基、C6〜10アリール基、5〜10個の環原子を有するヘテロアリール環、もしくは4〜10個の環原子を有するヘテロシクリル環から選択される、任意で置換された基から選択され;各Rが、任意で0〜5個のR9でそれぞれ任意に置換され;
R’はそれぞれ独立して、水素、または任意に0〜4個のJ’によって置換されているC1〜6脂肪族基であるか;あるいは、2つのR’が、共に結合している原子とともに、3〜6員のカルボシクリルまたはヘテロシクリルであって、0〜4個のJ’によって任意に置換されているカルボシクリルまたはヘテロシクリルを形成し;
R”はそれぞれ独立して、0〜4個のJ”で任意に置換されているC1〜6脂肪族基であり;
J’およびJ”はそれぞれ独立して、NH2、NH(C1〜4脂肪族)、N(C1〜4脂肪族)2、ハロゲン、C1〜4脂肪族、OH、O(C1〜4脂肪族)、NO2、CN、CO2H、CO2(C1〜4脂肪族)、O(ハロC1〜4脂肪族)、またはハロC1〜4脂肪族であり;
J、J6、およびJ8はそれぞれ独立して、−ハロ、−OR、オキソ、C1〜6脂肪族、−C(=O)R、−CO2R、−COCOR、COCH2COR、−NO2、−CN、−S(O)R、−S(O)2R、−SR、−N(R4)2、−CON(R7)2、−SO2N(R7)2、−OC(=O)R、−N(R7)COR、−N(R7)CO2(C1〜6脂肪族)、−N(R4)N(R4)2、=NN(R4)2、=N−OR、−N(R7)CON(R7)2、−N(R7)SO2N(R7)2、−N(R4)SO2R、または−OC(=O)NR7)2であり;
J7はそれぞれ独立して、−ハロ、−OR、オキソ、C1〜6脂肪族、−C(=O)R、−CO2R、−COCOR、COCH2COR、−NO2、−CN、−S(O)R、−S(O)2R、−SR、−N(R12)2、−CON(R12)2、−SO2N(R12)2、−OC(=O)R、−N(R12)COR、−N(R12)CO2(C1〜6脂肪族)、−N(R12)N(R12)2、=NN(R12)2、=N−OR、−N(R12)CON(R12)2、−N(R12)SO2N(R12)2、−N(R12)SO2R、または−OC(=O)N(R12)2であるか;あるいは、同一原子上または異なる原子上にある、2つのJ基、2つのJ6基、2つのJ7基、または2つのJ8基が、共に結合している原子とともに、O、N、またはSから選択される、0〜2個のヘテロ原子を有する、3〜8員の飽和型、部分飽和型、または非飽和型の環を形成し;
R12は独立して、水素またはR”から選択されるか;あるいは、同一の窒素上にある2つのR12が、その窒素原子と一緒になって、4〜8員のヘテロシクリル環またはヘテロアリール環であって、0〜4個のJ”によって任意に置換されているヘテロシクリル環またはヘテロアリール環を形成している。
DCM ジクロロメタン
CDI カルボニルジイミダゾール
DMF ジメチルホルムアミド
EtOAc 酢酸エチル
DMSO ジメチルスルホキシド
ATP アデノシン三リン酸
DTT ジチオスレイトール
NMR 核磁気共鳴法
HPLC 高速液体クロマトグラフィー法
LCMS 液体クロマトグラフィー質量分析法
TLC 薄層クロマトグラフィー法
Rt 保持時間。
環Dは、5〜7員の単環式のアリール環またはヘテロアリール環であって、該ヘテロアリール環が、窒素、酸素、または硫黄から選択される、1〜4個の環へテロ原子を有する環であって;ただし、該環Dは、−R1から独立して選択される、1個または2個のオルト置換基を有し;環D上の任意の置換可能な非オルト位炭素は、−R5によって別個に置換され、環D上にある2つの隣接した置換基は、任意に、それらの間に介在する原子と一緒に、酸素、硫黄、または窒素から選択される、0〜3個のヘテロ原子を有する、縮合した不飽和型または部分不飽和型の5〜6員の環であって、該縮合環が、ハロ、オキソ、または−R8で任意に置換されている;
R1は−ハロ、−CN、−NO2、T−V−R6、フェニル、5〜6員ヘテロアリール環、4〜6員ヘテロシクリル環、またはC1〜6脂肪族基から選択される;ただし、該フェニル、ヘテロアリール、およびヘテロシクリル環は、それぞれ任意に、ハロ、オキソ、または−R8から独立して選択される、最多で3個の基によって置換され;該C1〜6脂肪族基は、任意にハロ、シアノ、ニトロ、OH、またはオキソによって置換されているか;または、R1および隣接する置換基が、それらの間に介在する原子と一緒に、環Dに縮合した上記環を形成し;
Xは、硫黄、酸素、またはNR2’であり;
Yは、窒素またはCR2であり;
Z1およびZ2は、それぞれ独立してNまたはCR9である;ただし、Z1またはZ2の少なくとも一つはNであり;
RXは、−T1−R3であり;
RYは、−T2−R10であり;
