JP2007202572A - Method for sterilization, nematode control and growth-interfering ingredient removal in culture bed and culture bed - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a method for effectively reducing microbes and nematodes proliferating in arable soil of a culture bed and further reducing growth-interfering ingredients such as excessive fertilizers and salts, to provide a culture bed used for the method, and to provide a method for culturing field crops or paddy crops with the culture bed. <P>SOLUTION: In the culture bed which can receive culture soil in a tank comprising a water-impermeable bottom portion and a water-impermeable frame and enables the filling of water on the culture soil and the drainage of the water from the culture soil, the water is filled for a constant period and then drained from the culture soil to dry the culture bed. The bottom of a preferable culture bed is inclined to improve the drainage of the water from the culture soil, and the corner portion of the frame or a portion of the frame on the lowered bottom side can be opened. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2007,JPO&INPIT

Description

  The present invention provides a method for effectively reducing growth-inhibiting components such as bacteria and nematodes that grow in the cultivated soil of the cultivated floor, as well as surplus fertilizer and salt, a cultivated floor used in the method, and a field crop using the same, The present invention relates to a method for cultivating paddy field crops.

  Many crops, especially field crops, dislike continuous cropping such as melon, watermelon, pepper, tomato, eggplant, strawberry, biman, and taro. One of the major reasons is nematodes and fusariums. If the same crop is continuously cultivated, microorganisms such as nematodes and fusarium that infest the roots of the plant and multiply will cause serious damage to the plant. In particular, melon is so heavy that if you do not sterilize the soil, you will not be able to obtain a good quality one without replacing it with a new mountain soil. Many other crops lose their income due to illness, and soil sterilization and other pesticide treatments are necessary to prevent this.

  However, the present inventor has been continuously producing taro, cucumber, tomato, eggplant, etc. for many years in the same field, but there is almost no continuous cropping trouble (unpleasant phenomenon). At one point, I wondered why there was no continuous cropping failure in my field even though other farmers were doing crop rotation or soil disinfection because of continuous cropping failure. Therefore, I came up with soil making and water supply. In the field of the present inventor, there is a swampy pond in which fallen leaves accumulated, and the mud was corroded with fallen leaves and mixed with the soil of the field, and the water in the pond was supplied.

  Speaking of which, in the case of rice, even if it is cultivated for hundreds of years, continuous cropping failure does not occur. This seems to be due to the fact that the nematodes generated in paddy fields are not harmful and the concentration is low. This has been used to cultivate tomatoes and eggplants as part of the rice crops.

  According to a certain document (Non-Patent Document 1), there are a large number of photosynthetic bacteria in paddy fields, rivers and other flooded conditions, and these photosynthetic bacteria suppress the occurrence of fusarium, which is one of the causes of continuous cropping disorders. It is described. In addition, there are few nematodes in the flooded state, green algae such as cyanobacterium and blue sea bream are breeding, and there are many organic matter. Furthermore, it seems that one of the reasons is that extra pesticides are removed during drainage in paddy fields.

  On the other hand, in field crops, soil disinfection is performed as a countermeasure against continuous cropping damage caused by pathogens such as nematodes and fusariums. Methyl bromide fumigation, which has been widely used in the past, has been prohibited in principle because methyl bromide destroys the ozone layer. As an alternative, chemical fumigation such as chloropicrin, solar heat disinfection, disinfection with steam or hot water (Patent Documents 1 and 2), and the like are performed. However, both methods are troublesome and there is a great risk of killing useful microorganisms.

  On the other hand, the present inventor has continued research on lotus root cultivation for many years and has developed a method for obtaining high-quality lotus root on a shallow cultivation floor. Traditionally speaking, lotus root cultivation has an image of struggling in mud fields, but it is still cultivated in swamps and low-humid fields, and it is particularly difficult during harvesting. This is due to the fact that lotus roots are deeply submerged, and sticky soil paddy fields that are not deeply submerged can only produce low-quality ones, and those grown in deep mud fields are often high-quality ones.

  Therefore, various techniques have been proposed to facilitate the harvesting work even in deep mud fields. For example, a sheet or net is stretched in a muddy field so that the lotus root does not dive deeply (Japanese Examined Patent Publication No. 57-19926: Japanese Patent Publication No. 57-282519, Japanese Patent Publication No. 63-105614), Cultivation in nets or cylinders (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 61-81730: Patent Document 4, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 57-22622), or cultivation in plastic pots having a depth of about 1 m and a depth of about 30 cm (Patent Document 3416667: Patent Document 5) ), Or a hard ground layer made of gravel or the like at a depth of 15 to 25 cm in the mud (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 9-121696: Patent Document 6).

  However, as in Patent Document 3, it is practically difficult to stretch a sheet or net in a deep mud field. Considering that the stems of lotus root extend about 10 and branch, the techniques of Patent Documents 4 and 5 are It is completely unsuitable for lotus root cultivation. Moreover, in patent document 6, in order to provide a gravel layer, much labor and expense are required, and also there exists a problem of ground subsidence.

  Therefore, the present inventor made trial and error in the development of equipment capable of saving labor for cultivation without these drawbacks, and then making an enclosure on the ground to produce a cultivation bed that is extremely easy to harvest lotus roots, especially harvesting operations. developed. This is to cultivate lotus root by surrounding the ground with a board frame, covering the inside with a plastic film, putting about 8 to 15 cm of cultivated soil, and spreading water on it for about 3 to 20 cm.

  This cultivated floor is a shallow one that is unusual for lotus root cultivation, but lotus root grew and grew, and extremely high quality ones could be cultivated in high yield. One reason for this is that the water and cultivated soil layers are shallow, so that the ground temperature and water temperature rise greatly from early spring, and the growth of lotus roots and buds and leaves grow fast, and the growth of lotus roots is considered to be good. Another reason is that there is a large supply of oxygen.

