JP2006526576A - 免疫毒素を用いる癌を処置するための方法 - Google Patents
免疫毒素を用いる癌を処置するための方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
本発明は、癌を有するまたは癌を有するリスクがある患者に、癌細胞の表面上に選択的に発現された抗原に結合する免疫毒素を投与することによる癌の予防または処置のための方法に向けられる。
最近、免疫療法が、癌と闘う潜在的に有効な新しいアプローチとして浮上してきた。腫瘍関連抗原(「TAA」)に対して方向づけられた、マウスおよびヒト化/キメラ抗体、ならびにそれらのそれぞれの抗体断片が、特定のヒト癌の診断および治療のために用いられた5-13。これらの抗体の非結合型、毒素結合型および放射性標識型が、そのような治療に用いられた。
本発明は、頭頸部扁平上皮細胞癌および膀胱癌を、そのような処置を必要とする患者に、癌細胞の表面上のタンパク質に特異的に結合する(かつ、それゆえに、「標的にされる」)組換え免疫毒素の有効量を投与することにより処置するための新規な方法に関する。望ましい場合には、免疫毒素は、1つもしくは複数の他の抗癌剤と共投与、同時投与、および/もしくは逐次的投与され得、ならびに/または放射線もしくは手術と組み合わせられ得る。
本明細書に用いられる場合、用語「動物」は、ヒトを含む、動物界のすべてのメンバーを含む。動物は、好ましくは、HNSCCまたは膀胱癌を有するヒトである。
本発明者らは、シュードモナス外毒素Aに連結された、ヒトEp-CAMの細胞外ドメインに結合するヒト化抗体断片を含む免疫毒素が、頭頸部扁平上皮細胞癌(HNSCC)および膀胱癌の両方の処置において有効であることを示した。特に、本発明者らは、細胞結合ドメインを欠くシュードモナス外毒素A(ETA)の切断型に融合された、Ep-CAMに対する一本鎖Fv組換え安定化ヒト化抗体断片を含む免疫毒素がHNSCCおよび膀胱癌の細胞の両方に対して細胞毒性であることを示した。この免疫毒素は、癌細胞上に発現されたEp-CAMに結合する。いったん結合されれば、免疫毒素は内部に取り込まれ、シュードモナス外毒素Aはタンパク質合成を遮断し、その時点で細胞死へと導く。重要なことには、たいていの正常な粘膜細胞および線維芽細胞はEp-CAMを広範には発現させず、それゆえに免疫毒素を内部に取り込むことができないため、それらは外毒素の殺害効果から保護される。
(a)(b)に付着した、癌細胞上のタンパク質に結合するリガンド;
(b)癌細胞に対して細胞毒性である毒素。
本発明はまた、以下のものを含む免疫毒素の有効量の使用を提供する:
(a)(b)に付着した、癌細胞上のタンパク質に結合するリガンド;
(b)頭頸部扁平上皮細胞癌を処置または予防するための癌細胞に対して細胞毒性である毒素。
本発明はさらに、以下のものを含む免疫毒素の有効量の使用を提供する:
(a)(b)に付着した、癌細胞上のタンパク質に結合するリガンド;
(b)頭頸部扁平上皮細胞癌を処置または予防するための薬物の製造における癌細胞に対して細胞毒性である毒素。
(a)(b)に付着した、癌細胞上のタンパク質に結合するリガンド;
(b)癌細胞に対して細胞毒性である毒素。
本発明はまた、以下のものを含む免疫毒素の有効量の使用を提供する:
(a)(b)に付着した、癌細胞上のタンパク質に結合するリガンド;
(b)膀胱癌を処置または予防するための癌細胞に対して細胞毒性である毒素。
本発明はさらに、以下のものを含む免疫毒素の有効量の使用を提供する:
(a)(b)に付着した、癌細胞上のタンパク質に結合するリガンド;
(b)膀胱癌を処置または予防するための薬物の製造における癌細胞に対して細胞毒性である毒素。
(プレクストリン相同(PH)ドメイン由来の構造的鋳型のフレームワークにおけるペプチド配列のライブラリーの作製に関する)を参照されたい)。
(1)患者由来の組織試料を、頭頸部扁平上皮細胞癌または膀胱癌に関連しているのではないかと疑われるタンパク質の発現について試験する段階;および
(2)そのタンパク質が対照と比較して腫瘍試料においてより高いレベルで発現されている場合には、以下を含む免疫毒素の有効量を患者へ投与する段階:
(a)(b)に付着した、癌細胞上のタンパク質に結合するリガンド;
(b)癌細胞に対して細胞毒性である毒素。
(a)(b)に付着した、癌細胞上のタンパク質に結合するリガンド;
(b)癌細胞に対して細胞毒性である毒素。
リガンドは、リガンドが毒素と結合または連結され得る任意の手段により、標的に「付着し」得る。例えば、リガンドは、化学的または組換え的手段により毒素に付着し得る。融合体または結合体を調製するための化学的手段は、当技術分野において公知であり、免疫毒素を調製するために用いられ得る。リガンドおよび毒素を結合させるために用いられる方法は、リガンドの癌細胞上の標的分子に結合する能力に干渉することなく、リガンドを毒素と連結することができなければならない。
(a)(b)に付着した、癌細胞上のEp-CAMに結合する抗体または抗体断片;
(b)癌細胞に対して細胞毒性である毒素(この免疫毒素は、本明細書では、時々、「Ep-CAM標的化免疫毒素」と呼ばれる)。
特定の態様において、免疫毒素は以下を含む:
(a)(b)に付着した、ヒトEp-CAMの細胞外ドメインに結合し、かつMOC-31抗体由来の相補性決定領域(CDR)配列を含むヒト化抗体または抗体断片;
(b)癌細胞に対して細胞毒性である毒素。
4D5MOC-B抗体由来のCDR配列は、SEQ ID NO:4〜9に示されている。
を参照されたい)。
(1x10-6 g/1モル免疫毒素あたりのgの数) x 免疫毒素分子あたりの結合部位の数 = 与えられたITのマイクログラム(1x10-6 g)から結合部位のモルへ変えるための換算係数。
分子あたり唯一の結合部位を有する免疫毒素である、VB4-845について、換算は以下の通りになされる:
マイクログラムの数 x 14.3x10-12モル/マイクログラム = モル数。
実施例1. VB4-845免疫毒素