R2およびR2’は、−Rまたは−T3−W−R6から独立して選択されるか;あるいは、R2およびR2’は、それらの間に介在する原子と一緒に、窒素、酸素、または硫黄から選択される0〜3個の環へテロ原子を有する、縮合した5〜8員の不飽和型または部分不飽和型の環を形成する;ただし、R2およびR2’によって形成された該縮合環上の置換可能な炭素はそれぞれ、ハロ、オキソ、−CN、−NO2、−R7、または−V−R6で置換され;また、R2およびR2’によって形成された該環上の置換可能な窒素はR4で置換され;
T、T1、T3はそれぞれ、結合またはC1〜4アルキリデン鎖であり;
T2は、独立して結合またはC1〜4アルキリデン鎖であるが、該アルキリデン鎖のうち、最大3個のメチレン単位が、−O−、−C(=O)−、−S(O)−、−S(O)2−、−S−、または−N(R4)−によって任意に置換され;
R3は、−R、−ハロ、−OR、−C(=O)R、−CO2R、−COCOR、−COCH2COR、−NO2、−CN、−S(O)R、−S(O)2R、−SR、−N(R4)2、−CON(R7)2、−SO2N(R7)2、−OC(=0)R、−N(R7)COR、−N(R7)CO2R”、−N(R4)N(R4)2、−N(R7)CON(R7)2、−N(R7)SO2N(R7)2、−N(R4)SO2R、または−OC(=O)N(R7)2から選択され;
R4は、−R7、−COR7、−CO2R”、−CON(R7)2、またはSO2R7からそれぞれ独立して選択されるか;または、同一の窒素上にある2つのR4が一緒になって3〜8員のヘテロシクリル環またはヘテロアリール環を形成し;
R5は、−R、ハロ、−OR、−C(=O)R、−CO2R、−COCOR、−NO2、−CN、−S(O)R、−SO2R、−SR、−N(R4)2、−CON(R4)2、−SO2N(R4)2、−OC(=O)R、−N(R4)COR、−N(R4)CO2R”、−N(R4)N(R4)2、−C=NN(R4)2、−C=N−OR、−N(R4)CON(R4)2、−N(R4)SO2N(R4)2、−N(R4)SO2R、または−OC(=O)N(R4)2からそれぞれ独立して選択され;
Vは、−O−、−S−、−SO−、−SO2−、−N(R6)SO2−、−SO2N(R6)−、−N(R6)−、−CO−、−CO2−、−N(R6)CO−、−N(R6)C(O)O−、−N(R6)CON(R6)−、−N(R6)SO2N(R6)−、−N(R6)N(R6)−、−C(O)N(R6)−、−OC(O)N(R6)−、−C(R6)2O−、−C(R6)2S−、−C(R6)2SO−、−C(R6)2SO2−、−C(R6)2SO2N(R6)−、−C(R6)2N(R6)−、−C(R6)2N(R6)C(O)−、−C(R6)2N(R6)C(O)O−、−C(R6)=NN(R6)−、−C(R6)=N−O−、−C(R6)2N(R6)N(R6)−、−C(R6)2N(R6)SO2N(R6)−、または−C(R6)2N(R6)CON(R6)−であり;
Wは、−C(R6)2O−、−C(R6)2S−、−C(R6)2SO−、−C(R6)2SO2−、−C(R6)2SO2N(R6)−、−C(R6)2N(R6)−、−CO−、−CO2−、−C(R6)20C(O)−、−C(R6)2OC(O)N(R6)−、−C(R6)2N(R6)CO−、−C(R6)2N(R6)C(O)O−、−C(R6)=NN(R6)−、−C(R6)=N−O−、−C(R6)2N(R6)N(R6)−、−C(R6)2N(R6)SO2N(R6)−、−C(R6)2N(R6)CON(R6)−、または−CON(R6)−であり;
R6はそれぞれ独立して、水素、または0〜3個のJ6で任意に置換されているC1〜4脂肪族基から選択されるか;または、同一の窒素原子上の2つのR6基が、その窒素原子と一緒になって、4〜6員のヘテロシクリル環またはヘテロアリール環であって、0〜4個のJ6によって任意に置換されているヘテロシクリル環またはヘテロアリール環を形成し;
R7はそれぞれ独立して、水素またはR”から選択されるか;または、同一の窒素上の2つのR7が該窒素と一緒になって、4〜8員のヘテロシクリル環またはヘテロアリール環であって、0〜4個のJ7によって任意に置換されているヘテロシクリル環またはヘテロアリール環を形成し;
R8はそれぞれ独立して、−OR6、−SR6、−COR6、−SO2R6、−N(R6)2、−N(R6)N(R6)2、−CN、−NO2、−CON(R6)2、−CO2R6、または任意で0〜3個のJ8によって置換されているC1〜4脂肪族基から選択され;
R9はそれぞれ、−R’、−ハロ、−OR’、−C(=O)R’、−CO2R’、−COCOR’、COCH2COR’、−NO2、−CN、−S(O)R’、−S(O)2R’、−SR’、−N(R’)2、−CON(R’)2、−SO2N(R’)2、−OC(=O)R’、−N(R’)COR’、−N(R’)CO2(C1〜6脂肪族)、−N(R’)N(R’)2、=N(R’)CON(R’)2、−N(R’)SO2N(R’)2、−N(R’)SO2R’、−OC(=O)N(R’)2、=NN(R’)2、=N−OR’、または=Oであり;
R10はそれぞれ、O、NR11、またはSから選択される1〜2個のヘテロ原子を含む4員ヘテロシクリル環であって;R10はそれぞれ、0〜6個のJの存在によって任意に置換され;