  By the way, lotus root is regarded as a plant that does not dislike fertilizer, and in conventional Fukada cultivation, a large amount of fertilizer tends to be introduced at the initial stage. This is also due to the difficulty of topdressing because stems and lotus roots cannot grow in the rice field. Therefore, the present inventor also continued to give a large amount of fertilizers and chemical fertilizers obtained by fermenting human feces for several years. As a result, salinity and surplus fertilizer components accumulated at the bottom of the cultivated soil (so-called bad water), and the growth of lotus root began to be adversely affected. That is, after 4 to 5 years, many small black spots were generated from the surface of the lotus root to the inside, and the commercial value was lowered. The lotus root obtained from this cultivation floor has a lot of oxygen supply or is fair, so the black spots are very conspicuous.

  This is less affected by the conventional Fukada cultivation because excess fertilizer flows out or sinks deep into the bottom, but the above-mentioned cultivation floor cannot drain, and the salt and excess fertilizer collected at the bottom of the cultivated soil. It was inferred that there was no escape. The above-mentioned sticky soil paddy field can only obtain low-quality ones, because the lotus roots cannot dive deeply, it is more difficult for the excess fertilizer to settle and accumulate in the sticky soil and have a negative effect It seems big.

  Then, this inventor considered draining and drying from a cultivation floor, in order to remove the salt content and surplus fertilizer content which accumulated on the bottom of cultivation soil. As this kind of thing, the Tabata rotation device shown in patent documents 7 has already been proposed. In the apparatus of Patent Document 7, a soil layer is provided on a water-permeable material layer in a tank, a pipe having a water inlet is arranged in the water-permeable material layer, one end of the pipe is used as a water supply device, and the other end is used as a drain outlet. It is located outside the tank, and is used separately for paddy fields and fields by adjusting the height of the drain outlet, and also drains water.

However, this conventional field rotation device seems not to be able to adjust the water level and drainage in the field conversion. In other words, the water in this device is drained by piping arranged in the permeable material layer, but charcoal floats or mixes both layers by agitation during paddy field use and tillage during field use. There is a defect that it is very difficult to drain water because it does not play a role and there is no inclination in the piping. Furthermore, the roots of the plant to be grown reach the water permeable material layer, so it becomes an obstacle to drainage, and it is necessary to remove it. In particular, in the case of lotus root, the lotus grows by extending the stem so as to crawl the bottom of the device, so it is impossible to cultivate with this field rotation device.
JP-A-11-169054 JP 2004-121235 A Japanese Patent Publication No.57-19926 JP-A-61-81730 Japanese Patent No. 3416667 JP-A-9-121696 JP 2000-69869 A “Environmental conservation with photosynthetic bacteria” (published 5th edition, September 10, 1996, Noriyama Fishing Village Cultural Association), pages 21, 121

  Water sterilization kills bacteria and nematodes in the soil, drains excess fertilizers and other growth-inhibiting components by draining water, and allows the cultivation soil (soil) to be dried and sterilized nematode and growth disturbances A component exclusion method and a cultivation bed for effectively carrying out this method are provided. Also, paddy plants such as lotus roots, rice cakes, strawberries and rice are cultivated during the water filling period, and other than the flooding period, part of the frame is removed so that the soil can be dried and drained, melon, watermelon, A method for cultivating field crops such as tomatoes, taro, cucumbers, strawberries and eggplants that hate continuous cropping is provided. In addition, we provide cultivation floors specialized for lotus root with a high unit price.

  The method or apparatus of the present invention was carried out in order to eliminate the above-mentioned drawbacks of the prior art, and accommodated cultivated soil in a tank composed of an impermeable bottom and a frame, In the cultivated floor that can drain water, sterilization and nematicidal insects in the cultivated soil are carried out by draining the cultivated soil by draining the cultivated soil for a certain period of time and then drying the cultivated soil. It eliminates the growth-inhibiting components that occur. Water drainage from the cultivated soil is performed by draining the water on the cultivated soil or opening or opening a part of the frame together with the drainage of the water on the cultivated soil (flooded water). When a gentle slope is provided at the bottom, drainage from the cultivated soil is performed better.

  Then, paddy field crops and field crops are cultivated using a water filling period (flooding period) and a drying period, respectively, or rested during these periods. Which period is to be lengthened or which season to come is determined by which of the cultivated crops is the main. It is also possible to adjust the season by providing a cultivation floor in the greenhouse.

  When cultivating summer-type paddy crops such as lotus root, kwai and rice, the water filling period is mainly from spring to autumn, and the cultivation floor is dried after harvesting. For winter paddy crops such as strawberries, the water filling period is mainly from autumn to spring. It is preferable to dry the cultivation floor about once every 2 to 5 years, and about once every 3 years when using human manure. The time required for drying is about one month in the summer and about three months in the winter, although it depends on the thickness of the cultivated soil and the presence or absence of the slope of the bottom of the cultivation floor. When paddy field crops are continuously cropped, the purpose is to remove growth-inhibiting components such as salt and surplus fertilizer components in the soil and to expose the soil to air and sunlight. Also good.

  In the case of field crops such as tomatoes, melons, watermelons, tomatoes, taro, cucumbers, strawberries, eggplants, etc., the cultivation floor is dried after a certain period of water filling, and is performed during the drying period. The cultivation floor is watered once every 1-3 years for 2 months to 1 year depending on the crop. This is mainly due to the annihilation of nematodes and bacteria in the field crops, and some nematodes die weakly after two months of water filling, but some have survived for more than a year. . In particular, in the case of melon, water filling for about one year is preferable.

  Depending on the combination of field crops and paddy crops, padding and drying can be carried out alternately during the year or alternately for one year to cultivate paddy crops during the paddy season and field crops during the dry season. . For example, rice cultivation from spring to autumn and tomato cultivation in the house from autumn to spring, lotus root and melon grown every other year, lotus root → tomato → lotus root → eggplant etc. every year is there.