VB4-845は、シュードモナス外毒素Aの切断型(ETA 252-608)に融合される一本鎖Fv組換えヒト抗体断片からなる免疫毒素である。抗体断片は、Ep-CAMに特異的に結合するヒト化MOC31一本鎖抗体断片、4D5MOCB、由来である16-18。
VB4-845は、新生薬物として研究され、腫瘍細胞系に結合すること、およびいくつかのモデル系において腫瘍増殖を防ぐことにおいて有効であることが見出された。VB4-845は、20 mM リン酸ナトリウム、500 mM NaCl、pH 7.2に1 mg/mlで調合され、22-ゲージ針で腫瘍内経路により投与され得る。それを、1 mlのホウ珪酸ガラスのバイアルに、灰色のブチルゴム栓およびアルミニウムのオーバーシールで閉じて、パッケージする。2つの充填サイズが現在利用できる:0.1 mLおよび0.2 mL(それぞれ、0.1 mgおよび0.2 mgのVB4-845)。薬物は、-70℃で保存される。最終製品は残しておかず、単回使用のみである。
-70℃で保存された場合の製品の貯蔵寿命は、少なくとも6ヶ月である。生理的状態(例えば、PBS中で37℃、4時間の製剤のインキュベーション)において、免疫毒素分子の大部分(少なくとも91%)は、なお、適正な分子量(約70 kDa)の単量体として溶出される。VB4-845の量は、時間と共にゆっくり減少し、最初のタンパク質の約47%も、37℃での20時間後に単量体型で存在している。同様の結果は、ヒト血清における99mTc標識されたVB4-845のインキュベーションにおいて得られ、インビボ適用としての免疫毒素の適合性をさらに確証する。
研究は、腫瘍細胞培養物および動物におけるインビボ有効性モデルへのVB4-845のインビトロ細胞毒性を測定するために行われた。
大きな確立されたEp-CAM陽性SW2(小細胞肺癌)、HT29(結腸直腸癌)またはCAL27(HNSCC)腫瘍異種移植片を有するマウスを、2つの異なる投与計画:5 μgが3週間隔日に与えられる(45 μg合計);または10 μgが1週間隔日に与えられる(30 μg合計)、のうちの1つを用いてVB4-845で静脈内(i.v.)に処置した。Ep-CAM陰性COLO320腫瘍異種移植片を有するマウスを対照として用いた。腫瘍サイズを、研究のコース(処置の開始後33〜51日間)に渡ってモニターした53。
胸腺欠損マウスに、107個のCAL27 HNSCC扁平上皮癌細胞を側方の横腹へ皮下に(s.c.)注射した54。腫瘍が確立した4週間後、マウスを、それぞれ150 mm3の平均腫瘍容積を有する2つの群へ無作為に分けた。8匹のマウスを、3週間隔日(月曜日/水曜日/金曜日)に与えられる5 μgの用量で(総量45 μg)のVB4-845の腫瘍周囲の注入により処置した。注入ごとに、免疫毒素の5 μgが2〜3個の注入箇所へ分布した。対照マウス(n=5)は未処置のままであった。
一般的に、文献は、scFvが、動物モデルにおいて、循環から迅速に除去され、初期時点で高い腫瘍対バックグラウンド比(腫瘤における特異的な保持)を与えることを示している23-25。平均のT1/2は、2〜4時間であるが26-27、分子の構成28および投与経路に依存してより長くあり得る(>8時間)。最高の取り込みは、分子に依存するが、全身注入後、腎臓および肝臓に起こる傾向がある。
非GLP研究が、薬物動態学的研究中に放射性標識VB4-845の局在化の最高レベルを有することが見られた3つの組織、肝臓、脾臓および骨における、VB4-845の段階的に増加する用量の可能性のある毒性を評価するために行われた。
VB4-845(4D5MOCB-ETAとも呼ばれる)発現ベクターの構築。ETAの切断型(ETA252-608)をコードする配列を、プラスミドpSW200からPCRにより増幅し60、pIG6に基づいた614D5MOCB scFv発現ベクターに存在するEp-CAM結合性4D5MOCB scFv配列の下流の1164 bp EcoRI-HindIII断片としてクローニングした62。プライマー
はscFvと毒素の間にEcoRI制限酵素切断部位、ならびにC末端ヘキサヒスチジンタグ、続いて、小胞体(ER)保持シグナルKDEL、終止コドンおよびHindIII制限酵素切断部位を導入した。純度を向上させかつIMAC中に産生するために、第二のヘキサヒスチジンタグを、周辺質シグナル配列と4D5MOCBコード領域の間のN末端に付加した。このために、オリゴヌクレオチド
の2つの対を80℃まで加熱し、徐々に室温まで冷却することによりアニールするようにさせ、その後、pIG6-4D5MOCBETAH6KDELのXbaI部位とEcoRV部位の間に連結した。配列は実験で確認された。
精製されたVB4-845(4D5MOCB-ETA)の10マイクログラムを、0.005%Tween20を含む50 ml PBS pH 7.4に希釈し、引き続いて、37℃でインキュベートした。試料を、Superose-12 PC3.2/30カラムを有するSmart system(Pharmacia, Uppsala)を用いるゲル濾過により異なる時点(0 h、2 h、4 h、8 h、10 hおよび20 h後)において分析した。カラムを、3つのタンパク質基準:アルコールデヒドロゲナーゼ(Mr 150,000)、ウシ血清アルブミン(Mr 66,000)および炭酸脱水酵素(Mr 29,000)、で同じ緩衝液において較正した。同じ分析設定を用いて、ヒト血清における37℃での20 hのインキュベーション後の99mTc標識免疫毒素の熱的安定性を評価した。免疫毒素単量体の量は、溶出された画分のg-シンチレーション計数により測定された。
VB4-845(4D5MOCB-ETA)を、タンパク質配列に存在するヘキサヒスチジンタグへの99mTc-トリカルボニル三水和物の安定的な部位特異的配位により放射性標識した65。この自然反応は、30 mlの免疫毒素溶液(1 mg/ml)を3分の1の容量の1 M 2-[N-モルホリノ]エタンスルホン酸(MES)pH 6.8および3分の1の容量の新しく合成された99m Tc-トリカルボニル化合物と混合することにより引き起こされた。混合物を、37℃で1時間、インキュベートし、製造会社の推奨により0.005%Tween20を含むPBSで平衡化したBiospin-6カラム(BioRad, Hercules, CA)を通じて脱塩することにより反応を停止させた。免疫反応性免疫毒素のパーセンテージは、Lindmo et al.により記載されているように評価された66。99mTc標識免疫毒素の結合親和性は、本質的にはscFv 4D5MOCBについて記載されているように、ラジオイムノアッセイ(RIA)においてSW2細胞上で測定された。