R11はそれぞれ、−R7、−COR7、−CO2R”、−CON(R7)2、または−SO2R7であり;
Rはそれぞれ独立して、水素、またはC1〜6脂肪族基、C6〜10アリール基、5〜10個の環原子を有するヘテロアリール環、もしくは4〜10個の環原子を有するヘテロシクリル環から選択される、任意で置換された基から選択され;各Rが、任意で0〜5個のR9でそれぞれ任意に置換され;
R’はそれぞれ独立して、水素、または0〜4個のJ’によって任意に置換されているC1〜6脂肪族基であるか;あるいは、2つのR’が、ともに結合している原子とともに、3〜6員のカルボシクリルまたはヘテロシクリルであって、0〜4個のJ’によって任意に置換されているカルボシクリルまたはヘテロシクリルを形成し;
R”はそれぞれ独立して、0〜4個のJ”で任意に置換されているC1〜6脂肪族基であり;
J’およびJ”はそれぞれ独立して、NH2、NH(C1〜4脂肪族)、N(C1〜4脂肪族)2、ハロゲン、C1〜4脂肪族、OH、O(C1〜4脂肪族)、NO2、CN、CO2H、CO2(C1〜4脂肪族)、O(ハロC1〜4脂肪族)、またはハロC1〜4脂肪族であり;
J、J6、およびJ8はそれぞれ独立して、−ハロ、−OR、オキソ、C1〜6脂肪族、−C(=O)R、−CO2R、−COCOR、COCH2COR、−NO2、−CN、−S(O)R、−S(O)2R、−SR、−N(R4)2、−CON(R7)2、−SO2N(R7)2、−OC(=O)R、−N(R7)COR、−N(R7)CO2(C1〜6脂肪族)、−N(R4)N(R4)2、=NN(R4)2、=N−OR、−N(R7)CON(R7)2、−N(R7)SO2N(R7)2、−N(R4)SO2R、または−OC(=O)NR7)2であり;
J7はそれぞれ独立して、−ハロ、−OR、オキソ、C1〜6脂肪族、−C(=O)R、−CO2R、−COCOR、COCH2COR、−NO2、−CN、−S(O)R、−S(O)2R、−SR、−N(R12)2、−CON(R12)2、−SO2N(R12)2、−OC(=O)R、−N(R12)COR、−N(R12)CO2(C1〜6脂肪族)、−N(R12)N(R12)2、=NN(R12)2、=N−OR、−N(R12)CON(R12)2、−N(R12)SO2N(R12)2、−N(R12)SO2R、または−OC(=O)N(R12)2であるか;あるいは、同一原子上または異なる原子上にある、2つのJ基、2つのJ6基、2つのJ7基、または2つのJ8基が、共に結合している原子とともに、O、N、またはSから選択される、0〜2個のヘテロ原子を有する、3〜8員の飽和型、部分飽和型、、または非飽和型の環を形成し;
R12は独立して、水素またはR”から選択されるか;あるいは、同一の窒素上にある2つのR12が、その窒素原子と一緒になって、4〜8員のヘテロシクリル環またはヘテロアリール環であって、0〜4個のJ”によって任意に置換されているヘテロシクリル環またはヘテロアリール環を形成している。
本発明の化合物は、通常、以下の一般的な手順に記載した方法などの方法によって調製することができ、その後に調製例を示す。別段の記載がない限り、以下の手順ですべての変数は、本明細書で定義されている通りである。
1)適当な塩基(EtONaなど)および適当な溶媒(例えば、EtOHなど)の存在下、適当な条件(還流EtOHなど)下で、マロン酸ジエチルを、以下の化学式3の化合物と反応させる工程;
1)以下の化学式3の化合物を、適当な条件(例えば、EtOHでの還流)下で、以下の化学式2の化合物と反応させる工程;
1)適当な条件(例えば、0℃にて窒素下DMAP/DCM)のもと、CDIの存在下で、メルドラム酸で、以下の化学式Iの化合物を処理する工程;
3)適当な条件下で工程2の生成物をエステル化して、化学式4の化合物を生成させる工程(例えば、エタノールで還流する工程)
を含む。
カラム:ACE C8カラム、4.6×150mm
勾配:0〜100%の60:40のアセトニトリル+メタノール(20mMのトリスリン酸塩)
流量:1.5mL/分
検出限界:225nm。
エトキシドナトリウム(19.83g、291mmol)のエタノール溶液[予め、ナトリウム(6.7g、291mmol)をエタノール(200mL)に溶解して調製してた]を、常温で撹拌しながら、マロン酸ジエチル(14.73mL、97mmol)で処理した。そして、2−クロロベンズアミジン(15g、97mmol)のエタノール溶液(100mL)を、室温で撹拌しながら滴下して加えた。そして、滴下が完了したところで、反応混合液を還流しながら5時間加熱した後、一晩放置した。この反応混合液を真空中で濃縮し、水を加え、2NのHClを用いてpHをpH3〜4に調整した。生成して得られた固体を濾過し、水およびジエチルエーテルで洗浄すると、表題の化合物が固体として得られた(17.12g、79%)。MS(ES+)m/e=223。1H NMR:(DMSO)5.33(IH,s),7.43−7.70(4H,m),12.00(2H,brs)。