  The cultivated floor of the present invention accommodates the cultivated soil in a tank having an impermeable frame as well as the impermeable bottom and appropriately allows water to be laid on the cultivated soil. In order to improve water drainage, an inclination is provided at the bottom, and a part of the frame at the corner of the frame or at the lower bottom can be opened or opened. Further, it is preferable to provide a drain port in the frame body for draining water stretched on the cultivated soil, or to provide an overflow port in the frame body to adjust the depth of water stretched on the cultivated soil.

  Now, considering the cultivation floor 1 that is longer than the width (FIGS. 1 to 4), the frame 2 is composed of left and right side frames 3, 4, a front frame 5, and a back frame 6. The cultivation floor 1 is the one in which the cultivated soil is accommodated in the tank 8 composed of the bottom 7. When the length is short (about 5 to 10 m), the bottom 7 is inclined to one side as shown in FIG. 1 so that a part or all of the lower front frame 5 or a corner can be attached or opened and closed. Can be opened. Reference numeral 9 denotes a water-permeable wall for earth retaining. If the length is long (up to about 20 m), the bottom 7 is raised in the middle in the longitudinal direction as shown in FIG. 2, and if both the front frame 5 and the back frame 6 can be opened, draining is promoted. The The inclination angle α of the bottom portion 7 is about 0.2 to 3 cm per meter. If it is too small, it will be difficult to drain water, and if it is too large, there will be a difference in water depth and soil depth between the front side and the back side. Too much. More preferably, it is around 0.5 to 2 cm.

  In addition, the permeable wall 9 used when draining water from the cultivated soil may be installed in advance inside the frame body, or the frame body may be opened by removing or rotating the frame body or removing the plug of the hole. You may make it install after doing. The permeable wall 9 is preferably a fine mesh or other type of mesh. In the present invention, drainage and drainage are distinguished. Drainage means draining water stretched on cultivated soil out of the system. If a drain outlet is provided at the top of the frame or the inside of the frame is covered with a film or sheet, part of the frame Remove the film and lower the edge of the film or sheet. On the other hand, draining means that water contained in cultivated soil is gradually discharged out of the system and takes more time than drainage. Water draining is performed by removing or rotating a part or all of the lower bottom frame or turning the corner to open or open a hole, and gradually drain and dry the water from the cultivated soil. The time required for draining water depends on the time, the presence / absence and degree of inclination of the cultivation floor bottom 7, the thickness of the cultivated soil, and the like. When the slope of the bottom 7 is 0.5 cm per meter and the thickness of the cultivated soil is 10 cm, the water is drained in about one month in the summer and about three months in the winter.

  If the size of the cultivation floor is too small, the efficiency is poor, but if the length and width are both too long, it takes time to drain the water. If the width is about several meters to several tens of meters, the length may be several tens to hundreds of meters or more. However, in this case, as shown in FIG. 3, the bottom portion 7 is uneven so that one or more valleys 10 crossing the bottom portion can be formed, and a part 11 of the side frames 2 and 3 of the valley 10 portion. It is good to make it possible to open by opening and closing, and to drain water from the part. It is preferable to dig a groove 12 that crosses the bottom of the valley 10 and install a drain pipe 13. If the gravel 14 is filled around the drainage pipe 13, the drainage is performed more smoothly. When draining water, the cultivated soil before and after (both sides) of the groove 12 may be removed as shown in FIG.

The width of the cultivation bed (internal width) is preferably about 8 to 9.6 m or less. This is because when a tank is made impermeable with a sheet or film, a commercially available house film (effective width 8.4 to 10 m) can be used as it is, and it is economical to carry out the harvested product outside the cultivation floor. Because it can be done easily. The required inner height of the frame is about 20-70 cm depending on the thickness of the cultivated soil and the flooded layer. If the inner side of the frame is also covered with the film, the width of the cultivation floor (inner width) is 7.5. It is about ~ 9m. Furthermore, if a walking bridge is provided in the length direction so as to divide the width, weeds can be weeded and spot sterilized, so there is an advantage that it is not necessary to enter the cultivation bed in the case of paddy field cultivation such as lotus root. . When divided into two, each width is around 4 m, and a cultivator can be used. The length of the cultivation floor can be 100m or more, but if the inner length is about 20m, it can be installed even in intermediate mountains. In the case of styrene foam and mortar flooring, it is affordable at around several hundred thousand yen. In this case, the cultivation area is 7.5 × 20 = 150 m ² = 1.5a. If foamed polystyrene is used and the frame is made of foamed polystyrene, and lightweight soil is used, an optimum product for rooftop greening can be obtained.

  The front frame 5 and the back frame 6 may be partly attachable as shown in FIG. 4A or partly as shown in FIG. 4A, or part 5b may be freely rotatable as shown in FIG. As shown in c), only the corner portion 5c may be removable. When the central portion 5d of the front frame 5 is recessed as shown in FIG. 4D, water easily collects at the corner portion. As shown in FIG. 4 (e), a through hole 5f with a lid 5e may be provided near the lower side of the front frame 5 and the back frame 6, and the lid 5e may be removed to drain water. In the case of FIG.4 (c) and FIG.4 (d), it is good also as a triangular prism shape like corner part 5c '. In any case, the permeable wall 9 is installed or retrofitted inside these.

  In FIGS. 1 to 4, cultivated soil and water are omitted (in FIG. 4, some water-permeable walls are also omitted). Moreover, it does not touch on the imperviousness of the bottom and the frame. The imperviousness is caused by the material itself of the bottom and the frame, or can be obtained by covering the inside of the tank composed of the bottom and the frame with a film or a sheet. For example, if the bottom and the frame are made of concrete, a complete one can be obtained, but this is expensive. As a simple one, it is also possible to arrange a plate or panel in a frame shape on a sectioned ground and fasten it, and cover the inside with a sheet or film. In both cases, it is necessary to be able to open or open a part of the front frame and the back frame, the entire frame, or the corner portion by detachment or the like.