VB4-845大腸菌発酵
VB4-845の製造は、研究実験室において、回転式インキュベーター振盪機を用いて2L 振盪フラスコで実施される。回転式振盪機は、温度が摂氏1度内に制御され得る環境制御室内に存在する。種培地、生産培地の接種およびすべての無菌操作は、HEPA濾過および100の空気分級を有する生物学的安全キャビネットII/B型下で行われる。細胞分離、濃縮およびダイアフィルトレーションは研究実験室で行われる。
26L振盪フラスコ工程のために、VB4-845大腸菌MCBの1つの500 mL培養物をプレ種菌として調製する。各培養について、MCBのバイアルを-18℃貯蔵タンクから引き出し、室温で解凍させておく。バイアルを70%エタノールで外部を拭き、生物学的安全キャビネットにおいて空気乾燥させておく。MCBの細胞懸濁液(1.5 ml)を、500 mLの滅菌した種培地(改変2YT培地および25 mg/L テトラサイクリン)を含む2Lのエルレンマイヤーフラスコに加える。フラスコを、200 rpmに設定された回転式振盪機へ移し、3.0±0.2またはそれ以上の光学濃度に達する(10.5±1 hr、増殖の対数期の中間部)まで、25±1℃で増殖させる。種菌は、その後、26個の生産振盪フラスコに接種するための種培養物として用いられる。
発酵は、それぞれ1Lの生産培地を含む2L-バッフル無しフラスコで行われる。臨床的グレードのVB4-845のための典型的な生産工程は、フラスコあたり1Lの生産培地(改変Terrific Broth, TB)を含む26 x 2Lフラスコであった。発酵培地に、上記培養物由来の1%種菌を接種し、接種された最後の振盪フラスコにおいて1.2の最適な光学濃度に達するまで(約6〜7時間)25±1℃で振盪機上で(200 rpm)インキュベートした。惹起での典型的なOD600範囲は、1.2〜1.5である。VB4-845発現は、0.1%L-アラビノースの添加により誘導される。細胞は、誘導から約6時間後、収集される。
収集時において、すべての振盪フラスコは、接種の順に振盪機室から取り出され、最初に接種されたフラスコが最初に取り出される。1番目の振盪フラスコの内容物は、生物学的フード下で2番目の振盪フラスコへ添加される。すべての後の振盪フラスコは同様に取り出される。プールされた振盪フラスコは、2〜8℃での冷蔵状態に置かれる。VB4-845 E104大腸菌細胞は、SorvallおよびBeckman遠心機における2〜8℃で15分間の6,800 g力での遠心分離により、上記発酵培養物から6個1組として取り出される。細胞は捨てられるが、細胞を含まない培養液は、さらなる処理のために保持される。濃縮された細胞懸濁液は、確立された方法により収集、不活性化されて、捨てられる。その結果生じた上清は、プールされ、5 ml 試料が生産物定量のために取っておかれる。遠心機、ローターおよび遠心ボトルは、発酵培養液を処理する前に入念に洗浄される。
収集された培養上清の濃縮およびダイアフィルトレーションは、10 kD NMW(見かけの分子量)の分子カットオフおよび3平方フィートの表面積を有するSartorius膜(Hydrosart)を有する十字流Pelliconシステムを用いることにより行われる。Pellicon濾過システムは、使用の前に入念に洗浄される。濃縮は、4 L/minの送り速度および500 mL/minの浸透速度で行われる。5 ml 試料は、最終濃度段階で採取される。ダイアフィルトレーションは、0.02 M リン酸ナトリウム、pH 7.2±0.2に対して行われる。<10 mSの所望の伝導度を達成するために5つの体積変化が必要とされる。ダイアフィルトレーション化された濃縮生産物は、Sorvall遠心機において、2〜8℃の設定温度で約30分間、6,800 g力で透明にさせる。対象となる生産物を含む透明溶液は、0.22 μmのデッドエンドフィルターを用いる精製の前に濾過される。清澄段階は、ダイアフィルトレーション後、遠心分離、0.2 μmフィルターの通過、トリトンX-100の添加、伝導度の調整、pHの調整を含み、その後、精製に従う。
VB4-845の精製は、Viventia Biotechのパイロットプラント、HEPA濾過および10,000の空気分級を有する制御環境を有するcGMP管理区域、において行われる。VB4-845タンパク質は、金属アフィニティーキレートクロマトグラフィーにより単離され、陰イオン交換クロマトグラフィー溶出によりさらに精製される。精製過程は、図9における流れ図に要約されており、かつ下に記載されている。
金属アフィニティーカラムは、約17±1 mLのカラム体積を有するXK26/20ガラスカラムにキレートセファロースHP樹脂を充填することにより調製される。充填は、3バールの逆圧で行われる。作業直線流速度(LFR)は90 cm/hである。5カラム体積(CV)の注射用蒸留水(WFI)を、キレートセファロースカラムに通過させる。キレートセファロースカラムを金属イオンで荷電するために、5 CVの0.1 M 塩化ニッケル溶液をカラムに通過させる。結合していない塩化ニッケルの残りを、5 CVのWFIで洗い流す。その後、カラムを、150 mM 塩化ナトリウムおよび0.1%トリトンX-100を含む20 mM リン酸ナトリウム、pH 7.2±0.1緩衝液(キレートセファロース平衡緩衝液)の10 CVと平衡化させる。