2−(2−クロロフェニル)ピリミジン−4,6−ジオール(17.10g、76.81mmol)および塩化ホスホリル(36mL、386mmol)を含む混合液を室温で撹拌しながら、N,N−ジエチルアニリン(12.22mL、76.81mmol)で慎重に処理した。そして、反応混合液を還流しながら2時間加熱してから、室温に冷却し、真空中で濃縮した。次に、生成した半固体を冷水で処理し、得られた固体を濾過した。エタノールで再結晶させると、表題の化合物が白色の固体として得られた(13.05g、65%)。MS(ES+)m/e=259。1H NMR:(DMSO)7.48−7.67(3H,m),7.77−7.82(1H,m),8.13(1H,s)。
5−メチル−1H−ピラゾール−3−アミン(187mg、1.93mmol)、N,N−ジイソプロピルエチルアミン(503μl、2.89mmol)、ヨウ化ナトリウム(289mg、1.93mmol)、およびDMF(50mL)を含む混合液を、4,6−ジクロロ−2−(2−クロロフェニル)ピリミジン(500mg、1.93mmol)で処理した。そして、この反応混合液を110℃で48時間加熱してから、室温に冷却し、真空中で濃縮した。得られた残留物をカラムクロマトグラフィー(MeOH/DCM、5/95で溶出)によって精製したところ、表題の化合物が固体として得られた(433mg、70%)。MS(ES+)m/e=320。1H NMR:(DMSO)2.18−2.23(3H,m),7.40−7.70(6H,m),10.32(1H,s),12.10(1H,brs)。
6−クロロ−2−(2−クロロフェニル)−N−(5−メチル−1H−ピラゾール−3−イル)ピリミジン−4−アミン(430mg、1.34mmol)、N,N−ジイソプロピルエチルアミン(1.17ml、6.72mmol)、アゼチジン(272mL、4.03mmol)、およびn−ブタノール(20mL)を含む混合液を108℃で一晩加熱した。この反応混合液を室温に冷却し、真空中で濃縮した。この濃縮物を、酢酸エチル/石油エーテルおよび水で処理し、得られた固体を濾過した。この固体を更なる量の酢酸エチル/石油エーテルおよび水で洗浄し、真空中で乾燥させると、表題の化合物が白色の固体として得られた(350mg、76%)。MS(ES+)m/e=341。1H NMR:(DMSO)2.28−2.40(2H,m),3.91−4.03(4H,m),5.90(1H,brs),6.30(1H,brs),7.31−7.60(4H,m),9.28(1H,brs),11.88(1H,brs)。
DCM(80mL)中のBoc−アゼチジン−3−カルボン酸(3.99g、19.8mmol)、メルドラム酸(4.29g、29.8mmol)、およびDMAP(3.63g、29.7mmol)の混合液に、0℃にて窒素下で、DCM(50mL)中のCDI(3.87g、23.9mmol)を10分間にわたって添加した。5分後に冷浴を取り除き、反応混合液を一晩撹拌した。この反応液を1MのHCl(×2)、飽和食塩水、その後、水で洗浄し、乾燥させ(MgSO4)、濾過して濃縮した。無水エタノール(40mL)を加え、この混合液を6時間還流してから、真空中で濃縮した。カラムクロマトグラフィー(石油エーテル/酢酸エチル,1:1で溶離)によって精製を行ったところ、所望のケトエステル(4.91g、92%)が無色の油状物として得られた。MS(ES+)m/e=276。1H NMR:(CDCl3)1.30(3H,t),1.42(9H,s),3.48(2H,s),3.60(1H,五重線),4.02−4.10(4H,m),4.20(2H,q)。
エタノール(100mL)中の3−オキソ−3−(3’−N−Boc−アゼチジン)プロパン酸(6.11g、22.5mmol)、2−クロロベンズアミジン(7.32g、47.3mmol)、およびトリエチルアミン(12.6mL、90.2mmol)の混合液を一晩還流した。この反応混合液を濃縮し、残留液をカラムクロマトグラフィー(酢酸エチル/メタノール、9:1で溶離)によって精製すると、所望のピリミジン(6.09g、75%)が白色の固体として得られた。MS(ES−)m/e=320。1H NMR: (CDCl3)1.41(9H,s),3.64(1H,五重線),4.13(2H,t),4.21(2H,t),6.27(1H,s),7.33−7.50(3H,m),7.62(1H,d)。
POCl3(10mL)中の3−(2−(2−クロロフェニル)−6−ヒドロキシピリミジン−4−イル)アゼチジン−1−カルボン酸tert−ブチル(2.27g、6.27mmol)を90分間還流してから濃縮した。残留液をカラムクロマトグラフィー(DCM/メタノール/NH3水溶液、70/9/1で溶離)によって精製すると、EtOAcによる摩砕後に、所望のクロロピリミジン(986mg、56%)が白色の固体として得られた。MS(ES+)m/e=280。1H NMR:(DMSO)4.22−4.40(5H,m),7.50−7.60(2H,m),7.66(1H,d),7.81(1H,s),7.89(1H,d)。