  More preferably, the bottom is provided with a mortar layer on the upper surface of a bottom foamed polystyrene plate laid on the ground surrounded by a frame through a sheet or film. This is due to the relatively low cost, and the expanded polystyrene plate serves as a heat insulating layer, which helps to keep the cultivated soil warm. Moreover, there is an advantage that even if the gravels are stepped on for the mortar layer, the film and the sheet are not damaged and the cultivator can be operated. The thickness of the mortar layer may be about 2 to 3 cm. In this case, if the frame other than the openable portion is configured by connecting the foamed polystyrene plate integrally formed with the foamed bottom plate, the frame and the bottom are integrated to simplify the assembly. As the frame, a plate material such as a plywood or a slate plate, a foamed polystyrene plate for a frame having a substantially trapezoidal cross section, or the like may be used. The inside of the frame may be covered with the sheet or film. Note that the outside of the frame may be reinforced with a plate or the like.

  In general, summer plants germinate when the soil temperature reaches around 15 ° C., and roots (stems and roots in lotus roots) become active when the temperature reaches around 25 ° C. to 30 ° C. The conventional lotus root has a depth of 1 to 2 m or more, and the ground temperature reaches 15 ° C. around April to May, and around 25 ° C. to 30 ° C. around June to July. In the case of the present invention, since water and cultivated soil are shallow, the ground temperature becomes around 15 ° C. around mid-March, and becomes around 25-30 ° C. around May. When a foamed polystyrene board is laid on the bottom, the temperature rise becomes larger. This difference is particularly significant in the case of lotus roots, and even if low-quality seedlings (seed lotus roots) are used, the same or better results can be obtained than when high-quality seedlings (seed lotus roots) are used in Fukada.

  When the drainage wall 9 for retaining soil is placed inside the frame portion that is opened or opened when draining water, the outflow of cultivated soil is prevented. The water permeable wall 9 may have any material structure as long as it separates and discharges water from the cultivated soil and can withstand the pressure of the cultivated soil. For example, a configuration in which a mesh or the like is attached to a frame, or a configuration such as an artificial kite in which plastic yarn or cord is entangled is preferably used. Placing gravel in a frame behind the permeable wall 9 prevents clogging. The permeable wall 9 may be always installed as long as it does not interfere with cultivation.

  As for the thickness of cultivated soil, about 8 to 20 cm is sufficient for paddy field crops. In the case of lotus roots and straw kwais, the present inventor has proved that it is possible to cultivate with this level of cultivated soil. In the case of field crops with roots such as radishes, the thickness of the cultivated soil is required to be 60 cm. However, if it becomes too deep, it takes time to raise the temperature of the cultivated soil and drain water. Therefore, the field crops are excluded from those with deep roots such as radish and burdock, and the thickness of the cultivated soil is at most about 8 to 50 cm, more preferably about 10 to 40 cm. For example, the tomato may be about 20 cm, but the melon is preferably about 30 cm whether it is made with straw or flat. Taro and sweet potatoes need some depth, but can be made by making strawberries. In addition, when cultivating field crops and paddy field crops alternately, cultivated soil having a thickness of about 10 to 40 cm is used. The depth of water to be submerged may be about 1 cm or less, that is, only about 1 cm for field crops for the purpose of sterilizing nematodes, etc., in order to sufficiently wash away excess growth-inhibiting components when draining or draining water. You may water-fill to about 10 cm. If the purpose is lotus root cultivation, it may be about 3 to 5 cm. However, when lotus root is harvested, about 10 cm is necessary for stirring with air. In the case of firewood, about 10 cm is necessary. Further, in order to store and store the lotus root, water may be stretched to about 15 to 20 cm. Accordingly, the height of the frame may be about 40 to 70 cm in any case.

  The period for drying or watering the cultivation floor is as described above. As for fertilizers, specific ingredients are given according to the crops, and chemical fertilizers and organic fertilizers such as compost can be used. Organic fertilizers, particularly ripe compost and extracts thereof are preferably used. The cultivated soil accommodated in the tank is used by appropriately mixing cultivated soil, mountain soil, sand, etc. in the field.

  Next, the difference between the lotus root cultivation of the present invention and the conventional cultivation method will be described. The lotus roots are naturally deep in the mud and have a property of diving to about 1 m. In Japan, in relation to the ground temperature, it reaches about 60 cm, the stem grows as it is, and a new lotus root grows after that. However, if the bottom is hard, the stem grows even if it is shallower. The present invention utilizes this property, and the cultivated soil thickness is about 8 to 20 cm in order to improve workability. Then, about 3 to 5 cm of water is put on the cultivated soil (if the water is 0, the leaves may die).

  Since the cultivated soil was shallow, the rise of the ground temperature and water temperature from the beginning of spring was large, and the emergence of sprouting and stems was about 1-2 months earlier than the regular lotus root. Conventionally, the ground temperature reaches 15 ° C. (the germination temperature of lotus roots) around the beginning of April, but in the present invention, it is about one month earlier in the middle of March. In addition, it is mid-July when the soil temperature reaches 25-30 ° C., which is the optimum temperature for growth of stems and leaves. However, in the present invention, it is the beginning of May. Because there are many, the amount of harvest increases and the harvesting period is about 20 days earlier. Even if planted from around April as usual, the growth is good. Therefore, high quality seed lotus is necessary and expensive in the past, but in the present invention, high quality seedling (seed lotus) was used in Fukada (conventional) even if low quality seedling (seed lotus root) was used. Can achieve the same or better results. In addition, planting is easy because the cultivated soil is shallow, and fertilizer was effectively used, reducing the amount of fertilizer input per unit area by half compared to conventional lotus roots.

  Furthermore, since the cultivated soil is shallow, air can easily enter the cultivated soil and the oxygen supply is sufficient, so that the lotus root grows faster. Conventionally, when lotus roots are lifted from the soil due to a lack of oxygen, oxygen is required, and the color is darkened due to this oxygen. However, in the present invention, oxygen is sufficient in the soil, so after digging up Does not require oxygen and keeps fairness. It is one of the reasons that lotus root coloring is less due to drainage of salt and surplus fertilizer components (so-called bad water) by draining cultivated soil. When cultivated soil with less iron oxide is used, a whiter one can be obtained.