Q-セファロースHP樹脂は、5.0±0.5 mLの最終カラム体積でXK16/20ガラスカラムに充填される。作業直線流速度は、156 cm/hである。カラムを10 CVのWFIで洗浄し、その後、20 mM リン酸ナトリウムにおける1 M 塩化ナトリウム、pH 7.2±0.1緩衝液の5 CVで洗浄し、20 mM リン酸ナトリウム、90 mM 塩化ナトリウム、pH 7.2±0.1緩衝液(2-セファロース平衡緩衝液)の10 CVと平衡化させる。キレートセファロースカラムからの溶出は、10±1 mSの伝導度が達成されるまで、20 mM リン酸ナトリウム、pH 7.2±0.1緩衝液で希釈される。部分的に精製されたVB4-845は、外毒素レベルおよびDNAをさらに低下させるために5.2 ml/minの流速でQ-セファロースカラム上へ添加される。いったん生産物が結合したならば、陰イオン交換カラムを、15 CVのQ-セファロース平衡緩衝液で洗浄する。夾雑物は、流入段階および洗浄段階に見出される。生産物は、20 mM リン酸ナトリウム、500 mM 塩化ナトリウム、pH 7.2±0.1緩衝液で、3 mL 画分として溶出される。
Ep-CAM陽性細胞系CAL-27(0.9x106個)を、ビオチン化VB4-845 scFvの非飽和量(0.5〜1.0 μg)と、氷冷PBS-5%FCSにおいて4℃で10分間、プレインキュベートする。その後、試験抗体(競合物質)を氷冷PBS-5%FCSに希釈し、ビオチン化VB4-845 scFvの結合を完全に阻害する能力がある非ビオチン化VB4-845 scFvの量と等モルの量で混合物に添加する。4℃で1時間のインキュベーション後、細胞を氷冷PBS-5%FCSで洗浄し、洗浄緩衝液で希釈されたCyクロム結合ストレプトアビジン(Pharmingen、1:120)の存在下で4℃でさらに30分間、インキュベートする。細胞を、インキュベーション時間の終わりに、洗浄し、フローサイトメトリーにより分析する。陰性対照として、CAL-27腫瘍細胞を、VB4-845 scFvの代わりに、4B5 scFv、GD2特異的抗体14G2aと反応するが、CAL-27とは反応しない抗イディオタイプ特異的scFv、とインキュベートする。または、CAL-27に結合する非競合物質(抗HER-2/neu)を4B5 scFvの代わりに添加する。どちらの場合も、ビオチン化VB4-845 scFv単独について測定されたものから、蛍光中央値における無し〜極微の変化が検出される。各抗体について、パーセント阻害は、以下の方程式に従って計算される:
PI = [(FMax - FBgd) - (FT - FBgd)/(FMax - FBgd)] x 100
PI = パーセント阻害;FMax = ビオチン化VB4-845 scFvについての最大蛍光中央値;FT = 試験抗体の存在下におけるビオチン化VB4-845 scFvの蛍光中央値;FBgd = バックグラウンド蛍光中央値、ビオチン化VB4-845 scFv単独と、陰性対照抗体のどちらかの存在下におけるビオチン化VB4-845 scFvの間の蛍光中央値における差。また、Willuda et al., 1998, "High thermal stability is essential for tumor targeting of antibody fragments: engineering of a humanized anti-epithelial glycoprotein-2 (epithelian cell adhesion molecule) single-chain Fv fragment," Cancer Res. 59:5758-5767も参照されたい。
主として、最大耐量を決定することおよび異なる投与プロトコールを評価することにねらいを定められたHNSCCにおける2つの臨床試験において、進行したHNSCCである被験者は、異なる投与プロトコールに従ってVB4-845の腫瘍内注入を受ける。開始用量(5日間について20マイクログラム/腫瘍/日)は、3週間のマウス研究において見られた最高の単一用量静脈内曝露の120分の1未満(体表面積に基づいて)、および3週間のマウス研究においての最高の5日間静脈内曝露の17分の1未満(体表面積に基づいて)を示している。
概要
VB4-845[抗Ep-CAM scFvおよび細胞結合ドメインを欠損するシュードモナス外毒素A(ETA252-608)]は、この可能性のある臨床的適応においてEp-CAM発現の程度および幅の広さを測定するために14個の膀胱癌細胞系を含むヒト腫瘍細胞系のパネルに対して細胞表面反応性についてフローサイトメトリーにより評価された。VB4-845は、14個の膀胱癌細胞系のうちの10個に対して強い反応性を、他の1個に対して弱い反応性を示した。VB4-845は、11個のVB4-845陽性膀胱癌細胞系への強い細胞毒性を示した;IC50値は、72時間曝露について0.001〜320 pMを変動した。対照的に、3個のVB4-845陰性細胞系に対して、細胞毒性は検出されなかった。4個の膀胱癌細胞系(T-24、SW-870、UM-UC-10および1A6)は、VB4-845処置に対して最も高い感受性があることが実証された。曝露時間が2時間に制限された、細胞系のサブセットにおけるもう一つの実験において、VB4-845は、扁平上皮膀胱癌細胞系、SCaBER、および移行性膀胱癌細胞系、5637、に対して有効な細胞毒性(>93%)を発揮した。対照的に、対照免疫毒素、4B5-PE、への5637の2時間曝露について、非特異的細胞毒性は、500 pMにおいて極微(<10%)であることが示され、用量を100倍(50000 pM)に増加させた後でさえも同じレベルのままであった。要約すれば、VB4-845の膀胱癌細胞系への強力なインビトロ抗腫瘍活性は、VB4-845が、膀胱癌に対する抗癌治療の前臨床的および臨床的開発のための実用性を有することを示唆している。
フローサイトメトリーにより腫瘍細胞系に対するVB4-845の反応性を試験することおよび細胞毒性についての実験設計は、実施例3、4に記載されている。精製されたscFv-ETA融合タンパク質、VB4-845(ロット番号02203、1 mg/mL)および陰性対照4B5scfv-ETA(ロット番号032403、1.5 mg/mL)を記載されているように作製し、-80℃でアリコートにして保存した。研究に用いられた腫瘍細胞系のパネルおよびそれらの特徴は、表9にある。すべての腫瘍細胞は、ATCCまたはECACCプロトコールに従って、10〜20%FCSおよび適切なサプリメントを含む培地において増殖させた。腫瘍細胞は、培養物が、90%より大きい生存度を有する50〜70%の集密性である時に収集された。細胞系CAL-27は、高レベルのEp-CAM抗原を発現させ、陽性対照として用いられ、一方、Ep-CAM低発現細胞系COLO 320が陰性対照として用いられた。