トリエチレンアミン(795mg、7.86mmol)を、窒素下で、THF(26mL)中の4−(アゼチジン−3−イル)−6−クロロ−2−(2−クロロフェニル)ピリミジン(1.1g、3.93mmol)および二炭酸ジ−tert−ブチル(THF中1M、4.72mmol)に加えた。1時間後、この反応液を濃縮し、残留液をカラムクロマトグラフィー(EtOAc/DCM、1/9で溶離)によって精製すると、所望のカルバミン酸塩(1.30mg、87%)が無色の油状物として得られた。MS(ES+)m/e=380。
DMF(5mL)中の3−(6−クロロ−2−(2−クロロフェニル)ピリミジン−4−イル)アゼチジン−1−カルボン酸tert−ブチル(280mg、0.74mmol)、5−メチル−1H−ピラゾール−3−アミン(86mg、0.88mmol)、DIPEA(124mg、0.96mmol)、およびヨウ化ナトリウム(122mg、0.81mmol)の混合液を120℃で一晩加熱した。この反応混合液を濃縮し、残留液をEtOAcと飽和食塩水の間に分配した。EtOAcでさらに抽出してから、有機層をまとめて乾燥させ(MgSO4)、濾過し、濃縮した。カラムクロマトグラフィー(石油エーテル/酢酸エチル、1/1で溶離)によって精製した。この残留液をTFA(1mL)およびDCM(3mL)に溶解し、45分間撹拌してから濃縮した。Gilson分取用HPLCによって精製すると、アゼチジンが白色の固体(32mg、13%)として得られた。MS(ES+)m/e=341。1H NMR:(DMSO)2.23(3H,s),4.05−4.28(5H,m),6.25(1H,s),7.11(1H,s),7.43−7.65(3H,m),7.78(1H,d),8.97(1H,s),9.61(1H,s),10.47(1H,s)。
本発明の化合物を、標準的な共役酵素系(Foxら、Protein Sci.1998,7,2249)を用いて、GSK−3β(AA 1−420)の活性を阻害できるかについてスクリーニングした。反応は、100mMのHEPES(pH7.5)、10mMのMgCl2、25mMのNaCl、300μMのNADH、1mMのDTT、および1.5%DMSOを含む溶液中で行った。このアッセイにおける基質の最終濃度は、ATP(Sigma Chemicals,St Louis,MO)が20μM、およびペプチド(American Peptide,Sunnyvale,CA)が300μMであった。反応を、30℃および20nMのGSK−3βで行った。共役酵素系の成分の最終濃度は、ホスホエノールピルビン酸塩が2.5mM、NADHが300μM、ピルビン酸キナーゼが30μg/ml、また乳酸脱水素酵素が10μg/mlであった。
Claims (43)
- 以下の化学式I:
式中、Htは、
環Dは、5〜7員の単環式のアリール環またはヘテロアリール環であって、該ヘテロアリール環は、窒素、酸素、または硫黄から選択される、1〜4個の環へテロ原子を有し;ここで、該環Dは、−R1から独立して選択される、1個または2個のオルト置換基を有し;環D上の任意の置換可能な非オルト位炭素は、−R5で別個に置換され、環D上にある2つの隣接した置換基は、それらの間に介在する原子と一緒になって、酸素、硫黄、または窒素から任意に選択される、0〜3個のヘテロ原子を有する、縮合した不飽和型または部分不飽和型の5〜6員の環を形成し、該縮合環は、ハロ、オキソ、または−R8で任意に置換され;
R1は−ハロ、−CN、−NO2、T−V−R6、フェニル、5〜6員ヘテロアリール環、4〜6員ヘテロシクリル環、またはC1〜6脂肪族基から選択され;ここで、該フェニル、ヘテロアリール、およびヘテロシクリル環は、それぞれ任意に、ハロ、オキソ、または−R8から独立して選択される、最多で3個の基によって置換され;該C1〜6脂肪族基は、任意にハロ、シアノ、ニトロ、OH、またはオキソによって置換されるか;または、R1および隣接する置換基は、それらの間に介在する原子と一緒になって、環Dに縮合した環を形成し;
Xは、硫黄、酸素、またはNR2’であり;
Yは、窒素またはCR2であり;
Z1およびZ2は、それぞれ独立してNまたはCR9である;ただし、Z1またはZ2の少なくとも一つはNであり;
RXは、−T1−R3であり;
RYは、−T2−R10であり;
R2およびR2’は、−Rまたは−T3−W−R6から独立して選択されるか;あるいは、R2およびR2’は、それらの間に介在する原子と一緒に、窒素、酸素、または硫黄から選択される0〜3個の環へテロ原子を有する、縮合した5〜8員の不飽和型または部分不飽和型の環を形成し;ここで、R2およびR2’によって形成された該縮合環上の置換可能な炭素はそれぞれ、ハロ、オキソ、−CN、−NO2、−R7、または−V−R6で置換され;また、R2およびR2’によって形成された該環上の置換可能な窒素はR4で置換され;
T、T1、T3はそれぞれ、結合またはC1〜4アルキリデン鎖であり;