  Prior to planting lotus root, neutralization by lime spraying is performed, but it has been a difficult task, such as mixing with a cultivator around February. In the case of the present invention, if lime is sprinkled at the time of harvest (using a small submersible pump), it is easily mixed with cultivated soil.

  In addition, since the cultivated soil is shallow, harvesting is easy, and after deepening the water (about 10 cm), the lotus roots collected by stirring the mud with a small submersible pump are collected. Therefore, partial harvesting is easy, and planned harvesting with a small time difference is possible. Furthermore, since the leaves and leaves left by the agitation of the water float up and can be easily removed, there is also an effect that the occurrence of disease in the next crop is effectively prevented. Usually, it is said that 10 kg or more of roots and stems can be produced for 10 kg of lotus root. Conventionally, it is difficult to remove stems and roots from rice fields, and most of them are left unattended. Therefore, this causes illness such as rot, and paddy fields need to be disinfected with a large amount of pesticides (harvest drugs) to prevent them. Therefore, in the past, organic or pesticide-free cultivation of lotus root was impossible in principle. On the other hand, in the present invention, since the stem and root can be almost completely removed from the cultivated soil, there is no need for soil disinfection, and organic and pesticide-free cultivation is possible.

  The conventional harvesting operation blows up mud and lotus roots with a very powerful air pump and collects lotus roots floating in the water. Therefore, it consumes a large amount of energy and is difficult to operate, and because it is powerful, it often damages the lotus root with gravel. Furthermore, during cultivation, lotus roots and stems are damaged, making it difficult to enter the rice fields, and topdressing, weeding, and disinfection are difficult. In some cases, Sumithion is sprayed on the entire surface with a helicopter. On the other hand, in the present invention, especially when a walking bridge is provided, it is possible to reach all the places on the cultivation floor, and it is easy and easy to control aphids generated by weeding such as floating grass or scattered in petioles. It is easy to add fertilizer, and there is an advantage that there is no need to add a large amount at the beginning and there is no waste. Conventionally, because the water is deep, the petiole breaks due to strong winds such as typhoons, and as a result, the growth of lotus roots often stops. Also, it does not break because of its high leaf density.

  As described above, conventional lotus root cultivation starts from planting and is difficult to manage and harvest during the growth, and is unsuitable for elderly people and many people stop lotus root cultivation. Therefore, the price is higher than other agricultural products, but the output is gradually decreasing and the imports from China are increasing. On the other hand, in the cultivation of lotus root using the cultivation floor of the present invention, it can be said that it is ideal that all the operations can be easily performed as described above and can sufficiently cope with the aging of the future agricultural population. .

  However, since lotus roots are inherently deep in nature, the bottom of the cultivation floor must be hard and smooth. Furthermore, if the boundary between the bottom and the frame plate is also a right angle, it will try to break it, so it is necessary to provide a round and slide the growing buds and stems. Similarly, it is necessary to provide rounded corners inside the frame plate. In order to facilitate the care of sterilization and weeding of lotus roots and petals from the ground, it is advisable to provide walking bridges in the length direction so that the width of the cultivation floor is divided at intervals of 4 m or less.

  Although lotus root cultivation has been described above, the same method and cultivation floor can be used to allow the flower lotus to grow well in the lotus pond of the temple. Hualien is a poor variety for the purpose of flowers, but traditionally it has been grown in a deep pond almost untouched, and its flowers and leaves are sparse. If the method and cultivation floor of this invention are employ | adopted, a flower and leaf will flourish and it will bring about a gorgeous atmosphere.

  Like lotus roots, there are salmon and quii as cash crops. Kwai is a summer-type paddy field crop and demand is almost limited to the New Year, but 芹 is a winter-type paddy field crop that can be used for summer field crop rotation. Cultivation is not as much as lotus root, but it is cultivated in Fukada, and the harvest time is severe winter, so the work is hard, and the growers are mostly elderly people, so the price is high but the production volume seems to decrease is there. If the cultivation floor at the time of water filling of this invention is used, since it is not Fukada, cultivation and harvesting work of a cocoon will become easy, and it is an ideal thing for elderly people measures.

  On the other hand, in the case of field crops, if the cultivation bed at the time of drying of the present invention is used, it can be cultivated without causing damage due to nematodes and fusariums. When the main focus is lotus root cultivation during water filling, cultivation of field crops such as sweet potatoes and peanuts that prefer drying at the time of drying will show the effect of soil drying more.

  As described above, the present invention is a cultivation floor in which a tank having an impermeable frame as well as an impermeable bottom is filled with cultivated soil in an appropriate thickness so that water can be drained from a corner portion or the like. It is a thing.

Therefore, the following effects are obtained.
(1) Field cultivation plants and paddy plants can be cultivated on one cultivation floor.
(2) By filling with water, bacteria and nematodes that grow during field crop cultivation can be killed or reduced, and by draining water, growth obstructing components such as surplus fertilizer and salt can be effectively reduced.
(3) Draining of water filled with water and drying of cultivated soil can be reliably performed with simple operations.
(4) Especially when the soil is agitated with air or water flow when harvesting lotus roots, sand and gravel with a large particle size in the soil will sink to the lower side, creating a flow path for draining water. To be done.
(5) Since nematodes are difficult to resist water flow, they are also removed by drainage.
(6) Since the cultivated soil layer is thin, the ground temperature rises early in the spring, and plant germination and root elongation are accelerated. This effect is particularly great when a heat insulating material is laid on the lower layer of the cultivated soil.
(7) A structure in which the bottom and the frame are made of foamed polystyrene and the inside thereof is covered with a sheet or film can be constructed at low cost.
(8) The use of agricultural chemicals, especially nematicides, is no longer necessary, making a great contribution to the environment and hygiene.