精製されたVB4-845は、腫瘍細胞系のパネルに対して、フローサイトメトリーにより細胞表面反応性を測定するように試験された。簡単には、腫瘍細胞(0.9x106個/300μL)を、10 μg/mLでの精製されたVB4-845または陰性対照としての4B5 scFvと、氷上で2時間、インキュベートした。抗EGFRマウスモノクローナル抗体(Oncogene Research、カタログ番号OP15、1 μg/mLでの)を陽性対照として用いた。インキュベーション後、細胞をPBS-5%FBSで洗浄し、VB4-845に対する抗HIS-Tag抗体(Amersham Pharmaciaカタログ番号27-4710-01、1:800に希釈)または抗EGFRに対するビオチン結合抗マウスIgG(Pierceカタログ番号31174、1:200に希釈)のいずれかと、氷上で1時間、インキュベートした。細胞をPBS-5%FBSで洗浄し、引き続いて、FITC結合ヤギ抗マウスIgG(The binding Siteカタログ番号AF271、抗HIS処理細胞に対して1:100に希釈)またはストレプトアビジン-Cy-クロム(Pharmingenカタログ番号13038A、1:120に希釈)のいずれかと、氷上で30分間、インキュベートした。最後に、細胞を洗浄し、0.6 μg/mLでヨウ化プロピジウム(Molecular Probesカタログ番号P-1304)を含む緩衝液0.5 mLに再懸濁した。腫瘍細胞結合は、FACSCaliburを用いて測定された。抗体は、抗体処置された腫瘍細胞が、陰性対照に対して>30%の陽性細胞(対照の1.3倍)を結果として生じている蛍光における正のシフトを示す場合には、陽性とみなされた。
VB4-845細胞毒性は、MTSアッセイにより細胞増殖の抑制を測定することにより測定された。簡単には、96穴マイクロタイタープレートを、10%FCSを含む培地に5000細胞/50μL/ウェルで腫瘍細胞を接種することにより調製した。プレートを、5% CO2の存在下において37℃で3時間、インキュベートした。VB4-845の10倍段階希釈をこの時点で作製し、様々な量のVB4-845(0.00005〜500 pM)を50 μL容量で各ウェルへ添加し、最終容量を100 μLにした。陰性対照として、4B5 scFv-ETAを同じ濃度で用いた。対照細胞および対照(空の)ウェルは、4連で培地のみの100 μLとインキュベートされた。プレートは、5% CO2の存在下において37℃で72時間、インキュベートされた。各アッセイは、結果における再現性および一貫性を実証するために2回、繰り返された。インキュベーション後、MTSアッセイは、細胞生存度を測定するために行われた。簡単には、75 μLのメソ硫酸フェナジン、PMS(PBS中に0.92 mg/mL)、を1.5 mLのテトラゾリウム化合物、MTS(Promega、カタログ番号G111AおよびG109C、PBS中に2 mg/mL)、に添加し、PMS/MTS混合物の20 μLを各ウェルへ添加した。プレートは、5% CO2の存在下において37℃で2時間、インキュベートされた。引き続いて、プレートを、ELISAプレートリーダーを用いて490 nmで読み取った。
IC50(培地のみで処置された細胞と比較して細胞の50パーセントを殺すVB4-845濃度)は、VB4-845を各膀胱癌細胞系に72時間、曝すことにより測定された。殺害に対する様々な感受性の5つの感受性のある細胞系(SW-780、UC-MC-10、1A6、UC-MC-14および5637)が、IC50に近い固定された濃度を用いて50%腫瘍細胞の殺害に必要とされる最小限曝露時間を確立するために選択された。腫瘍細胞を、固定された濃度(0.01、0.6または6 pM)でのVB4-845に、2、4、24、48および72時間、曝した。72時間を除いて、各時点において、VB4-845を含む培地を、免疫毒素(VB4-845)曝露時間を最小限にするために新鮮な培地と交換した。MTSアッセイは、対照(培地のみでの細胞)と比較して細胞毒性(50%腫瘍細胞殺害)を測定するために72時間のインキュベーション後、行われた。感受性がより低い扁平上皮癌細胞系(ScaBER)および感受性のある膀胱移行性癌細胞系(5637)および2つの他の膀胱癌細胞系(UM-UC-10およびUM-UC-14)へのVB4-845の効果をさらに評価するために、細胞を、固定された濃度かまたは様々な用量のいずれかのVB4-845に2時間、曝した。2時間のインキュベーション後、細胞をVB4-845を除去するために洗浄し、新鮮な培地とインキュベートし、MTSアッセイを72時間後に行った。さらに、VB4-845の特異的細胞毒性効果を確立するために、5637細胞を、様々な用量(500、5000、50000 pM)のVB4-845および陰性対照免疫毒素、4B5-PE、に曝し、より高い濃度での殺害の効果を測定した。各時点、2、6、12、24および48時間目、のインキュベーション後、細胞を、VB4-845を除去するために培地で洗浄し、新鮮な培地とインキュベートし、MTSアッセイを、細胞毒性を測定するために72時間後に行った。用量範囲は、最初のIC50結果に基づいて、その最小用量のVB4-845を用いてこの細胞系の最大の殺害を与えるという見込みで、選択された。
VB4-845腫瘍細胞反応性
VB4-845の細胞表面反応性は、膀胱腫瘍細胞系のパネルに対して評価された。VB4-845は、14個の膀胱癌細胞系のうちの11個に対して陽性反応性を示した。データは表10に要約されている。