T2は、独立して結合またはC1〜4アルキリデン鎖であり、ここで該アルキリデン鎖の最大3個のメチレン単位が、任意に、−O−、−C(=O)−、−S(O)−、−S(O)2−、−S−、または−N(R4)−によって置換され;
R3は、−R、−ハロ、−OR、−C(=O)R、−CO2R、−COCOR、−COCH2COR、−NO2、−CN、−S(O)R、−S(O)2R、−SR、−N(R4)2、−CON(R7)2、−SO2N(R7)2、−OC(=0)R、−N(R7)COR、−N(R7)CO2R”、−N(R4)N(R4)2、−N(R7)CON(R7)2、−N(R7)SO2N(R7)2、−N(R4)SO2R、または−OC(=O)N(R7)2から選択され;
R4は、−R7、−COR7、−CO2R”、−CON(R7)2、または−SO2R7からそれぞれ独立して選択されるか;または、同一の窒素上にある2つのR4は、一緒になって3〜8員のヘテロシクリル環またはヘテロアリール環を形成し;
R5は、−R、ハロ、−OR、−C(=O)R、−CO2R、−COCOR、−NO2、−CN、−S(O)R、−SO2R、−SR、−N(R4)2、−CON(R4)2、−SO2N(R4)2、−OC(=O)R、−N(R4)COR、−N(R4)CO2R”、−N(R4)N(R4)2、−C=NN(R4)2、−C=N−OR、−N(R4)CON(R4)2、−N(R4)SO2N(R4)2、−N(R4)SO2R、または−OC(=O)N(R4)2からそれぞれ独立して選択され;
Vは、−O−、−S−、−SO−、−SO2−、−N(R6)SO2−、−SO2N(R6)−、−N(R6)−、−CO−、−CO2−、−N(R6)CO−、−N(R6)C(O)O−、−N(R6)CON(R6)−、−N(R6)SO2N(R6)−、−N(R6)N(R6)−、−C(O)N(R6)−、−OC(O)N(R6)−、−C(R6)2O−、−C(R6)2S−、−C(R6)2SO−、−C(R6)2SO2−、−C(R6)2SO2N(R6)−、−C(R6)2N(R6)−、−C(R6)2N(R6)C(O)−、−C(R6)2N(R6)C(O)O−、−C(R6)=NN(R6)−、−C(R6)=N−O−、−C(R6)2N(R6)N(R6)−、−C(R6)2N(R6)SO2N(R6)−、または−C(R6)2N(R6)CON(R6)−であり;
Wは、−C(R6)2O−、−C(R6)2S−、−C(R6)2SO−、−C(R6)2SO2−、−C(R6)2SO2N(R6)−、−C(R6)2N(R6)−、−CO−、−CO2−、−C(R6)2OC(O)−、−C(R6)2OC(O)N(R6)−、−C(R6)2N(R6)CO−、−C(R6)2N(R6)C(O)O−、−C(R6)=NN(R6)−、−C(R6)=N−O−、−C(R6)2N(R6)N(R6)−、−C(R6)2N(R6)SO2N(R6)−、−C(R6)2N(R6)CON(R6)−、または−CON(R6)−であり;
R6はそれぞれ独立して、水素、または0〜3個のJ6で任意に置換されているC1〜4脂肪族基から選択されるか;または、同一の窒素原子上の2つのR6基が、該窒素原子と一緒になって、4〜6員のヘテロシクリル環またはヘテロアリール環を形成し、該ヘテロシクリル環またはヘテロアリール環は、0〜4個のJ6によって任意に置換され;
R7はそれぞれ独立して、水素またはR”から選択されるか;または、同一の窒素上の2つのR7が該窒素と一緒になって、4〜8員のヘテロシクリル環またはヘテロアリール環を形成し、該ヘテロシクリル環またはヘテロアリール環は、0〜4個のJ7によって任意に置換され;
R8はそれぞれ独立して、−OR6、−SR6、−COR6、−SO2R6、−N(R6)2、−N(R6)N(R6)2、−CN、−NO2、−CON(R6)2、−CO2R6、または任意で0〜3個のJ8で置換されているC1〜4脂肪族基から選択され;
R9はそれぞれ、−R’、−ハロ、−OR’、−C(=O)R’、−CO2R’、−COCOR’、COCH2COR’、−NO2、−CN、−S(O)R’、−S(O)2R’、−SR’、−N(R’)2、−CON(R’)2、−SO2N(R’)2、−OC(=O)R’、−N(R’)COR’、−N(R’)CO2(C1〜6脂肪族)、−N(R’)N(R’)2、−N(R’)CON(R’)2、−N(R’)SO2N(R’)2、−N(R’)SO2R’、−OC(=O)N(R’)2、=NN(R’)2、=N−OR’、または=Oであり;
R10はそれぞれ、O、NR11、またはSから選択される1〜2個のヘテロ原子を含む4員ヘテロシクリル環であって;R10はそれぞれ、0〜6個のJの存在によって任意に置換され;
R11はそれぞれ、−R7、−COR7、−CO2R”、−CON(R7)2、または−SO2R7であり;
Rはそれぞれ独立して、水素、またはC1〜6脂肪族基、C6〜10アリール基、5〜10個の環原子を有するヘテロアリール環、あるいは4〜10個の環原子を有するヘテロシクリル環から選択される、任意に置換された基から選択され;各Rは、任意で0〜5個のR9でそれぞれ任意に置換され;