Especially for lotus root cultivation,
(9) Stem and leaves grow faster and yield increases. Even if low-quality seedlings are used, the end can be equal to or higher than that obtained by using high-quality seedlings by the conventional method. Input fertilizer per unit area is halved.
(10) Since the oxygen supply is sufficient, the growth of the lotus root is accelerated, and a light-white lotus root is obtained.
(11) Water depth management on cultivated soil can be easily and easily performed by using an overflow port and water circulation.
(12) The harvesting operation can be easily performed with a small air pump. Since the foliage in the cultivated soil that causes disease can be removed easily and reliably, there is no need for spraying pesticides for soil disinfection, and complete organic pesticide-free cultivation is possible.
(13) Weed control such as floating weeds and control of aphids scattered on the petiole can be easily and easily performed, and topdressing is easy and there is no need to add a large amount at the beginning, eliminating waste
(14) Planting the seed lotus in the mud, sprouting around the shoreline, maintenance of the shoreline, management of irrigation and drainage is unnecessary, and the actual work time is greatly reduced.
(15) Since lotus root can be harvested in small amounts, fresh lotus root can be shipped in a timely and appropriate amount, making it ideal for elderly agriculture.

  In order to improve drainage from the cultivated soil in the cultivation floor where the cultivated soil is accommodated in a tank having the impermeable frame as well as the impermeable bottom and appropriately thickened and water can be put on the cultivated soil. The cultivation floor which provided the inclination in the bottom part and made it possible to open | release part of the frame body corner part or the frame part of the bottom part which became low.

  Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings. 5 is a plan view showing an example of the cultivation bed of the present invention, FIG. 6 is a longitudinal sectional view taken along line AA in FIG. 5, FIG. 7 is a transverse sectional view taken along line BB in FIG. 8 is a partially enlarged plan view of a corner portion. FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of a lotus cultivated according to the present invention, and FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of a lotus cultivated by a conventional method. 11 is a plan view showing another example of the cultivation floor, and FIG. 12 is a longitudinal sectional view taken along line CC in FIG. FIG. 13 is a modification of FIG. 7, FIG. 14 is a schematic sectional view of a lotus pond in a temple, and FIG. 15 is a perspective view of the cultivation bed of the present invention during sweet potato cultivation.

The cultivation bed 1 shown in FIG. 5 has an inner width of 7.5 m and an inner length of 20 m (area 150 m ² ), and the frame 2 and the skeleton of the bottom 7 are made of foamed polystyrene having a thickness of 5 cm. The frame body 2 is composed of left and right side frames 3, 4, a front frame 5, and a back frame 6. . The frame 2 is configured by connecting a polystyrene foam block 21 having an inverted T-shaped cross section as shown in FIG. 6 except for the corner portion 2a. The other part of the bottom portion 7 is laid with a foamed polystyrene board 22, and the inside of the foamed polystyrene block 21 and the board 22 is covered with a vinyl house film 23 having a thickness of 0.15 mm and a width of 8.4 m, and a mortar 24 having a thickness of 2 cm is formed thereon. Paint. The bottom portion 7 has a central portion that is about 5 cm higher than the front frame 5 and the back frame 6 side, and the gradient is 0.5 cm per meter. The inner height of the frame 2 is about 15 cm when the thickness of the cultivated soil S to be accommodated is 15 cm on the front and back sides (10 cm in the center), and the thickness of the water W stretched thereon is 5 cm. It may be about 25 cm. The film 23 is bent at its four ends on the upper surface of the frame 2 and pressed by a light shielding cover 25 made of vinyl from above. In order to prevent rainwater and the like from entering the lower side of the cultivation floor 1 from the surroundings, the cultivation floor 1 may be installed on the base soil 26 slightly higher than the ground G. Reference numeral 27 denotes a retaining pile for fixing the frame body 2 on the ground G or the base soil 26.

  As shown in FIG. 8, the corner portion 2 a of the frame body 2 has a rounded inner side, and is installed so as to be separable from the other frame body 2 and the bottom portion 7. As shown in FIGS. 7 and 8, a 0.5 mm thick and slippery sheet (saddle sheet) 28 is bonded to the inside of the corner 2a where the round (curved surface) is taken and the inside rising part of the frame 2. Has been. Reference numeral 29 is an adhesive portion. A gutter sheet 28 is separately bonded to the frame corner portion 2a. The reason why the curved surface and the sliding sheet 28 are provided is that the stem of the lotus root has a property of extending straight. If there is a corner, the stem of the lotus bumps against the corner and rolls a dumpling or prevents a dumpling-like lotus root from being formed.

  This cultivation floor 1 is provided with a walking bridge 30 in the length direction as shown in FIG. The pedestrian bridge 30 has a width of about 30 cm and is supported by front and back frames and columns 31 so as to divide the cultivation floor 1 into two parts (each about 3.6 to 4 m wide). The bifurcated cultivation floor is a maximum distance of 1.8 m from both the walking bridge 30 and the outside of the cultivation floor, and can be reached anywhere by extending the arm or using a stick or handle. Therefore, operations such as weeding, topdressing, and aphid removal can be easily and easily performed without entering a paddy field, which is impossible with conventional Fukada cultivation. In addition, the working time is short, and fertilizer can be reduced by timely top dressing (about once a month).

  Next, cultivation of lotus root on the main cultivation floor 1 will be described. First, seed lotus roots (external products R ′ described below are sufficient) are planted side by side in the cultivated soil S. Although there is no restriction | limiting in the planting method, this inventor plants as shown in FIG. Then, water W is spread to a depth of 5 cm. About 1 ton of water evaporates every day when the leaves are growing. Water is supplied to make up for the transpiration, but excess water is discharged from the plurality of overflow ports 32 to the outside of the system. The overflow port 32 of this example is one in which a vinyl pipe 32a is inserted into the through-holes of the frame body 2 and the vinyl film 23 and an elbow 32b is attached to the outside. About 5 to 10 cm). The water discharged outside the system is recycled. In conventional cultivating fields, water management that keeps water at a certain depth during the cultivation period is a very laborious work, but in the present invention, the depth of the water W is reduced by using the overflow port 32 and circulating water. It is very easy to make it constant. When the lotus root grows and comes to the harvest stage, water W is added up to about 10 cm on the cultivated soil S, and the lotus root is dug up with a submersible pump.