腫瘍細胞を、0.00005〜500 pMの範囲である濃度で72時間、VB4-845とインキュベートし、細胞増殖の抑制をMTSアッセイにより評価した。結果は表10に要約されている。VB4-845は、3つのEGP-2陰性細胞系(J-82、UM-UC-3、およびUM-UC-13)における細胞増殖の抑制を示さなかったが、Ep-CAM抗原の非常に高い発現を有する4つの細胞系(T-24、SW-780、UM-UC-10および1A6)において強い抑制(0.001〜0.033 pMのIC50)を、他の細胞系において中間の抑制を示した。
標準的細胞増殖アッセイにおいて、膀胱癌細胞をVB4-845に72時間、曝し、その後に、細胞増殖の抑制を評価した。膀胱癌について、膀胱内治療の滞留時間は、2時間より長いことはめったにない。それゆえに、細胞増殖アッセイは、IC50(0.01または0.6 pM)でのまたは近くの固定された濃度におけるVB4-845への曝露において、50%腫瘍細胞を殺すために必要とされる最小限曝露時間を測定するために行われた。第一の実験において、2つのVB4-845感受性膀胱癌細胞系(SW-780および1A6)を、0.01 pM濃度でのVB4-845に、2、4、6、24、48または72時間、曝した。VB4-845は、短い曝露時間後でさえも、SW-780および1A6膀胱癌細胞系に強い細胞毒性を示した。感受性がより高い膀胱癌細胞系SW-780(IC50 0.002 pMを有する)について、50%腫瘍細胞は、3時間の曝露後に殺されたが、感受性がより低い細胞系、1A6(IC50 0.033 pM)、については、同じことは、37時間の曝露後に達成された。同様のデータのセットは、0.6 pM濃度でのVB4-845への3つの異なる膀胱癌細胞系の曝露後の第二の実験において得られた。結果は、UM-UC-10、5637またはUM-UC-14細胞の50%が、それぞれ、4時間、16時間および20時間後に殺されたことを示した。これらの3つの系の感受性の順位は、それらのIC50に関するのと同じであった。
外科的および検視ヒト膀胱組織検体を得て、VB4-845を用いるEp-CAM結合について試験した。検体をホルマリン固定し、パラフィン包埋した。方法確証は、このアッセイについての固定された検体の妥当性を確認するために、および(非特異的染色を最小限にして)用いられるべき最適な抗体(VB4-845)濃度を決定するために、新鮮凍結試料および固定された試料の両方において行われた。
VB4-845の最大耐量を評価するための臨床試験において、膀胱のBCG抵抗性移行上皮癌(TCC)を有する被験者、薬物は、膀胱内に投与される。処置サイクルは、治療の6週間および経過観察の4〜6週間を含む。VB4-845の適切な用量が、6週間連続して1週間につき1回、膀胱(腫瘍)へ直接的にカテーテル法により投与される。VB4-845の7つの用量レベルは、6日の投与日のそれぞれにおいて50 ml中の100、200、335、500、700、930および1240マイクログラムである。
1 0.29 μg/kgおよび4 μg/kgが、ヒト投与についての、それぞれ、低い単一用量案および高い方の単一用量案である(すなわち、20 μgおよび280 μgが70 kgの個体に投与される)。
2 1.4 μg/kgおよび20 μg/kgが、ヒト投与についての、それぞれ、低い1ヶ月間用量案および高い方の1ヶ月間用量案である(すなわち、20 μgおよび280 μgが、3週間の洗い出し期間をもって、5日間連続して毎日、70 kgの個体に投与される)。
3 4.3 μg/kgおよび60 μg/kgが、ヒト投与についての、それぞれ、低い総用量案および高い方の総用量案である(すなわち、20 μgおよび280 μgが、3サイクルとして、3週間の洗い出し期間をもって、5日間連続して毎日、70 kgの個体に投与される)。
参照:1: 親細胞系、5637のクローン、Immunobiol. 172:175-184 (1986), Urol. Res. 21:27-32 (1993); 2: Int. J. Cancer 11:765-773 (1973), J. Uro 149:1626-1632 (1993); 3: Cancer Res. 44:3997-4005 (1984); 4: J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 58:881-890 (1977); 5: J. Urol. 161:692-698 (1999); 6: Int. J. Cancer 17:707-714 (1976); 7: J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 58:881-890 (1977); 8: Br. J. Cancer 35:142151 (1977); 9: Br. J. Cancer 38:64-76 (1978); 10: J. Urol. 146:227-231 (1991); 11: AntiCancer Inc.、細胞系。
TCC:移行上皮癌。SqCC:扁平上皮癌。
1 対照より上の蛍光中央値における倍数増加。値は、平均±SEMとして表されている。与えられた適応についての抗体の反応性は、その適応における各細胞系について計算された蛍光中央値における増加の平均倍数の平均をとることにより決定された。
2 <30%(1.3倍増加)の蛍光における正シフトを示した細胞系は陰性とみなされた。
ADME:投与、分布、代謝および排泄
ADP:アデノシンリン酸
ALT:アラニンアミノトランスフェラーゼ(SGPT)
AST:アスパラギン酸アミノトランスフェラーゼ(SGOT)
BCA:ビシンコニン酸法
Cmax:最大濃度
DNA:デオキシリボ核酸
Ep-CAM:上皮細胞接着分子
ETA:シュードモナス外毒素A
EU:内毒素単位
FACS:蛍光活性化セルソーター法
GLP:医薬品安全性試験実施基準
HNSCC:頭頸部の扁平上皮癌
IC50:50%抑制濃度
i.t.:腫瘍内
i.v.:静脈内
kDa:キロダルトン
LAL:リムルスアメーバ状細胞分解産物
MAbs:モノクローナル抗体
mg:ミリグラム
mL:ミリリットル
mM:ミリモル
MTD:最大耐量
MTT:3-[4,5-ジメチルチアゾール-2-イル]-2,5-ジフェニルテトラゾリウムブロミド
NaCl:塩化ナトリウム
ng:ナノグラム