R’はそれぞれ独立して、水素、または任意に0〜4個のJ’によって置換されているC1〜6脂肪族基であるか;あるいは、2つのR’は、それらが結合している原子と一緒になって、3〜6員のカルボシクリルまたはヘテロシクリルを形成し、該カルボシクリルまたはヘテロシクリルは、0〜4個のJ’で任意に置換され;
R”はそれぞれ独立して、0〜4個のJ”で任意に置換されているC1〜6脂肪族基であり;
J’およびJ”はそれぞれ独立して、NH2、NH(C1〜4脂肪族)、N(C1〜4脂肪族)2、ハロゲン、C1〜4脂肪族、OH、O(C1〜4脂肪族)、NO2、CN、CO2H、CO2(C1〜4脂肪族)、O(ハロC1〜4脂肪族)、またはハロC1〜4脂肪族であり;
J、J6、およびJ8はそれぞれ独立して、−ハロ、−OR、オキソ、C1〜6脂肪族、−C(=O)R、−CO2R、−COCOR、COCH2COR、−NO2、−CN、−S(O)R、−S(O)2R、−SR、−N(R4)2、−CON(R7)2、−SO2N(R7)2、−OC(=O)R、−N(R7)COR、−N(R7)CO2(C1〜6脂肪族)、−N(R4)N(R4)2、=NN(R4)2、=N−OR、−N(R7)CON(R7)2、−N(R7)SO2N(R7)2、−N(R4)SO2R、または−OC(=O)NR7)2であり;
J7はそれぞれ独立して、−ハロ、−OR、オキソ、C1〜6脂肪族、−C(=O)R、−CO2R、−COCOR、COCH2COR、−NO2、−CN、−S(O)R、−S(O)2R、−SR、−N(R12)2、−CON(R12)2、−SO2N(R12)2、−OC(=O)R、−N(R12)COR、−N(R12)CO2(C1〜6脂肪族)、−N(R12)N(R12)2、=NN(R12)2、=N−OR、−N(R12)CON(R12)2、−N(R12)SO2N(R12)2、−N(R12)SO2R、または−OC(=O)N(R12)2であるか;あるいは、同一原子上または異なる原子上にある、2つのJ基、2つのJ6基、2つのJ7基、または2つのJ8基は、それらが結合している原子と一緒になって、O、N、またはSから選択される、0〜2個のヘテロ原子を有する、3〜8員の飽和型、部分飽和型、、または非飽和型の環を形成し;
R12は独立して、水素またはR”から選択されるか;あるいは、同一の窒素上にある2つのR12は、その窒素原子と一緒になって、4〜8員のヘテロシクリル環またはヘテロアリール環を形成し、該ヘテロシクリル環またはヘテロアリール環は0〜4個のJ”によって任意に置換される、化合物。 - XがSである、請求項3記載の化合物。
- YがNである、請求項4記載の化合物。
- YがCR2である、請求項4記載の化合物。
- Z1およびZ2がどちらも窒素である、請求項1から6のいずれか一項記載の化合物。
- Z1がCR9であり、かつZ2が窒素である、請求項1から6のいずれか一項記載の化合物。
- R2’が水素またはメチルである、請求項7から8のいずれか一項記載の化合物。
- R2’が水素である、請求項9記載の化合物。
- R2が、T3−W−R6またはRであり;Wは、−C(R6)2O−、−C(R6)2N(R6)−、−CO−、−CO2−、−C(R6)2OC(O)−、−C(R6)2N(R6)CO−、−C(R6)2N(R6)C(O)O−、または−CON(R6)−であって、かつRが、C1〜6脂肪族またはフェニルから選択される、任意に置換されている基である、請求項9または10記載の化合物。
- R2が水素であるか、または、アリール、ヘテロアリール、もしくはC1〜6脂肪族基から選択される置換型もしくは非置換型の基である、請求項9または10記載の化合物。
- R2が水素であるか、または、アリール、もしくはC1〜6脂肪族基から選択される置換型もしくは非置換型の基である、請求項12記載の化合物。
- R2およびR2’が、それらの間にある原子と一緒になって、置換型または非置換型のベンゾ、ピリド、ピリミド、または部分不飽和型の6員炭素環を形成している、請求項1から6のいずれか一項記載の化合物。
- R2およびR2’が、それらの間にある介在原子と一緒になって、置換型または非置換型のベンゾ環またはピリド環を形成している、請求項14記載の化合物。
- 前記ベンゾ環またはピリド環が、1〜2個のハロ置換基で置換されている、請求項15記載の化合物。
- RXは水素、C1〜4脂肪族、またはハロである、請求項7から14のいずれか一項記載の化合物。
- RXが、水素、フルオロ、メチル、またはエチルである、請求項17記載の化合物。
- RXが水素である、請求項18記載の化合物。
- RYがT2−R10であり、T2が結合である、請求項7から19のいずれか一項記載の化合物。
- R10が、任意に置換されているアゼチジンである、請求項21記載の化合物。
- 環Dが、フェニル、ピリジニル、キノリニル、またはナフチルから選択される、任意に置換されている環である、請求項7から24のいずれか一項記載の化合物。