  The lotus root germinates at a ground temperature of around 15 ° C., and 25-30 ° C. is the optimum temperature for growth of the foliage. It is generally from August to September that the tip of the stem becomes fat and becomes a lotus root. In the case of the present invention, as shown in FIG. 9, the temperature reaches 15 ° C. in the middle of March and the temperature reaches 25-30 ° C. in the middle of May. Accordingly, the growth period of the stem K and the leaf L is long, and the stem K is extended by 10 m, so that a large number of leaves L grow and sufficient nutrients are stored in the underground stem. On the other hand, in the conventional Fukada cultivation shown in FIG. 10, the soil temperature becomes 15 ° C. or higher in early April, and the stem K reaches 60 cm or more. It is mid July. Therefore, the growth period of the stem K and the leaf L is shorter than that of the present invention, and the nutrient storage is small.

  9 and 10 are schematic diagrams, and the stem K grows by making a U-turn or bending at a right angle depending on the planting position of the seed lotus root. The above-described radius at the boundary between the frame body 2 and the bottom portion 7 and the radius at the frame body corner portion 2a are for smoothly changing the direction of the stem K. In conventional low-humid rice fields, etc., the area is large, so the stalks can grow freely.

  There is one lotus root R as a product obtained from the seed lotus root (can be a branched stem), and there can be any number of external products R ′ such as no other products. Conventionally, since the fine lotus root R is used as the seed lotus root, the cultivation cost is high. On the other hand, in the present invention, since the growth period of the stem K is long, a sufficiently fine lotus root R can be harvested even if the non-genuine product R ′ is used as the seed lotus root. This difference greatly affects production costs.

  In the case of the present Example, seed lotus (external product R ') was planted at a rate of 240 Kg / 10a, and 1.6 t / 10a commercial lotus root R was harvested. In conventional low-humid rice fields, good quality lotus root R is planted in an amount of 300 to 350 kg per 10a, and the harvest varies from year to year, but in Iwakuni, it is 1.2 to 2.5 t / 10a. Quantitatively, the present invention is not much different from the conventional one, but a major feature is that an external product R ′ can be used as a seed lotus. Originally, the present invention is a surface cultivation, and the yield should be less than the conventional example which is a three-dimensional cultivation. However, the fact that both are substantially equal is a proof that the efficiency of the present invention is good.

  After the lotus root is harvested, the soil S is drained and dried. First, water W stretched on the cultivated soil S is drained by moving the frame corner 2a to lower the vinyl film 23 or opening the drain port 33 provided in the frame 2. Next, the frame body corner portion 2a is removed, and a permeable wall 34 (FIG. 8) such as an artificial culvert is installed on the inner side portion thereof to drain the cultivated soil S. This draining eliminates growth-inhibiting components such as salt and bad water accumulated at the bottom of the cultivated soil S. However, when only lotus roots are continuously produced, the cultivated soil S can be drained and dried once every several years. If the water is not drained, it can be used for storing seed lotus roots by deepening water.

  When cultivating tomatoes and the like as a lotus crop, drain and dry the soil S after harvesting the lotus root. In this case, since the back crop is from autumn to spring, it is necessary to cover the cultivation floor 1 with a house or the like and heat it. Lotus roots and melons, tomatoes, sweet potatoes, peanuts, etc. can be produced continuously in a year. Sweet potatoes and peanuts grow well in dry soil and are preferred for soil drying. Sweet potatoes and peanuts are also highly profitable crops, although not as much as melons.

  In the above example, the cultivation floor mainly used for lotus root cultivation was explained, but the cultivation floor of this example is mainly used for field crop cultivation, and water filling (flooding) focuses on the removal of bactericidal nematodes and growth hindering components. It is a thing.

  11 and 12, the structure of the frame 41 is different from that of the above example, but the structure of the bottom 7 is substantially the same. Further, the arcuate member 43 provided on the walking bridge 30, the support column 31, and the frame corner portion 42 and the slippery cocoon sheet 28 are not necessary if the lotus root is not cultivated. The frame 41 surrounds the bottom 42 with a plate material 44 such as a slate or a panel, and supports the outside with a pile 45. The inner height of the frame 41 is about 45 cm when the thickness of the cultivated soil S to be accommodated is 35 cm in the front and back, 30 cm in the center, and the thickness of the water W stretched on the top is 5 cm. It becomes. Numbers such as polystyrene foam and vinyl film are the same as in the above example. The bottom part 42 may omit a polystyrene foam.

When cultivating field crops, the frame corner portion 42 is removed, and excess water of rainwater or water spray is drained from the corner portion. After cultivating one to several times according to the type of field crop, after attaching each corner portion 42 of the frame, 5 cm thick water W is spread on the cultivated soil S of the cultivation floor 40 as shown in FIG. Leave it for about 1 month to 1 year. In the meantime, water is poured into the cultivation floor 40 to compensate for the evaporation of water, but excess water is discharged from the overflow port 32 provided in the frame body 41. During this water filling period, fungi and nematodes in the cultivated soil are destroyed and weakened, and excess and fertilizer are dissolved in water. Reference numeral 33 denotes a drain outlet.

  When the water filling period ends, the frame corner portion 42 is removed again, a permeable wall is installed at the corner portion, the water is drained from the cultivated soil S, and fungi, nematodes, excess and fertilizer are discharged together with water. When the cultivated soil layer is dried, cultivation of field crops is continued again. Even in the cultivation floor 40 of this example, paddy plants such as lotus root can be cultivated during the water filling period in the same manner as in the above example.

Modification 1

  FIG. 13 is a cross-sectional view shown in FIG. 7 of the first embodiment, and instead of the inverted T-shaped foamed polystyrene block 21, a foamed polystyrene block 46 having a trapezoidal cross section as shown on the left side of the figure may be used. Reference numeral 47 is a stop pile. Alternatively, as shown in the right side of the figure, a siphon 48 may be incorporated in the overflow port 32 and the water level of the cultivation floor 1 may be adjusted by tilting the L-shaped vinyl pipe 50 with respect to the water in the drainage container 49.