PBS:リン酸緩衝食塩水
pI:等電点
PK:薬物動態
pM:ピコモル
p.t.:腫瘍周囲
s.c.:皮下
scFv:一本鎖抗体断片
SCLC:小細胞肺癌
SD:標準偏差
SDS PAGE:ドデシル硫酸ナトリウムポリアクリルアミドゲル電気泳動
t1/2:半減期
μg:マイクログラム
VLS:血管漏出症候群
WHO:世界保健機関
wt:野生型
Claims (57)
- 以下を含む、頭頸部扁平上皮癌または膀胱癌を処置または予防するための薬物の製造のための有効量の免疫毒素の使用:
(a)(b)に付着した、癌細胞上のタンパク質に結合するリガンド;
(b)癌細胞に対して細胞毒性である毒素。 - リガンドが癌細胞上のEp-CAMに結合する、請求項1記載の使用。
- リガンドが抗体または抗体断片である、請求項1または2記載の使用。
- 抗体または抗体断片が、マウス、ヒトもしくはキメラの抗体または抗体断片である、請求項3記載の使用。
- リガンドがヒト化抗体または抗体断片である、請求項1〜4のいずれか一項記載の使用。
- ヒト化抗体または抗体断片が、ヒトEp-CAMの細胞外ドメインに結合し、かつMOC-31抗体由来の相補性決定領域(CDR)配列を含む、請求項5記載の使用。
- CDR配列がSEQ ID NO:4〜9に示されている、請求項6記載の使用。
- 抗体断片がFab、Fab'、(Fab')2、scFvまたはdsFv断片である、請求項3〜7のいずれか一項記載の使用。
- 抗体または抗体断片が4D5MOC-A由来である、請求項5記載の使用。
- 抗体または抗体断片が4D5MOC-B由来である、請求項5記載の使用。
- 抗体断片がscFv断片である、請求項7〜10のいずれか一項記載の使用。
- 抗体断片がSEQ ID NO:3に示された配列またはその変異体を有する、請求項3〜11のいずれか一項記載の使用。
- 抗体または断片が2.0x10-8未満の解離定数(KD)でヒトEp-CAMに結合する、請求項3〜11のいずれか一項記載の使用。
- 免疫毒素がVB4-845またはその変異体である、請求項1〜13のいずれか一項記載の使用。
- 免疫毒素がVB4-845である、請求項1〜13のいずれか一項記載の使用。
- 免疫毒素がSEQ ID NO:2に示された配列を有する、請求項15記載の使用。
- 頭頸部扁平上皮癌または膀胱癌の同時の、別々のもしくは逐次の処置または予防のための薬物の製造のための1つまたは複数のさらなる癌治療法の使用を追加的に含む、請求項1〜16のいずれか一項記載の使用。
- 薬物が癌部位に直接的に投与される、請求項1〜17のいずれか一項記載の使用。
- 直接的投与が腫瘍内、膀胱内または腫瘍周囲である、請求項18記載の使用。
- 薬物が約10 μg〜約3000 μg免疫毒素/腫瘍/日の用量で投与される、請求項1〜19のいずれか一項記載の使用。
- 薬物がHNSCCの処置のために約20 μg〜約1240 μg免疫毒素/腫瘍/日の用量で投与される、請求項1〜19のいずれか一項記載の使用。
- 薬物が1〜7日間、一日量からなるサイクルとして投与される、請求項20または21記載の使用。
- 薬物が1〜6サイクル投与される、請求項22記載の使用。
- 薬物が、膀胱癌の処置のために約100 μg〜約2000 μg免疫毒素/週の用量で投与される、請求項1〜19のいずれか一項記載の使用。
- 薬物が1週間につき1用量からなるサイクルとして投与される、請求項24記載の使用。
- 薬物が1〜6サイクル投与される、請求項25記載の使用。
- 毒素がリボソーム不活化ポリペプチドである、請求項1〜26のいずれか一項記載の使用。
- 毒素がゲロニン(gelonin)、ブーゲニン(bouganin)、サポリン(saporin)、リシン、リシンA鎖、ブリオジン(bryodin)、ジフテリアおよびレストリクトシン(restrictocin)からなる群より選択される、請求項27記載の使用。
- 毒素がシュードモナス外毒素Aまたはその変異体である、請求項27記載の使用。
- (a)(b)に付着した、癌細胞上のタンパク質に結合する分子;(b)癌細胞に対して細胞毒性である毒素、および癌を処置するためのその使用説明書を含み、免疫毒素の有効量を含む、頭頸部扁平上皮癌または膀胱癌を処置または予防するためのキット。
- リガンドが癌細胞上のEp-CAMに結合する、請求項30記載のキット。
- リガンドが抗体または抗体断片である、請求項30または31記載のキット。
- 抗体または抗体断片がマウス、ヒトまたはキメラのものである、請求項32記載のキット。
- リガンドがヒト化抗体または抗体断片である、請求項30〜33のいずれか一項記載のキット。
- ヒト化抗体または抗体断片が、ヒトEp-CAMの細胞外ドメインに結合し、かつMOC-31抗体由来の相補性決定領域(CDR)配列を含む、請求項34記載のキット。
- CDR配列がSEQ ID NO:4〜9に示されている、請求項35記載のキット。
- 抗体断片がFab、Fab'、(Fab')2、scFvまたはdsFv断片である、請求項32〜36のいずれか一項記載のキット。
- 抗体または抗体断片が4D5MOC-A由来である、請求項34記載のキット。
- 抗体または抗体断片が4D5MOC-B由来である、請求項34記載のキット。
- 抗体断片がscFv断片である、請求項37〜39のいずれか一項記載のキット。
- 抗体断片がSEQ ID NO:3に示された配列またはその変異体を有する、請求項32〜40のいずれか一項記載のキット。
- 抗体または断片が2.0x10-8未満の解離定数(KD)でヒトEp-CAMに結合する、請求項31〜41のいずれか一項記載のキット。
- 免疫毒素がVB4-845またはその変異体である、請求項31〜41のいずれか一項記載のキット。
- 免疫毒素がVB4-845である、請求項31〜41のいずれか一項記載のキット。
- 癌細胞上のタンパク質に結合するリガンドおよび癌を診断するためのその使用説明書を含む、頭頸部扁平上皮癌または膀胱癌を診断するためのキット。
- リガンドが癌細胞上のEp-CAMに結合する、請求項45記載のキット。
- リガンドが抗体または抗体断片である、請求項45または46記載のキット。