- 環Dが、フェニル環、ピリジニル環、ピリミジニル環、ピリダジニル環、ピラジニル環、または1,2,4−トリアジニル環である、請求項7から24のいずれか一項記載の化合物。
- 環Dが、フェニルまたはピリジニルである、請求項26記載の化合物。
- 環Dが、任意に置換されているフェニル、イミダゾリル、ピラゾリル、ピリジル、ピリダジニル、ピラジニル、ナフチル、ベンズイミダゾリル、ベンズチアゾリル、キノリニル、キナゾリニル、イソベンゾフラン、インドリル、またはインダゾリルである、請求項7から24のいずれか一項記載の化合物。
- R1が、−ハロであるか、任意に置換されているC1〜6脂肪族基、フェニル、−COR6、−OR6、−CN、−SO2R6、−SO2NH2、−N(R6)2、−CO2R6、−CONH2、−NHCOR6、−OC(O)NH2、または−NHSO2R6である、請求項7から24のいずれか一項記載の化合物。
- R1が、−ハロ、C1〜6ハロ脂肪族基、任意に置換されているC1〜6脂肪族基、フェニル、または−CNである、請求項29記載の化合物。
- R1が、−ハロ、任意にハロゲンで置換されているC1〜4脂肪族基、または−CNである、請求項30記載の化合物。
- 請求項1から32のいずれか一項記載の化合物、および薬学的に受容可能な担体、アジュバント、またはビヒクルを含む組成物。
- 化学療法剤もしくは抗増殖剤、抗炎症剤、免疫調節剤もしくは免疫抑制剤、神経栄養因子、心血管系疾患を治療するための薬剤、糖尿病を治療するための薬剤、または免疫不全障害を治療するための薬剤から選択される治療薬をさらに含む、請求項33記載の組成物。
- 生体外の生物学的サンプルまたはインビトロの生物学的サンプル中のGSK−3活性を、請求項1から32のいずれか一項記載の化合物によって阻害する方法。
- 糖尿病、アルツハイマー病、ハンチントン病、パーキンソン病、AIDS関連認知症、双極性障害、萎縮性側索硬化症(ALS、ルー・ゲーリック病)、多発性硬化症(MS)、統合失調症、白血球減少症、心筋細胞肥大、脳卒中、または関節リウマチから選択される疾患または症状を治療するか、またはその重症度を低下させる方法であって、請求項1から32のいずれか一項記載の化合物を患者に投与する工程を含む方法。
- 前記疾患が脳卒中である、請求項36記載の方法。
- 前記疾患が糖尿病である、請求項36記載の方法。
- 前記疾患が統合失調症である、請求項36記載の方法。
- 前記疾患が双極性障害である、請求項36記載の方法。
- 糖尿病を治療するための薬剤、アルツハイマー病を治療するための薬剤、ハンチントン病を治療するための薬剤、パーキンソン病を治療するための薬剤、AIDS関連認知症を治療するための薬剤、双極性障害を治療するための薬剤、萎縮性側索硬化症(ALS、ルー・ゲーリック病)を治療するための薬剤、多発性硬化症(MS)を治療するための薬剤、統合失調症を治療するための薬剤、白血球減少症を治療するための薬剤、心筋細胞肥大を治療するための薬剤、脳卒中を治療するための薬剤、または関節リウマチを治療するための薬剤から選択される追加的な治療剤を患者に投与するさらなる工程を含む、請求項36記載の方法であって、
a)前記追加的治療剤が、治療されている疾患に適し、かつ、
b)前記追加的治療剤が、前記組成物と一緒に単回投薬形態で投与されるか、または前記組成物とは別に、頻回投薬形態の一部として投与される、方法。 - 請求項1から32のいずれか一項記載の化合物を患者に投与する工程を含む、白血球減少症、糖尿病、脳卒中回復、または骨粗相症から選択される疾患または症状を治療するか、またはその重症度を低下させる方法。
- 白血球減少症を治療するための薬剤、糖尿病を治療するための薬剤、脳卒中回復を治療するための薬剤、または骨粗相症を治療するための薬剤から選択される追加的な治療剤を患者に投与するさらなる工程を含む、請求項42記載の方法。
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DE602007004750D1 (de) | 2010-03-25 |
EP2086965B1 (en) | 2010-02-10 |
ATE457311T1 (de) | 2010-02-15 |
EP2086965A1 (en) | 2009-08-12 |
CA2668429A1 (en) | 2008-05-15 |
US20100022502A1 (en) | 2010-01-28 |
MX2009004807A (es) | 2009-06-15 |
AU2007317435A1 (en) | 2008-05-15 |
WO2008057940A1 (en) | 2008-05-15 |
US8372850B2 (en) | 2013-02-12 |
US20140187781A1 (en) | 2014-07-03 |
NZ576750A (en) | 2012-01-12 |
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