  FIG. 14 is a schematic sectional view when the cultivation floor of the present invention is applied to a lotus pond in a temple. In the lotus pond 51, the bottom 52 and the frame 53 are integrally formed of concrete so that a part of the frame 53 (hatched in the figure) can be opened. The bottom 52 is installed on a base 55 on which gravels 54 are arranged, and stones 56 and grass 57 are arranged on the upper side of the frame 53. Reference numeral 58 is a ground drain pipe, 59 is a drain pipe, 60 is an overflow pipe, and 61 is a drain groove for receiving drainage therefrom. The thickness of the soil S may be 10 to 20 cm, and the water W layer may be about 10 cm inside and outside. The symbol H is a flower lotus root, L is its leaf, and F is a lotus flower.

  FIG. 15 is a perspective view of the dried cultivation bed 1 of the present invention in which cocoons 62 are made in the length direction at intervals of 50 to 60 cm and sweet potato seedlings N are planted. In the case of sweet potato, it is sufficient if the thickness of the soil is 20-30 cm and the height of the ridge is 30-40 cm. Moreover, since the soil has a dry taste, a good potato can be produced, which is preferable as a field crop when lotus root cultivation is stopped.

  The cultivation floor of the present invention can be obtained at low cost, and can be used for both paddy field crops and field crops. If water management is performed reliably, the use of fungicides and nematicides can be reduced or omitted. It is an excellent one that is kind to people.

It is a side view which shows this invention cultivation floor explanatory. It is a side view which shows similarly this invention cultivation floor similarly. It is a side view which shows similarly this invention cultivation floor similarly similarly. (A), (b), (c) and (d) are the partial perspective views which illustrate this invention cultivation floor which is also different, respectively. It is a top view which shows an example of this invention cultivation floor. Example 1 FIG. 6 is a longitudinal sectional view taken along line AA in FIG. 5. Example 1 FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view taken along line BB in FIG. 5. Example 1 FIG. 6 is a partially enlarged plan view of a corner portion in FIG. 5. Example 1 It is a schematic diagram of the lotus grown by this invention. Example 1 It is a schematic diagram of the lotus cultivated by the conventional method. (Comparative Example 1) It is a top view which shows the other example of this invention cultivation floor. (Example 2) FIG. 12 is a longitudinal sectional view taken along line CC in FIG. (Example 2) It is a modification of FIG. (Modification 1) It is a schematic sectional drawing of the lotus pond of a temple. (Example 3) It is a perspective view of this invention cultivation floor at the time of sweet potato cultivation. (Example 4)

Explanation of symbols

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 Cultivation floor 2 Frame 2a Corner part 3/4 Side frame 5 Front frame 6 Back frame 7 Bottom part 8 Tank 9 Water-permeable wall for earth retaining 15 Water-permeable wall 26 Base soil 27 Stopping pile 30 Walking bridge 31 Post 32 Overflow port 32a Vinyl Pipe 32b Elbow 33 Drain outlet 40 Cultivation floor 41 Frame body 42 Frame body corner section 43 Arc-shaped member 46 Styrofoam block with a trapezoidal cross section 48 Siphon 49 Drainage container 50 L-shaped vinyl pipe 51 Hasuike 52 Bottom 53 Frame body 55 Base 58 Ground Drain pipe 59 Drain pipe 60 Overflow pipe 61 Drain groove 62 畝 K Stem L
Leaf F Lotus Flower R / R 'Lotus root H Flower Lotus root N Sweet potato seedling S Soil W Water

Claims (11)

  In order to improve drainage from the cultivated soil in the cultivation floor where the cultivated soil is accommodated in a tank having the impermeable frame as well as the impermeable bottom and appropriately thickened and water can be put on the cultivated soil. A cultivation floor characterized in that an inclination is provided at the bottom, and a part of the frame body corner or the lower bottom frame can be opened or opened.   The cultivated floor according to claim 1, wherein the cultivated soil has a thickness of about 8 to 50 cm, and a frame having a height at which about 1 to 20 cm of water can be stretched on the cultivated soil.   The cultivation bed according to claim 1 or 2, wherein a drainage opening is provided in the frame for draining water stretched on the cultivated soil.   The cultivation bed according to claim 1 or 2, wherein an overflow port is provided in the frame body in order to adjust the depth of water stretched on the cultivated soil.   The inclination of a bottom part is provided in unevenness so that one or more troughs which cross a bottom part may be made, and a part of frame body of this trough part can be opened or opened. Cultivation floor.   The cultivation bed according to claim 5, wherein a drain pipe that crosses the bottom is installed in the valley portion.   The impermeability is caused by the material itself of the bottom or the frame, or is obtained by covering the inside of a tank composed of the bottom and the frame with a film or a sheet. floor.   The bottom part is formed by providing a mortar layer through a sheet or film on the upper surface of the bottom foamed polystyrene board laid on the ground, and the frame is configured by connecting the foamed polystyrene boards for the frame, and the inside of the frame is a sheet or The cultivation bed according to claim 7, which is configured to be covered with a film.   Except for the frame corners or part of the frame that can be opened or opened, the entire frame and bottom are made of concrete, and the openable or openable part of the frame is movable with concrete, polystyrene foam or other materials. The cultivation bed according to claim 7, which is formed by covering the inside of the openable or openable portion with a sheet or film.   The corner of the frame body and the rising part inside the frame body are curved, and the frame and the bottom part in contact with the frame are covered with a smooth and slippery sheet, and the thickness of the cultivated soil is about 8 to 20 cm. The cultivation bed according to claim 1, claim 2, claim 5, claim 7, or claim 9, wherein the cultivation soil has a height that allows at least about 1 to 15 cm of water to be stretched on the cultivated soil.   The cultivation floor according to claim 10, wherein a walking bridge in the length direction is provided so that the width of the cultivation floor is divided at intervals of about 4 m or less.

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