- 抗体または抗体断片がマウス、ヒトまたはキメラのものである、請求項47記載のキット。
- リガンドがヒト化抗体または抗体断片である、請求項45〜48のいずれか一項記載のキット。
- ヒト化抗体または抗体断片が、ヒトEp-CAMの細胞外ドメインに結合し、かつMOC-31抗体由来の相補性決定領域(CDR)配列を含む、請求項49記載のキット。
- 抗体断片がFab、Fab'、(Fab')2、scFvまたはdsFv断片である、請求項47〜50のいずれか一項記載のキット。
- 抗体または抗体断片が4D5MOC-A由来である、請求項51記載のキット。
- 抗体または抗体断片が4D5MOC-B由来である、請求項51記載のキット。
- 抗体断片がscFv断片である、請求項50〜53のいずれか一項記載のキット。
- 抗体断片がSEQ ID NO:3に示された配列またはその変異体を有する、請求項47〜54のいずれか一項記載のキット。
- 抗体または断片が2.0x10-8未満の解離定数(KD)でヒトEp-CAMに結合する、請求項46〜55のいずれか一項記載のキット。
- 以下の段階を含む、頭頸部扁平上皮癌または膀胱癌を処置または予防するための方法:
(1)患者由来の腫瘍試料を、頭頸部扁平上皮癌または膀胱癌に関連するのではないかと疑われるタンパク質の発現について試験する段階;および
(2)そのタンパク質が対照と比較して腫瘍試料においてより高いレベルで発現されている場合、以下を含む免疫毒素の有効量を患者へ投与する段階:
(a)(b)に付着した、癌細胞上のそのタンパク質に結合するリガンド;
(b)癌細胞に対して細胞毒性である毒素。
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US46660803P | 2003-04-30 | 2003-04-30 | |
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PCT/CA2004/000637 WO2004096271A1 (en) | 2003-04-30 | 2004-04-30 | Methods for treating cancer using an immunotoxin |
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EP (3) | EP1635868A1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP4988333B2 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN100417414C (ja) |
AU (1) | AU2004234191A1 (ja) |
CA (2) | CA2826735C (ja) |
DK (2) | DK2382990T3 (ja) |
ES (2) | ES2526219T3 (ja) |
HK (1) | HK1206617A1 (ja) |
HU (1) | HUE033533T2 (ja) |
IL (2) | IL171643A (ja) |
PL (2) | PL2382990T3 (ja) |
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- 2004-04-30 AU AU2004234191A patent/AU2004234191A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2004-04-30 ES ES10011667.2T patent/ES2526219T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
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- 2004-04-30 WO PCT/CA2004/000637 patent/WO2004096271A1/en active Application Filing
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- 2004-04-30 ES ES14172801.4T patent/ES2639301T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
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- 2004-04-30 US US10/554,788 patent/US20070196366A1/en not_active Abandoned
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Patent Citations (1)
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US20020193570A1 (en) * | 1997-12-08 | 2002-12-19 | Gillies Stephen D. | Heterodimeric fusion proteins useful for targeted immune therapy and general immune stimulation |
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JP2018509423A (ja) * | 2015-03-12 | 2018-04-05 | ヴィヴェンティア バイオ インコーポレイテッド | Epcam陽性膀胱癌の処置方法 |
JP2018512402A (ja) * | 2015-03-12 | 2018-05-17 | ヴィヴェンティア バイオ インコーポレイテッド | Epcam陽性膀胱癌を標的とする投薬戦略 |
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